JIMMA UNIVERSITY

JIMMA INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
AND URBAN PLANNING
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN II

LITRATURE REVIEW AND CASE STUDY ON: MIXED-USE

BUILDINGS
Prepared by SEMAHEGN DEMEKE RU-2196/12

SUBMITTED TO - MR DEGAGA ARCH

- MR DEJENE ARCH

SUBMITTED DATE 19/03/2015

JIMMA UNIVERSITY
JIT
Department of Architecture and Urban Planning Literature Review on Mixed use Building

Abstract

This is a compiled document that deals with mixed use buildings in the first part and
Case studies of it at both international and local level.
In this document of literature review , we will try to see the fundamentals of mixed
use building starting from the history that how they has emerged, definition and the
essential components,every types and the current way and building system and
implementation of mixed use building.

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JIMMA UNIVERSITY
JIT
Department of Architecture and Urban Planning Literature Review on Mixed use Building

Acknowledgement

I would like to thank the almighty god with his holy mother for every things I
encounter in my life.I would like to express my great gratitude for my instructors to
helping us do this project and hope their consultation will bring me good experience.

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 LITERATURE REVIEW
ON

Prepared by Semahegn Demeke RU -2196/12

JIMMA UNIVERSITY
JIT
Department of Architecture and Urban Planning Literature Review on Mixed use Building

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstract 1
Acknowledgement 1
Introduction 1
1.1 HISTORY OF MIXED USE BUILDING 1
1.1.1Before 20th century 1
The Trajan market was the first collection of covered shops in several levels 2
1.1.2 After 20th century 2
2.What is a mixed use building ? 4
2.1 CONTEXTS IN MIXED USE DEVELOPMENT 4
2.2 BENEFITS OF MIXED USE BUILDING 5
2.3 Drawbacks of mixed use 6
2.4 General Types of mixed-use developments 7
2.5 Types of contemporary mixed-use 8
2.6 FUNCTIONAL ROOMS AND PROGRAM 9
2.7 Residential 16
2.8 Functional Rooms and programs 18
a. Small room, 11 sq.m 19
b. Medium room, 3.6*4.5m 19
c. Large room, 4.2*4.5 m 19
Foyer 25
2.10 Mixed use building design considerations 25
And specifically for retail shops we need 27
Six basic store layouts are: 27
CONCLUSION 28
II,Case study 1
II.1 International case studyBurj Al-Arab 1
1 Mast 1
2 steel exoskeleton 1
3 reinforced concrete spine fiberglass 1
4 fabric wall 1
5 restaurant 1
6 Helicopter landing pad 1
Materials used on construction 3
Local Case Study 5
Floor Plan Analysis 7
SPATIAL FLOW & ORIENTATION 7
JIMMA UNIVERSITY
JIT
Department of Architecture and Urban Planning Literature Review on Mixed use Building

Table of figures
Figure 1 Figure 2 Mercati di_Traiano_-_Roma( Trajan’s Market (110 AD)) 1
Figure 3 - 3D section of trajiani market b, floor plan 2
Figure 4 Evolution of modern mixed use buildings 2
Figure 5 the floor plan of KPF michigan 2
Figure 6 mixed use building usage in percentile 3
Figure 7 4
Figure 8 neighbourhood comercial 8
Figure 9 studio light comercial 9
Figure 10 banks 9
Figure 11 Bookshop 11
Figure 12 SUPERMARKETS 13
Figure 13 BARBER SHOP. 13
Figure 14 OFFICE 15
Figure 15 Kitchens 20
Figure 16 Bedroom 20
Figure 17 ZONING 24
Figure 18 Burj Al rab 1
Figure 19 structural components 1
Figure 20 Floor plan AND SECTION of the building 3
Figure 21 interior of the building. 3
Figure 22 union tower kazanchis A.A 5
Figure 23 location of the union tower 5
Figure 24 FLOOR PLANS OF UNITY TOWER 7
JIMMA UNIVERSITY
JIT
Department of Architecture and Urban Planning Literature Review on Mixed use Building

