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1 Chapter 8 Periodic Table - 23 January 2023
 Chapter 8 Periodic Table
8.1 The periodic table
8.2 Group 1 metals
8.3 Transition elements
8.4 Noble gases

Yousuf Wasil Khan

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2 Chapter 8 Periodic Table - 23 January 2023
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3 Chapter 8 Periodic Table - 23 January 2023
8.1 The periodic table
Elements are arranged accord to the
increasing proton numbers e.g Group 7 elements have their
boiling point increasing
Vertical columns are called groups
(Physical Property)
Group number represents the valence F2 -188°C
number of electrons in valence shell Cl2 -34.6°C

Elements in the same group has similar Br2 58.8°C

chemical properties and a trend in their I2 184°C
physical properties
All group 1 elements will react with Horizontal rows are called periods
e.g
oxygen to form metal oxide
Period number represents number of
(chemical property)
shells in an atom
4Li(s) + O2(g) 2 Li2O(g)
Across the period the character of
4Na(s) + O2(g) 2 N2O(g) element changes from metallic to
non metallic
4K(s) + O2(g) 2 K2O(g)
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4 Chapter 8 Periodic Table - 23 January 2023
8.2 Group 1 metals Trends down the group 1
They are called alkali metals which are
Density/
soft and are silvery grey M.p/°C Reactivity
gcm-3
Lithium 181 0.54 Least
Sodium 98 0.97

Lithium Potassium 63 0.86

Sodium
They have lower density and therefore Rubidium 39 1.53
can mostly float on water
The have relatively lower melting and Caesium 29 1.90 Most
boiling point
Melting point decreases down the group
Density decreases down the group
Reactivity increases down the group as
Atomic radius increases , it becomes
easier to lose electron during a reaction
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5 Chapter 8 Periodic Table - 23 January 2023
8.2 Group 7 Halogons
They are non - metals which exist in Down the group,
diatomic form Cl2, Br2, I2
1. Density increases
Cl2 2. Reactivity of halogens decreases
Pale yellow gas Cl2 Most reative

I2 Least reactive
Br2
Reddish brown liquid Reason: down the group it becomes
difficult to gain electron during a
chemical reaction

I2
Blue black solid

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6 Chapter 8 Periodic Table - 23 January 2023
8.2 Group 7 Halogons
Group 7 can undergo displacement
reaction Br2 + Cl- → No reaction

A more reactive Halogen can oxidise a Br2 + I- → Br- + I2

less reactive halogen from its compound
form
Cl2 + NaBr → NaCl + Br2
I2 + Cl- → No reaction

or In terms of ionic equation I2 + Br- → No reaction

Cl2 + Br- → Cl- + Br2

Cl2 + I- → Cl- + I2

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7 Chapter 8 Periodic Table - 23 January 2023
8.3 Transition elements

Metals that exist between group 2 and 3

3. They have high melting and boiling
1. They form coloured compounds point

2. They have variable oxidation states

4. They have catalytic properties

e.g Iron in Haber Process

V2O5 in contact process

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8 Chapter 8 Periodic Table - 23 January 2023
8.4 Noble gases

These are chemically inert gases because

they have their outermost shell complete

They exist in monatomic gases

He, Helium: Helium is used in balloons,

airships

Ne, Neon: Neon is used in neon signs

and advertising displays

Ar, Argon: Argon is used as an inert gas

in welding to protect the materials being
worked on from oxidation

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9 Chapter 8 Periodic Table - 23 January 2023