MODULE 5

CROP AND LIVESTOCK IMPROVEMENT

MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Plants with red flowers were crossed with plants with white flowers. All flowers
produced were pink.
What led to this outcome?
A. co-domimance
B. complete dominance
C. dominance
D. recessiveness
2. Which letters represent a homozygous recessive pair of alleles?
A. Tt
B. tT
C. TT
D. Tt

3. When two heterozygous black rabbits are crossed, the offspring would be expected to be
50% heterozygous. Two heterozygous black rabbits produced 12 offspring.

How many offspring would be expected to be homozygous black?

A. 1
B. 3
C. 6
D. 9
4. Two cultivars had been bred over many years to consistently produce feature shown.
Cultivar 1 Cultivar 2

high yielding drought tolerant

fast growing resistant to blight

A farmer crossed the two cultivars.

What would be the likely F1 result?

A. all high yielding, fast growing, drought tolerant and resistant to blight
B. a random combination of all the features
C. 1:1 ratio of high yielding, fast growing, drought tolerant and resistant to blight
D. 3:1 ratio of high yielding, fast growing, drought tolerant and resistant to blight

1|P a ge
 5. Use the information to answer the question
Tswana cows were crossed with a Simmental bull. The first
cross generations F1 were mated again with the Simmental bull.
This was repeated until the fifth generation.

Which conclusion can be made about the outcome of crossing Tswana cows with a
Simmental bull after the fifth generation?
A. the offspring cannot be distinguished from the Simmental breed
B. the offspring cannot be distinguished from the Tswana breed
C. the offspring look like a mixture of the two breeds
D. the offspring do not look like either of the two breeds.

6. Which of the following statements about mitosis is true?

A. it is a process of reduction division
B. it has two phases of division
C. it results in a haploid daughter cells
D. it results in identical daughter cells

7. Which pair of alleles represents a pure and dominant genotype?

A. HH
B. Hh
C. hH
D. hh

8. The illustration shows a way of livestock breeding

Inferior cow X Superior bull 1

Heifer 1 X Superior bull 2

Heifer 2 Superior bull 2

X

Heifer 3
Which method of livestock breeding is illustrated?

A. line- crossing
B. pure- breeding
C. selection
D. upgrading

2|P a ge
 9. Which of the following is an environmental factor that influences variation among
organisms of the same species?
A. crossing over
B. meiosis
C. mutation
D. nutrition

use the information to answer question 10 and 11

In cattle, lack of horns (polled) is dominant to the presence of horns. A heterozygous

polled bull is crossed with a homozygous recessive cow.

10. What will be the genotype ratio of the cross?

A. 1:1
B. 2:1
C. 3:1
D. 4:0
11. If 50 calves are born from this cross, how many of them can be expected to be polled?
A. 25 calves
B. 33 calves
C. 38 calves
D. 50 calves

12. Use the illustration to answer the question

Two identical potato plants were planted on the same day and grown in two different
climatic regions. The drawings show the average size of the tubers from each plant.

What could have caused the difference in size of the two tubers?
A. alleles
B. chromosomes
C. genes
D. environment

3|P a ge
13. use the information to answer the question
Two pure bred plants; one producing white flowers and the other
producing red flowers were crossed.
All the flowers produced were red.
The white flowered plants were allowed to self fertilize.
Then a total of 800 flowers were collected from the plants.

Predict the number of flowers that were red from the cross
A. 0
B. 200
C. 600
D. 2400
14. In rabbits, the gene for folded ear is dominant to the gene for normal ear. Over a period of
2 years, two rabbits, which were heterozygous for the gene, produced a total of 160 off
springs. What would be the ratio of folded ear to normal ear among those offsprings.
A. 1:3
B. 1:1
C. 5:3
D. 3:1
15. What breeding method is used to improve the quality of a herd of local cattle by using an
exotic bull?
A. Inbreeding
B. Upgrading
C. Selection
D. Pure breeding

16. Which is the disadvantage of using biotechnology in Agriculture ?

A. Genetically modified seeds are expensive
B. Improved crop and livestock yields
C. Possible to engineer crops and livestock for specific purposes
D. Desired genetic changes can be achieved in fewer generation.

17. What is animal breeding?

A. A way of ensuring rapid growth of animals?
B. Elimination of deformities in the animal herd
C. Gene transfer from one animal to another
D. Mating of animals to produce offspring

4|P a ge
 18. Two cows kept in the same kraal and managed identically, produce different amounts of
milk.
Which factor could attribute to this?
A. Feed quality
B. Genetic make- up
C. Level of exercise
D. Sun’s heat

Use the diagram below of a black rabbit mated to a white rabbit to answer question 19 and 20.