Introduction

Mixed-use is a kind of urban development, urban design, urban planning and/or

a zoning type that blends multiple uses, such as residential, commercial, cultural,
institutional, or entertainment, into one space, where those functions are to some
degree physically and functionally integrated, and that provides pedestrian
connections.
In this file we will try to discuss on the history, meaning ,type , design consideration
and other aspects of mixed use building.
JIMMA UNIVERSITY
JIT
Department of Architecture and Urban Planning Literature Review on Mixed use Building

1.1 HISTORY OF MIXED USE BUILDING

Mixed-use development, the physically integrated combination of residential,

commercial, cultural, and transportation functions, consolidates activity within a
structure or neighborhood. In our dense cities, the adoption and thoughtful execution
of mixed-use development is a necessity.

Figure 1 Figure 2 Mercati di_Traiano_-_Roma( Trajan’s Market (110 AD))

1.1.1Before 20th
century
Mixed use history is not as young as
most types of buildings.Its typology
is not new; one of the first examples
is Trajan’s Market (110 AD) of
ancient Rome with both shops and
apartments built in a multi-level structure.

Fig 1.

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JIT
Department of Architecture and Urban Planning Literature Review on Mixed use Building

Figure 3 - 3D section of trajiani market b, floor plan

The Trajan market was the first collection of covered shops in several levels
Historians believe that the building’s arcades were administrative offices of Emperor
Trajan, and the remains of a library have been excavated.

1.1.2 After 20th century

The rise of the automobile and telecommunication technologies in the 20th Century,
meant dispersion. Sprawl prevailed. However, as the population has increasingly
migrated into cities over the past thirty years, the mixed-use building has experienced
a period of great experimentation and rebirth. At each period, KPF has been a major
contributor to the evolution of the mixed-use building type.

Figure 4 Evolution of modern mixed use buildings

Figure 5 the floor plan of KPF michigan

The completion of KPF’s 1989 900 North
Michigan Avenue was one of the first
buildings on Magnificent Mile with a
vertical, varied program. The building
combines five major uses: a shopping mall
with Bloomingdales as an anchor tenant; a
Four Seasons Hotel; office space in the

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Department of Architecture and Urban Planning Literature Review on Mixed use Building

tower’s lower section; condominiums on the higher floors; and one of the city’s
largest parking garages. With four ‘lanterns’ forming a crown at 260 meters, the
tower punctuates Chicago’s skyline with a sophisticated, unified expression. 900
North Michigan was the first of its kind for KPF, and remains the 8th tallest building
in the city today.
From 900 North Michigan’s success, KPF was commissioned to design the Japan Rail
Central Towers and Station, completed in 2000 in Nagoya, Japan that includes 1.1
million square feet of office space, a 700 + room hotel, 10 restaurants, and a 50,000-
square-foot convention center. What made the JR Central Towers extraordinary was
the fact that they were built over the largest train station in the world, Nagoya station.
The station comprises two national and two private railway lines, four subway lines,
Japan Rail and city bus lines, as well as the bullet train Tokaido Shinkansen. This
project physically connects the subterranean to sweeping views of the city of Nagoya,
with places to work, eat, sleep, and meet in between. It took the commercial synergies
of 900 North Michigan and merged them seamlessly with an entire nation’s
transportation infrastructure. The project was not only pioneer for vertical living, with
public spaces and sky streets to located 10 and 15 stories in the air, but its link to
public transportation makes it one of the first and most-successful transit-oriented
developments.

Figure 6 mixed use building usage in percentile

In the upcoming years of 21st century the building technology and style of mixed use
has shown a rapid growth

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Department of Architecture and Urban Planning Literature Review on Mixed use Building

Fig 3 Roppongi Hills, Tokyo, Japan, 2003

2.What is a mixed use building ?

Figure 7
A mixed-use building aims to combine three or more
uses into one structure such as residential, hotel,
retail, parking, transportation, cultural, and
entertainment. Whatever the combination, it brings
together several uses within either one building or a
small area. Mixed-use development may be applied to
a single building, a block or neighborhood, or in
zoning policy across an entire city or other
administrative unit. These projects may be completed
by a private developer, (quasi-) governmental agency,
or a combination thereof.
A mixed-use development may be a new construction,
reuse of an existing building or brownfield site, or a
combination.

