Water Resources Engineering II(CIV472)

Chapter 2: Surface resources Example

Example 2.1. A reservoir has the following areas enclosed by contours at various elevations.
Determine the total reservoir storage volume.
Elevation(m) 200 220 240 260 280 300
Area(Km2) 150 175 210 270 320 400
Solution
A. By Cone Method

The total reservoir storage volume is about 2.5 Mha-m

Water Resources Engineering II(CIV472)

Example2.2: The water supply for a city is pumped from wells to a distribution reservoir. The
estimated hourly water requirements for the maximum day are indicated below. If the pumps
are to operate at a uniform rate, what distribution reservoir capacity is required?

Hour Demand Flow Requirements

ending (m3/hr.) rate(m3/hr.) from
(2) (3) reservoirs(m3)
(4)
1 273 529.3 0
2 206 529.3 0
3 256 529.3 0
4 237 529.3 0
5 257 529.3 0
6 312 529.3 0
7 438 529.3 0
8 627 529.3 0
9 817 529.3 287.7
10 875 529.3 345.7
11 820 529.3 290.7
12 773 529.3 243.7
13 759 529.3 229.7
14 764 529.3 234.7
Water Resources Engineering II(CIV472)

15 729 529.3 199.7

16 671 529.3 141.7
17 670 529.3 140.7
18 657 529.3 127.7
19 612 529.3 82.7
20 525 529.3 0
21 423 529.3 0
22 365 529.3 0
23 326 529.3 0
24 311.2 529.3 0
Total 12703.2 12703.2 2324.7
Solution:

Column 4 is obtained by subtracting the flow(supply) from the demand (column 2). At the time
when demand is less than the supply, reservoir requirement is zero. The required reservoir
capacity will be equal to the sum of the hourly requirements from storage. This comes out to
be 2324.7l m3. The graphical method of determining the reservoir capacity is also shown in
figure.

Figure: Graphical illustration of the computation of required reservoir capacity.

Example2.3: Incoming monthly flow during the critical period (1973-1975) for the Catalan
dam are given in the nearby table. Fthe ind active volume of the reservoir for 85% regulation using
SPA.
Water Resources Engineering II(CIV472)

Month St Dt Month St Dt
Jan-73 40 250 Jul-74 200 250
Feb-73 250 250 Aug-74 180 250
Mar-73 300 250 Sep-74 167 250
Apr-73 350 250 Oct-74 155 250
May-73 500 250 Nov-74 146 250
Jun-73 550 250 Dec-74 195 250
Jul-73 300 250 Jan-75 165 250
Aug-73 250 250 Feb-75 188 250
Sep-73 220 250 Mar-75 650 250
Oct-73 210 250 Apr-75 500 250
Nov-73 205 250 May-75 463 250
Dec-73 160 250 Jun-75 300 250
Jan-74 140 250 Jul-75 185 250
Feb-74 250 250 Aug-75 190 250
Mar-74 420 250 Sep-75 200 250
Apr-74 650 250 Oct-75 200 250
May-74 550 250 Nov-75 260 250
Jun-74 350 250 Dec-75 550 250

Note: Monthly Demand Volume: ƩSt x 85% = 294 x 85% =250

A. Solution (analytical method)

Vt = Dt – St + Vt-1; If positive

Vt = 0, Otherwise

Month St Dt Dt-St Vt
Jan-73 40 250 210 210
Feb-73 250 250 0 210
Mar-73 300 250 -50 160
Apr-73 350 250 -100 60
May-73 500 250 -250 0
Jun-73 550 250 -300 0
Jul-73 300 250 -50 0
Aug-73 250 250 0 0
Sep-73 220 250 30 30
Oct-73 210 250 40 70
Nov-73 205 250 45 115
Dec-73 160 250 90 205
Jan-74 140 250 110 315
Feb-74 250 250 0 315
Water Resources Engineering II(CIV472)

Mar-74 420 250 -170 145

Apr-74 650 250 -400 0
May-74 550 250 -300 0
Jun-74 350 250 -100 0
Jul-74 200 250 50 50
Aug-74 180 250 70 120
Sep-74 167 250 83 203
Oct-74 155 250 95 298
Nov-74 146 250 104 402
Dec-74 195 250 55 457
Jan-75 165 250 85 542
Feb-75 188 250 62 604 The required storage capacity
Mar-75 650 250 -400 204
Apr-75 500 250 -250 0
May-75 463 250 -213 0
Jun-75 300 250 -50 0
Jul-75 185 250 65 65
Aug-75 190 250 60 125
Sep-75 200 250 50 175
Oct-75 200 250 50 225
Nov-75 260 250 -10 215
Dec-75 550 250 -300 0
total 294

This problem can also be solved using graphical analysis as follows.

Month Month St Dt Dt-St Vt St-Dt Vt

1 Jan-73 40 250 210 210 -210 -210
2 Feb-73 250 250 0 210 0 -210
3 Mar-73 300 250 -50 160 50 -160
4 Apr-73 350 250 -100 60 100 -60
5 May-73 500 250 -250 0 250 190
6 Jun-73 550 250 -300 0 300 490
7 Jul-73 300 250 -50 0 50 540
8 Aug-73 250 250 0 0 0 540
9 Sep-73 220 250 30 30 -30 510
10 Oct-73 210 250 40 70 -40 470
11 Nov-73 205 250 45 115 -45 425
12 Dec-73 160 250 90 205 -90 335
13 Jan-74 140 250 110 315 -110 225
14 Feb-74 250 250 0 315 0 225
15 Mar-74 420 250 -170 145 170 395
Water Resources Engineering II(CIV472)

