Lec. 3

Ain Shams University
Mech. Power Eng. Dept

4th Year, Pipeline Network

Faculty of Engineering
Mechanical Power Engineering Department
Course Title: Pipeline Network

4th Year
Lecture # 3
Prepared by: Prof. Dr. Nabil Abdel Aziz –

22 October 2015 Dr. Walid Torky 1
Objective
 Minor Losses
 Equivalent Length Of Minor Losses
 The Siphon

Minor Losses:
 Losses which occur in pipelines because of bends, elbows, joints, valves, etc.,
are called minor losses. This is a misnomer, because in many situations they are
more important than the losses due to pipe friction, but the name is
conventional. In almost all cases the minor loss is determined by experiment.
 It is obvious that the head loss varies as the square of the velocity. This is
substantially true for all minor losses in turbulent flow. A convenient method of
expressing the minor losses in flow is by means of the coefficient K, usually
determined by experiment.
𝐕𝟐
𝐡𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐨𝐫 =𝐊
𝟐𝐠

Sudden Expansion:
𝐕𝐝 − 𝐕𝐃 𝟐
𝐕𝐝𝟐
𝐡𝐞 = = 𝐊𝐞
𝟐𝐠 𝟐𝐠
𝟐 𝟐
𝐝
𝐊𝐞 = 𝟏 −
𝐃
End or Exit Losses
If the sudden expansion is from a
pipe to a reservoir, d /D = 0 (i.e
K=1) and the loss becomes V2
/2g; that is, the complete kinetic
energy in the flow is converted
into thermal energy

Gradual Expansion:
 It must be noted that the
conditions indicated
represent typical results
only.
 Flow through a diffuser is
very complicated and may
be strongly dependent on the
area ratio A2/A1, specific
details of the geometry, and
the Reynolds number*.
*Sovran, G., and Klomp, E. D., “Experimentally

Determined Optimum Geometries for Rectilinear
Diffusers with Rectangular, Conical, or Annular
Cross Sections,” in Fluid Mechanics of Internal Flow losses in a gradual conical expansion region
Flow, Sovran, G., ed., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1967.

Sudden Contraction:
 The sharp-edged inlet causes half of the
velocity head to be lost as the fluid enters
the pipe. This is because the fluid cannot
make sharp 90° turns easily, especially at
high velocities. As a result, the flow
separates at the corners, and the flow is
constricted into the vena contracta region
formed in the midsection of the pipe.
Therefore, a sharp-edged inlet acts like a
flow constriction.
𝐕𝐝 − 𝐕𝐃 𝟐 𝐕𝐝𝟐
𝐡𝐜 = = 𝐊𝐜
𝟐𝐠 𝟐𝐠


Entrance Loss:
Head loss coefficient K for pipe entrance

The head loss at the entrance from reservoir to pipeline is usually taken as 0.5V2/2g
if the opening is sharp-edged. For rounded entrances, the loss varies from 0.03
V2/2g to 0.12 V2/2g and may usually be neglected. For re-entrant openings, as with
the pipe extending into the reservoir beyond the wall, the loss is taken as 1.0V2/2g
for thin pipe walls unless given.

Entrance Loss:
The effect of rounding of a pipe inlet on the loss coefficient

From ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals.
Valves Loss Coefficient:
Summary of representative head loss

coefficients K for typical valve cases

Pipe components:

Equivalent Length:
Minor losses may be expressed in terms of the equivalent length Le of pipe that
has the same head loss for the same discharge; thus:
𝑳𝒆 𝑽𝟐 𝐕𝟐
𝒇 =𝐊
𝑫 𝟐𝒈 𝟐𝒈
Note: K may refer to one minor head loss or to the sum of several losses.
Solving for Le gives:
𝑲𝑫
𝑳𝒆 =
𝒇
For example, if the minor losses in a 500 mm pipeline diameter has a K=20 and if
f=0.02 for the line, then:
𝟐𝟎 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟓
𝑳𝒆 = = 𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝒎
𝟎. 𝟐
This equivalent length should be added to the pipe length to calculate the total
head loss.
Example:
For the shown figure:

a. If H is unknown and Q = 60 L/s, find the head loss hf.
b. Find the discharge through the pipeline if H = 10 m,
For Water 𝝂 = 1 x 10-6 m2/s, Kelbow = 0.9, Kvalve = 10