2.1 CONTEXTS IN MIXED USE DEVELOPMENT

Expanded use of mixed-use zoning and mixed-use developments may be found in a
variety of contexts, such as the following (multiple such contexts might apply to one
particular project or situation)

 As part of smart growth planning strategies

 In traditional urban neighborhoods, as part of urban renewal and/or infill, i.e.
upgrading the buildings and public spaces and amenities of the neighborhood to
provide more and/or better housing and a better quality of life - examples
include Barracks Row in Washington, D.C. and East Liberty, Pittsburgh

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Department of Architecture and Urban Planning Literature Review on Mixed use Building

 In traditional suburbs, adding one or more mixed-use developments to provide

a new or more prominent "downtown" for the community - examples include new
projects in downtown Bethesda, Maryland, an inner suburb of Washington, D.C.,
and the Excelsior & Grand complex in St. Louis Park, Minnesota, an inner suburb
of Minneapolis
 Greenfield developments, i.e. new construction on previously undeveloped land,
particularly at the edge of metropolitan areas and in their exurbs, often as part of
creating a relatively denser center for the community – an edge city, or part of
one, zoned for mixed use, in the 2010s often labeled "urban villages". Examples
include Avalon in Alpharetta, Georgia and Halcyon in Forsyth County, Georgia,
at the edge of the Atlanta metropolitan area
 The re purposing of shopping malls and intensification of development around
them, particularly as many shopping malls' retail sales, and ability to rent space to
retailers, decrease as part of the 2010s retail apocalypse

 Any of the above contexts may also include parallel contexts such as:

 Transit-oriented development - for example in Los Angeles and San Diego where
the cities made across-the-board zoning law changes permitting denser
development within a certain distance of certain types of transit stations, with the
primary aim of increasing the amount and affordability of housing.

Older cities such as Chicago and San Francisco have historic preservation policies
that sometimes offer more flexibility for older buildings to be used for purposes other
than what they were originally zoned for, with the aim of preserving historic
architecture

2.2 BENEFITS OF MIXED USE BUILDING

Economic

Mixed-use developments are home to significant employment and housing

opportunities.Many of these projects are already located in established downtown
districts, meaning that development of public transit systems is incentivized in these
regions. By taking undervalued and underutilized land, often former heavy industrial,
developers can repurpose it to increase land and property values. These projects also

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Department of Architecture and Urban Planning Literature Review on Mixed use Building

increase housing variety, density, and oftentimes affordability through their focus on
multifamily, rather than single-family housing compounds. A more equal balance
between the supply and demand of jobs and housing is also found in these districts.

Social

Apartments with ground floor retail and ice skating rink at Pentagon Row in
Arlington, VA.

This development pattern is centered around the idea of “live, work, play,”
transforming buildings and neighborhoods into multi-use entities. Efficiency,
productivity, and quality of life are also increased with regards to workplaces holding
a plethora of amenities.Examples include gyms, restaurants, bars, and shopping.
Mixed-use neighborhoods promote community and socialization through their
bringing together of employees, visitors, and residents.

Environmental

Mixed-use neighborhoods and buildings have a strong ability to adapt to changing

social and economic environments. When the COVID-19 pandemic hit, New York
retailers located on long, commercially-oriented blocks suffered severely as they were
no longer attracting an audience of passersby. By combining multiple functions into
one building or development, mixed-use districts can build resiliency through their
ability to attract and maintain visitors.[20]

2.3 Drawbacks of mixed use

Equity

Due to the speculative nature of large scale real estate developments, mega-mixed-use
projects often fall short on meeting equity and affordability goals. High-end
residential, upscale retail, and Class A office spaces appealing to high-profile tenants
are often prioritized due to their speculative potential.

Financing

Mixed-use buildings can be risky given that there are multiple tenants residing in one
development.[17] Mega-mixed-use projects, like Hudson Yards, are also extremely
expensive. This development has cost the City of New York over 2.2 billion

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Department of Architecture and Urban Planning Literature Review on Mixed use Building

dollars.[23] Critics argue that taxpayer dollars could better serve the general public if
spent elsewhere.