19. What is the genotypic ratio of this cross?

A. 1Bb: 1bb
B. 1Bb: 3bb
C. 2Bb: 1bb
D. 3Bb: 1bb
20. What is the phenotypic outcome of this cross?
A. 50%black and 50% white
B. 75%black and 25% white
C. 100% black
D. 100% white.

21. What term is used to describe the manipulation of genetic make-up of livestock?
A. Gene mutation
B. Genetic engineering
C. Meiosis
D. Mitosis

22. What is complete dominance?

A. When a dominant gene is expressed over a recessive gene
B. When a recessive gene is expressed over a dominant gene
C. When both dominant genes are expressed
D. When both recessive genes are expressed.

5|P a ge
 23. What is the main problem of inbreeding in animals?
A. It produces pure lines
B. It increases unwanted traits
C. It encourages variation
D. It ensures hybrid vigour.
24. What is the physical expression of genes called?
A. Allele
B. Chromosome
C. Genotype
D. Phenotype

25. Which of the following refers to the transmission of certain traits from parents to
offspring?
A. Genetics
B. Inheritance
C. Selection
D. upgrading

26. Which of the following is a disadvantage of biotechnology in Agriculture?

A. Allows breeding for disease resistance
B. Allows breeding for drought resistance
C. Allows genetic pollution
D. Allows breeding for increased production

27. Which of the following is an environmental factor that influences variation among
organisms of the same species?
A. Crossing over
B. Meiosis
C. Mutation
D. Nutrition

Use the information to answer questions 25 and 26

In cattle, a lack of horns (polled) is dominant to the presence of horns. A heterozygous polled
bull is crossed with a homozygous recessive cow.

28. What will be the genotype ratio of the cross?

A. 1:1
B. 2:1
C. 3:1
D. 4:0

6|P a ge
29. If 50 calves are born from this cross, how many of them can be expected to be polled?
A. 25 calves
B. 33 calves
C. 38 calves
D. 50 calves
30. A heterozygous plant is self- pollinated . Assuming that the dominant allele (R) produces
red seeds while the recessive allele( r) determines white seeds, what will be the expected
ratio of phenotype in the offspring?
A. 1:1
B. 1:2
C. 1:3
D. 1:4
31. What is the difference between traditional and modern biotechnology?

Traditional Modern

A Does not involve gene manipulation Involves gene manipulation

B Results in production of resistant weeds Does not result in resistant weeds
C Results in toxic substances Does not result in toxic substances
D Uses simple technology Uses complicated technology

7|P a ge
 SECTION A

1. A horned goat is crossed with a polled goat; the offspring consists of equal number of
horned and polled goats. The allele for horned (H) is dominant over the allele for
polled (h). Use this information to answer the following question.
(a) Which genotype represents the homozygous horned offspring? (1)

2. If a homozygous dominant black rabbit is mated to a homozygous recessive white

rabbit,
(i) What is the genotypic ratio to this cross? (1)
(ii) What is the phenotypic outcome of this cross? (1)

3. The illustrations A and B show two types of cell division in cattle.

A B

60 chromosomes 60 chromosomes

60 chromosome 60 chromosomes 30 chromosomes 30 chromosomes

30 chromosomes 30 chromosomes 30 chromosomes 30chromosomes

(i) Which type of cell division is shown by the illustration A and B? (2)
(ii) Give reasons for your answers to ( i) (2)

4. Distinguish clearly between terms

a) Gene and allele (2)

b) Dominant and recessive (2)

c) Mitosis and meiosis (2)
d) Phenotype and genotype (2)

8|P a ge
5. When purebred red flowered bean plants are crossed with purebred white flowered
bean plants, the offspring (F1 generation) all produce red flowers. With the aid of full
genetic diagrams, show what colours of flowers you would expect if flowers of the F1
generation are:-
a) Cross-pollinated with white flowers and the resulting seeds are sown (3)
b) Self-pollinated and the resulting seeds are sown (3)

6. Figure 1 shows a simplified diagram of an animal cell.

(i) Name the parts labeled:

A_____________________________
B ________________________________
C ______________________________ (3)
(ii) Which genes in figure 1 are:
(a) Homozygous and dominant

(b) Homozygous and recessive

(c) Heterozygous (3)

(iii) How does an ordinary animal cell differ from a gamete cell?
(1)

9|P a ge
1. (a)Explain the following terms as used in genetics:-
(i) heterozygous
(ii) dominance

(2)

(b)Figure 2 shows a simplified diagram of an animal cell (2014)

Label an allele and chromosome on figure 3 (2)

(c ) A bull with horns is crossed with a polled cow (no horns). The offspring produced consists
of an equal number of horned and polled calves. The gene for polled is dominant over the
presence of horns.

By the means of clear illustrations show the genotypic outcome of the cross. (use the space
below)

(3)

10 | P a g e
2. (a) What term best describes the manipulation of the DNA structure to produce new
organisms. (1)
(b) A black-haired ram which is not breeding pure for colour is crossed with a
homozygous recessive white-haired ewe.
Assuming that B represents the dominant allele and b represents the recessive allele for
colour, work out the ratio of black-haired to white-haired offspring from this crossing.