Solution:
The energy equation applied between points 1 and 2, including all the losses:
𝒑𝟏 𝑽𝟐𝟏 𝒑𝟐 𝑽𝟐𝟐 𝑳 𝑽𝟐𝟐 𝑽𝟐𝟐
+ + 𝒁𝟏 = + + 𝒁𝟐 + 𝐟 + 𝑲
𝜸 𝟐𝒈 𝜸 𝟐𝒈 𝑫 𝟐𝒈 𝟐𝒈
𝑽𝟐𝟐 𝟏𝟎𝟐 𝑽𝟐𝟐 𝑽𝟐𝟐
𝟎+𝟎+𝑯=𝟎+ +𝟎+𝐟 + 𝟎. 𝟓 + 𝟐 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟗 + 𝟏𝟎
𝟐𝒈 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓 𝟐𝒈 𝟐𝒈
in which the entrance loss coefficient is 0.5, each elbow 0.9, and the globe valve 10.
Then:
𝑽𝟐𝟐
𝑯= 𝟏𝟑. 𝟑 + 𝟔𝟖𝟎𝒇
𝟐𝒈

a- For the first part, with Q known, the solution is straightforward:
𝑸 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔 𝒎
𝑽𝟐 = =𝝅 = 𝟑. 𝟒
𝑨 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓𝟐 𝒔
𝟒
𝑽𝑫 𝟑. 𝟒 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓 𝜺
𝑹𝒆 = = = 𝟓𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎, 𝜺 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓 𝒎𝒎, = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏
𝝂 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝑫
𝑭𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝑴𝒐𝒐𝒅𝒚 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒕, 𝒇 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐
𝟑. 𝟒𝟐
𝑯= 𝟏𝟑. 𝟑 + 𝟔𝟖𝟎 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔 𝒎
𝟐 ∗ 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏

b- When the head is given, this problem is solved as the second type of simple pipe
problem.
The equivalent length of all minor losses:
𝟏𝟑. 𝟑 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓
𝑳𝒆 = = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐦
𝟎. 𝟎𝟐
Hence, the total length of pipe (Lt) is 100 + 102 = 202 m.
𝑽𝟐𝟐
𝑯= 𝟏𝟑. 𝟑 + 𝟔𝟖𝟎𝒇 = 𝟏𝟎
𝟐𝒈
Assume f = 0.02 and for water v = 10-6 m2/s therefore, V = 2.7 m/s, Re = 405000,
ε/D = 0.001, Thus from Moody chart f= 0.02
𝝅 𝟐 𝑳
𝑸 = 𝑫 𝑽 = 𝟒𝟕. 𝟕
𝟒 𝒔
Another solution
𝟐
𝒈𝑫𝒉𝒇 𝜺/𝑫 𝟏. 𝟕𝟕𝟓𝝂
𝑸 = −𝟎. 𝟗𝟓𝟓 ∗ 𝑫 ∗ 𝒍𝒏 +
𝑳𝒕 𝟑. 𝟕
𝒈𝑫𝒉𝒇
𝑫
𝑳𝒕
𝑽𝟐𝟐 𝟒𝑸𝟐
𝒉𝒇 = 𝑯 − = 𝟏𝟎 − 𝟐 𝟒 , 𝟎 < 𝐡𝐟 < 𝟏𝟎
𝟐𝒈 𝝅 𝒈𝑫
Note: Minor losses may be neglected when they comprise only 5 percent or less of the
head losses due to pipe friction. The friction factor, at best, is subject to about 5
percent error, and it is meaningless to select values to more than three significant
figures. In general, minor losses may be neglected when, on the average, there is a
length of 1000 diameters between each minor loss.
THE SIPHON:
• A closed conduit, arranged as shown in figure
which lifts the liquid to an elevation higher than
its free surface and then discharges it at a lower
elevation is a siphon. It has certain limitations in
its performance due to the low pressures that
occur near the summits.
• Assuming that the siphon flows full, with a

continuous liquid column throughout, the
application of the energy equation for the 𝑽𝟐 𝑽𝟐 𝑳 𝑽𝟐
portion from 1 to 2 produces the equation: 𝑯= +𝑲 +𝐟
𝟐𝒈 𝟐𝒈 𝑫 𝟐𝒈
In this equation K is the sum of all the minor-loss 𝑽𝟐 𝒇𝑳
coefficients. Factoring out the velocity head gives: 𝑯= 𝟏+𝑲+
𝟐𝒈 𝑫


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Ain Shams University

Mech. Power Eng. Dept

Ain Shams University

Course Title: Pipeline Network

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. Nabil Abdel Aziz –

 Equivalent Length Of Minor Losses

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. Nabil Abdel Aziz –

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. Nabil Abdel Aziz –

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. Nabil Abdel Aziz –

*Sovran, G., and Klomp, E. D., “Experimentally

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. Nabil Abdel Aziz –

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. Nabil Abdel Aziz –

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. Nabil Abdel Aziz –

Head loss coefficient K for pipe entrance

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. Nabil Abdel Aziz –

The effect of rounding of a pipe inlet on the loss coefficient

Valves Loss Coefficient:

Summary of representative head loss

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. Nabil Abdel Aziz –

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. Nabil Abdel Aziz –

For the shown figure:

For Water 𝝂 = 1 x 10-6 m2/s, Kelbow = 0.9, Kvalve = 10

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. Nabil Abdel Aziz –

a- For the first part, with Q known, the solution is straightforward:

𝑭𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝑴𝒐𝒐𝒅𝒚 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒕, 𝒇 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. Nabil Abdel Aziz –

• Assuming that the siphon flows full, with a

Prepared by: Prof. Dr. Nabil Abdel Aziz –

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