Aesthetics

Mixed-use projects may be seen as disjointed from the surrounding environment.

Designs that preserve local character, histories, and charm are in conflict with those
that represent economic growth and modernity.[16] Mixed-use projects are often at
the center of this clash.

2.4 General Types of mixed-use developments

1. Main Street

The “Main Street” model has survived the urban decline to return and energize urban
communities in towns and cities alike across North America. However, in the modern
version, mom-and-pop shops have been largely replaced with services, hospitality,
and entertainment venues, while still containing dwelling units above or behind the
storefronts. Have a peek at the Princeton Junction Transit Village in Princeton, NJ, for
a contemporary example of the Main Street concept.

2. Shopping Mall/Department Store Conversion

As electronic commerce took America by storm, many brick-and-mortar retail

businesses simply could not compete and went out of business. Vacated shopping
malls and large department stores found a new purpose as mixed-use centers,
featuring residential units and businesses better-suited to compete with e-commerce
stores. Such redevelopments have surfaced across the continent, breathing new life
into defunct, yet precious real estate; just take a look at what’s become of the old
Sears building in Santa Monica.

3. Vertical Mixed-Use Developments

Falling into a broader category of mixed-use developments, a vertical mixed-use

building may house any combination of businesses. Typically, however, public uses
such as restaurants, coffee shops, government offices, and even transit facilities
congregate on the lower floors, while private uses the likes of condo units or hotel

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Department of Architecture and Urban Planning Literature Review on Mixed use Building

rooms are located higher up. The Metropolis in Downtown LA is a prime example of
this development model.

4. Horizontal Mixed-Use Developments

These combine various single-use buildings in a single, mixed-use lot. Such an

arrangement allows for the combination of businesses and dwellings to evolve into a
walkable community or even a neighborhood.

In urban areas, horizontal mixed-use developments often repurpose abandoned

buildings. For instance, take Toronto’s Liberty Village - a 19th-century parcel of land
enclosed by railway lines, initially used for institutional and industrial purposes.
While its correctional facilities and factories shuttered during the 20th century, the
ghost neighborhood got a new lease on life in the early 2000s. With a series of condo
towers popping up, and a myriad of shops, restaurants, banks, and offices quickly
filling up the old, empty factories, the area evolved into one of the most vibrant,
desired neighborhoods in the city.

2.5 Types of contemporary mixed-use

Some of the more frequent mixed-use scenarios in the United

States are

Figure 8 neighbourhood comercial

 Neighborhood commercial zoning – convenience goods and

services, such as convenience stores, permitted in otherwise
strictly residential areas Fig 5 Neighborhood commercial

 Main Street residential/commercial – two to three-story

buildings with residential units above and commercial units on the ground floor
facing the street Fig 6 Main Street residential

 Urban residential/commercial – multi-story residential

buildings with commercial and civic uses on ground floor
 Office convenience – office buildings with small retail
and service uses oriented to the office workers
 Office/residential – multi-family residential units within

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Department of Architecture and Urban Planning Literature Review on Mixed use Building

office building(s)
 Shopping mall conversion – residential and/or office units added (adjacent) to
an existing standalone shopping mall Fig 7 Office/residential
 Retail district retrofit – retrofitting of a suburban retail area
to a more village-like appearance and mix of uses

Figure 9 studio light comercial

 Live/work – residents can operate small businesses on

the .3ground floor of the building where they live
 Studio/light industrial – residents may operate studios or small workshops in the
building where they live
 Hotel/residence – mix hotel space and high-end multi-family residential.
Fig 8 hotel residence

 Parking structure with ground-floor retail

 Single-family detached home district with standalone shopping center

2.6 FUNCTIONAL ROOMS AND PROGRAM

2.6.1 Commercial/Retail shops

Storefronts and display windows are important to the store designer of commercial
part. A successful

Figure 10 banks
store or shop is one that is designed to
merchandise in addition to looking good . A
store can be divided into two principal parts :
the exterior, which gives identification,
encompasses the storefront, show windows,
and displays, and the interior, where the
promise of the storefront display is delivered .