16 Apr-74 650 250 -400 0 400 795

17 May-74 550 250 -300 0 300 1095
18 Jun-74 350 250 -100 0 100 1195
19 Jul-74 200 250 50 50 -50 1145
20 Aug-74 180 250 70 120 -70 1075
21 Sep-74 167 250 83 203 -83 992
22 Oct-74 155 250 95 298 -95 897
23 Nov-74 146 250 104 402 -104 793
24 Dec-74 195 250 55 457 -55 738
25 Jan-75 165 250 85 542 -85 653
26 Feb-75 188 250 62 604 -62 591
27 Mar-75 650 250 -400 204 400 991
28 Apr-75 500 250 -250 0 250 1241
29 May-75 463 250 -213 0 213 1454
30 Jun-75 300 250 -50 0 50 1504
31 Jul-75 185 250 65 65 -65 1439
32 Aug-75 190 250 60 125 -60 1379
33 Sep-75 200 250 50 175 -50 1329
34 Oct-75 200 250 50 225 -50 1279
35 Nov-75 260 250 -10 215 10 1289
36 Dec-75 550 250 -300 0 300 1589

Time(month)

Example 2.4: The inflow yield and the release values of a storage reservoir are tabulated in
Table in terms of 106 m3. Determine the required active storage capacity using sequent-peak
analysis.
Water Resources Engineering II(CIV472)

t Dt St t Dt St
1 40 35 11 40 76
2 40 50 12 40 55
3 40 60 13 40 40
4 40 35 14 40 30
5 40 25 15 40 25
6 40 30 16 40 20
7 40 20 17 40 35
8 40 13 18 40 50
9 40 27 19 40 60
10 40 55

The analytical solution is presented in the following table. The graphical solution is also given
in the figure. As it can be seen from the table and the figure, the required storage is 90x106m3.

t St Dt St-Dt Ʃ(St-Dt) t St Dt St-Dt Ʃ(St-Dt)

1 35 40 -5 -5 11 76 40 36 -14
2 50 40 10 5 12 55 40 15 1
3 60 40 20 25 13 40 40 0 1
4 35 40 -5 20 14 30 40 -10 -9
5 25 40 -15 5 15 25 40 -15 -24
6 30 40 -10 -5 16 20 40 -20 -44
7 20 40 -20 -25 17 35 40 -5 -49
8 13 40 -27 -52 18 50 40 10 -39
9 27 40 -13 -65 19 60 40 20 -19
10 55 40 15 -50
Water Resources Engineering II(CIV472)

Therfore, the capacity of the reservoir is the diffference between the initial peak and the
coresponding lowest trough i.e.25x106m3+65x106m3= 90x106m3

Example2.5: the monthly inflows at the site of proposed reservoirs during a critical flow period
are given in the table. In addition, the monthly evaporation loss estimates and the monthly
amounts of net precipitation on the main pool level are given. A monthly uniform mandatory
release(DR) of 0.13*106m3/month is needed for downstream requirements. The monthly water
demand to be met from the active storage capacity are also listed in Table below. Fined the
required active storage capacity of the reservoir by an operational study. For the capacity that
you have found, calculate the monthly reservoir contents and spills from the reservoirs, if any.

Solution
Water Resources Engineering II(CIV472)

The available data are tabulated in columns (1) to (6) in table. Inflow (St), demand (Dt), rainfall
(Pt), evaporation (E) and downstream requirements (Mt) are given in 106 m3/month. The
required monthly storages, V , are computed in column (7) by
V = St – Dt + Pt – Mt – Et
The required total storage, Vt, is obtained by summing the values in column (7) as 33.38 x 106
m3. Column (8) gives the monthly contents of reservoir which is computed by:

Vt = Vt-1 + St – Dt + Pt – Mt – Et
where Vt is the volume of water stored in the reservoir at the end of month. The computation
of monthly reservoir contents starts from December because the reservoir must be emptied at
the end of November which is also the end of critical dry period. Thus, the reservoir content at
the end of November is zero. The monthly reservoir content cannot be more than 33.38x106
m3. So, during the months of April and May, the inflow which is in excess of the reservoir
capacity must be spilled. This problem is a very simplified example of an operation study.
More correctly the evaporation and precipitation amounts must be computed for actual levels
of reservoir using area-volume-elevation curves.

Example 2.6: A reservoir has a drainage area of 100 km2. Mean annual inflow to the reservoir
is expected to be 80 x 106 m3. Using the Brune trap efficiency curve given in Figure, plot the
variation of the reservoir capacity with respect to time. Assume that the initial reservoir
capacity is 40 x 106 m3. Determine the expected time for which 50% of the initial capacity is
reduced by sediment accumulation.
Water Resources Engineering II(CIV472)

Solution
With the information given, annual sediment yield is obtained using the following formula.

Y = 1906.26 Ad
0.953

Where Y: the mean annual sediment yield (m3).

Ad: the drainage area (km2).
Thus the annual sediment yield is found as 153244 m3 from equation. The solution is given in
Table for capacity decrements of 5 x 106 m3. Column (2) is the storage capacity to
inflow ratio which is obtained by dividing the values in column (1) by (80 x 106). Column (3)
is the trap efficiency which is obtained from Figure 2.11. Columns (4) and (5) show the
increment volume and the average trap efficiency for increment, respectively. Column (6) and
(7) are obtained as follows; Column (6) is 153244 x Column (5) and Column (7) = 5 x
106/Column (6). The relation between reservoir capacity and cumulative time is shown in
Figure 2.14 from which one obtains approximately 140 years for 50% loss of the initial
capacity.
Water Resources Engineering II(CIV472)

Example 2.7: Determine the capacity of storage reservoir with given monthly flows using mass
curve analysis. Assume yield is equal to average flow. Also find the monthly contents of the
reservoir and monthly changes in the reservoir volume.

Solution
Water Resources Engineering II(CIV472)

Graphical solution