(3)

9. (a) Figure 3 shows a pair of chromosomes.

On the diagram, label alleles that are; (i) heterozygous

(ii) homozygous recessive

(2)

(b) The gene for chinchilla in rabbits (R) is dominant over the gene for white fur (r).
A heterozygous male rabbit is crossed with a homozygous recessive female.
What will be the genotypic ratio of this cross.

(3)

11 | P a g e
10 Figure 4 shows a pair of chromosomes with the position of corresponding genes on
each.
Use it to answer questions (a) (i) to (iii).

(a) (i) Label any pair of alleles on the diagram. (1)

(ii) State if the pairs in (i) above are homozygous or heterozygous. (1)

(iii) State if alleles shown in the chromosome W above are dominant or recessive. (1)

(b) Complete the table to show two differences between meiosis and mitosis.

MEIOSIS MITOSIS
1.

2.

(2)

12 | P a g e
 11. A. (i) A purebred red-flowered plant was crossed with a purebred white –flowered
plant. All the plants of the first generation had pink flowers. If the pink flowered
plants were self pollinated and allowed to develop, what percentage of red flowered
plants would be expected in the second generation?
(ii) What phenotypic ratio would result if a heterozygous was crossed with a
homozygous recessive white flowered plant?
B. The gene for chinchilla in rabbits (R) is dominant over the gene for white (r). A
heterozygous male rabbit is crossed with a homozygous recessive female.

What will be the genotypic ratio of this cross?

12. (a) (i) What term best describes the manipulation of the DNA structure to produce
new organisms? (1)

(ii ) State one way the practice of traditional biotechnology differs from modern
biotechnology. (1)

(b ) A black –haired ram which is not breeding pure for colour is crossed with a
homozygous recessive white- haired ewe.
Assuming that B represents the dominant allele and b represents the recessive allele
for colour, work out the ratio of black-haired to white-haired offspring from this
crossing.
(3)
(c ) Explain the differences between crossbreeding and inbreeding using appropriate
examples. (2)

13. (i) Name two environmental factors that can cause variation in plants. (2)

(ii). Explain how one of these environmental factors can cause variation in plants. (1)

13 | P a g e
14. The diagram shows a parent cell about to undergo meiosis.

(a) Sketch a pair of homologous chromosomes in the diagram of the parent cell. (1)
(b) Complete the diagram of the daughter cell below to show the contents of the
nucleus once meiosis is complete.

(1)

(c) In goats, the allele for horned (H) is dominant over the allele for polled (h).

(i) Show how breeding two horned goats can result in polled offspring.

Show your working.

(ii )What is the percentage chance of having a polled offspring when breeding two

horned goats in the cross above?

_____________________________________________________________(1)

14 | P a g e
 (d ) What is the importance of selective breeding in cattle ?

(2)

15. (a) What is meant by genetic engineering?

(1)

(b) (i) Give one example of biotechnology used in animal production

(1)

(ii) Describe how the example you have named in (b) (i) can be applied in animal
production.

(3)

(c) In cattle the allele for polledness (H) is dominant to the allele for horned (h).

What will be the offspring’s phenotypic ratio when mating two heterozygous polled
cattle?

(1)

16. (a) (i) The diagram below shows the structure of an animal cell. Label a
chromosome.

(ii ) State two differences between phenotype and genotype.

(2)

(b) (i) Name one example of biotechnology.

(1)

(ii) State three disadvantages of biotechnology.

(3)

15 | P a g e
 ESSAYS

1. (a) Describe how genetic and environmental factors lead to variation between
parents and offspring. (5)
(b ) Explain what genetic engineering is and how it can benefit mankind. (5)

2. (a)Outline the importance of breeding in livestock (4)

(c) Explain what is meant by the following in livestock breeding:
(i)cross-breeding (2)
(ii) in-breeding (2)
(iii)Up-grading (2)

3. (a) explain how modern biotechnology improves production of crops (6)

(b)describe hybridization in plants (4)

4. Discuss animal breeding under the following sub-headings

(a) The meaning of breeding (1)
(b) The importance of breeding (5)
(c) The disadvantages of breeding (4)

5. Discuss with examples, how genetic and environmental factors cause variation in
offspring of the same parents. (10)

16 | P a g e
 MODULE 6:- AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS

5DH 12/01/16

1. Define agricultural economics. (2)

2. State the basic economic problems in agricultural production. (4)
3. Agricultural production is affected by available land, labour, capital and management.
Describe the features of two of the above. (4)

ESSAY QUESTION

4. Discuss the following economic systems:-

a) Planned economy (5)
b) Free market (5)

17 | P a g e