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Department of Architecture and Urban Planning Literature Review on Mixed use Building

Room sizes
Shops with one customer's aisle only are usually 3.6 to 4.5 m wide and 15 to 18 m
long.

Banks

New bank merchandising systems have been followed by a new bank architecture
which no longer needs to follow the old idiom that a bank must retain it’s aloof
dignity.
 Public spaces
A. Lobby. This must be easily accessible to the public 11 contains reception/
information, loan officers, tellers, and check-writing desks. Fig 8. Banks

B. Tellers are usually located at one side of the bank to allow for expansion. This is
usually considered to be the
most flexible of all schemes.
C. Officers' platform. This should provide open space for contact officers, cubicles
for collection officers, and
offices for the installment loan and commercial loan officers. A conference room
should be provided in this area
unless the need warrants more than one.
D. Access to the safety deposit vault should be provided for customers. Access to the
money vault for tellers
should be provided.
 Operations.
This is the department that makes sure the bank is run on a steady, professional basis.
It takes care of all the
clerical work required to run the bank and keep its records in order.
A. Bookkeeping department. This should be in close proximity to tellers, since this is
where the tellers receive
and give all the information they need.
B. Proof department. This is not accessible to the public. It can be separated from
the other areas, but should be
fairly close to the data processing area.

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Department of Architecture and Urban Planning Literature Review on Mixed use Building

C. Data processing area. Special air conditioning is required here. False floors are
recommended to house the
electric cables.
D. Clerical, mail, and other various minor services as required by the individual
situation. The mail room is
usually located in close proximity to the proof department.
E. Fireproof records vault, to service proof, trust, and bookkeeping departments.
This does not have to be adjacent
to all three, but access must be provided for all three.
F. Safety deposit vault, fireproof. This provides boxes for the storage and safekeeping
of customers' valuables.
I. Trust department. This is one of the bank's major services to the public. It is here
that trusts, probates, accounts,
etc., are put in effect and carried out. This area also needs a lawyers' department.
J. Auditorium/meeting room able to seat 200 to 300. This room is mostly used by the
public and is often loaned rent free. Rest room facilities, a stage, storage space, and
coffee bar should be included. This room should be thought of as an all-purpose room.
In addition to serving as a meeting room, it will facilitate the training of bank
personnel.
 Executive suite.
Figure 11 Bookshop
Usually includes offices for the senior vice-
presidents, board members, and president
plus all the personnel they need to continue
their business. A conference room and board
of directors' meeting room are required.

Book shop

Each customer in a bookshop requires privacy, direct access to the books displayed,
and sufficient light for comfortable vision while reading. Book buying customers like
to browse, and nothing is less attractive to them than crowded circulation.

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Department of Architecture and Urban Planning Literature Review on Mixed use Building

Fig 9 book shop customer buying books

Men’s & women’s wear

MEN'S WEAR

MEN'S WEAR Counters and clerks' aisles are seldom, if ever, included in clothing
sales space, but are ordinarily required in combination with wall cases for
haberdashery and accessories. One or more fitting rooms are
necessary in clothing departments; a small fitting platform, one step high and
approximated 1.2 m by 1.2 m, is sometimes needed. Chairs and smoking stands are
standard equipment. "Daylight" lighting fixtures aid in
matching or determining colors.

Non selling Areas

Stock rooms, with space for about 20 percent of the store's total stock, are usually
sufficient for peak-load seasons. If alterations to clothing are made on the premises, a
tailor shop, with water and electrical connections for pressing and sewing machines, is
required.

Women’s wear

In shop for women’s clothing & haberdashery, the turnover of stock must be rapid.as
styles quickly become obsolete. Most articles, other than accessories which are easily
damaged or lost , are currently at least partly sold on a self-service basis.
The minimum area can be 4by 6 ft. larger shops may have a complete alteration
department. Sales & display area

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Department of Architecture and Urban Planning Literature Review on Mixed use Building

Figure 12 SUPERMARKETS

SUPERMARKETS

Architecturally, the supermarket is a large scale emporium of merchandise that

doesn't have to shout to be noticed.New, free-standing supermarkets average 2,108sq
m to 2,879sq m with 75 to 80 percent of the total store devoted to selling space and
the remaining 20 to 25 percent of floor space devoted to service areas such as storage
coolers, prepackaging areas, grocery storage, etc

GIFT SHOPS

Merchandise is seldom bought without seeing and handling either the actual object or
a sample. Cleaning and arranging such a varied, fragile stock is a serious maintenance
problem.

JEWELRY SHOPS

Jewelry stores range from the small shop which sells fine, expensive, and
exclusive items to the commercial credit store which displays and sells in volume,and
then to the costume jewelry shop

Figure 13 BARBER SHOP.

BARBER SHOP The typical five-chair

barber shop can be accommodated in a store
14 by 42 . in size . A shop for a small
community ordinarily has a single shampoo

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Department of Architecture and Urban Planning Literature Review on Mixed use Building

basin; if Individual basins are required at all barber chairs, space requirements have to
be slightly increased .

Fig 11 barbershops

BEAUTY SHOP

The typical small beauty shop has to contain at least six to eight booths in order for do
enough business to be successful . If manicuring is to be done in booths, 20 % of the
shop's total area is devoted to waiting room . If manicure tables (15 by 30 in ., with 5
ft. Between tables) have to be placed in waiting space, the 20% proportion may have
to be enlarged.

Offices

Core locations are Central (interior),Off-center (interior) ,Split (interior) and Exteriors

Types of offices
They are 5 alternative types of offices
-1.25m grid module, three module spaces only.
- grid module 1.50m, and various widths.
– room depth 20-30m floor area up to 1ooom.
–for 15-20 employees, workstations no more than 7.50m from the facade.
-all single room approx., 10m with a common area 6-8 m deep.
Private Offices
The private office is the most controversial problem facing the space planner. The
assignment of private offices and the type of partitioning to be used are issues to be
settled by top management acting on the advice and recommendations of the space
planner. Private offices should be assigned primarily for functional reasons. The
following are some of the factors requiring consideration prior to making the
assignment
Sizes of Private Offices
It is desirable that private offices be a minimum of 9 sq m and a maximum of 28 sq m
each in size, depending upon the requirements of the occupant. See sketches of most
widely used private offices. Only in cases where it is necessary for the occupant to
meet with delegations of 10 or more people at least once a day should the size

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Department of Architecture and Urban Planning Literature Review on Mixed use Building

Figure 14 OFFICE
Approach 28 sq m. For the average Government function, the private office should
not exceed 18.5 sq m.

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Department of Architecture and Urban Planning Literature Review on Mixed use Building

RESTAURANTS AND EATING PLACES

Adequacy of space will influence building and operating costs and efficiency . When
space is too small, labor time end effort are likely to increase end the volume and
quality of output decrease. When it is too large, building and maintenance costs are
excessive.

Types of Food Operations .Type of operation Square meter per seat

Cafeteria, commercial . . . . 1.6
Cafeteria, college and industrial . . . . . . . . 1-1.5
Cafeteria, school lunchroom . . 0.8-1.2
College residence, table service . . . . . . . . 1-1.4
Counter service . . . . . . . . 1.6-1.8
Table service, hotel, club restaurant . . . . . . . . . 1.4 -1.6
Table service, minimum Eating 1-1.3
Banquet, minimum . . . . . . 0.9 -1

2.7 Residential
What is a Residential Building?

Residential building is a building made up of one or more rooms used for housing,

with the necessary facilities and utilities that satisfy the living requirements of a

person or family.

A residential building is defined as the building which provides more than half of its

floor area for dwelling purposes. In other words, residential building provides

sleeping accommodation with or without cooking or dining or both facilities.

Types of Residential Building

1 .Single detached house-A single dwelling not attached to any other dwelling or

structure (except its own garage or shed). A single-detached house has open space on

all sides, and has no dwellings either above it or below it. A mobile home fixed

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Department of Architecture and Urban Planning Literature Review on Mixed use Building

permanently to a foundation is also classified as a single-detached house.

2. Semi detached house-One of two dwellings attached side by side (or back to back)

to each other, but not attached to any other dwelling or structure (except its own

garage or shed). A semi-detached dwelling has no dwellings either above it or below

it, and the two units together have open space on all sides.

3.Row house-One of three or more dwellings joined side by side (or occasionally side

to back), such as a townhouse or garden home, but not having any other dwellings

either above or below. Townhouses attached to a high-rise building are also classified

as row houses.

4.Apartment or flat in a duplex-One of two dwellings, located one above the other,

may or may not be attached to other dwellings or buildings.

5.Apartment in a building that has Five or more storey -A dwelling unit in a high-

rise apartment building which has five or more storey

6.Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storey

7. Other single attached house-

A dwelling unit attached to other dwelling units, commercial units, or other non-

residential space in a building that has fewer than five storey. A single dwelling that

is attached to another building and that does not fall into any of the other categories,

such as a single dwelling attached to a non-residential structure (e.g., a store or a

church) or occasionally to another residential structure (e.g., an apartment building).

8. Movable dwelling

Includes mobile homes and other movable dwellings such as houseboats and railroad

cars. Again in another scene there is also a classification type of the following.

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Department of Architecture and Urban Planning Literature Review on Mixed use Building

2.8 Functional Rooms and programs

Living zone

The living zone is the main part of the house that is accessible for all the owners and

also for the guests. This is the area that usually becomes the showplace. This area is

roughly 1/3 of the house and serves a variety of functions. It is the location for family
get- together, dining, recreation, entertaining.

The living area is composed of a number of rooms. They include the living room,
dining room, foyer, recreation or family room and special-purpose rooms such as
a sunroom or home office.
Living Room
In Western architecture, a living room, also called a lounge room , lounge , sitting
room, or drawing room, is a room for relaxing and socializing in
a residential house or apartment. Such a room is sometimes called a front room when
it is near the main entrance at the front of the house. In large, formal homes, a sitting
room is often a small private living area adjacent to a bedroom.
The living room is the center for most activities. It may serve as a temporary rest
place, gathering area or conversation place,playroom, TV room.
Programming and Planning Considerations of living rooms
Convenient access should be provided to doors, windows, electric outlets,
thermostats, and supply grills . generally the considerations can be listed as.

1. Location should not be such that a natural

traffic pattern will be established through it to other parts of the house.

2. Should be placed on the ground floor

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3. The use of large windows is common because it creates a feeling of spaciousness

4. The design / style, should follow the exterior design / style

Typical furniture groups in the living room are as follows:

1 . Primary conversation group: chairs and sofa normally grouped around the fireplace.

2. Secondary conversation group: chairs and love seat at end of room or in corner

3. Reading group or groups : chair, ottoman, lamp, table

4.Writing or study group: desk, lamp, one or two chairs, bookcases

5. Music group: piano, bench, storage space

6. Game group: game table and four chairs

7. Television group: television set and seating for several people

Dining Room

Most modern homes today have a dining room. Its main function is to provide a

special place for eating.

Considerations

1.The Room size depends on the respective number of people who will use the ,

furniture, facility and clearance for traffic.

a. Small room, 11 sq.m

b. Medium room, 3.6*4.5m

c. Large room, 4.2*4.5 m

2. Typical dining room furniture includes the table, chairs, buffet, china closet, and

server or cart

3. An ideal location places the dining room between the living room and kitchen.

4. When designing the room, you must determine if you want an open or closed plan

a. An open plan enhances the rooms function and efficiency

5. Controlled lighting is desirable because it controls the mood of the room Space

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Furniture Sizes :
Portable Tables, round 2'-7" to 5'-10" diam
 Portable Tables, rectangular: 2'-6"
to 4'-0" by 3'-6" to 8'-0" ; or 2',-0"
to 4'-0" square
 Dining Chairs, portable : l'-6" to 2'-
0" by l'-6" to l'-10
 Serving Table : 2'-6" to 3'-6" by
1'-2" to l'-9"
 Sideboard or Buffet : 4'-0" to 6'-6"

3.1.2 Kitchens

It is used for preparation of meals, food preservation, storage of food and utensils, and
also, in many cases, for eating, laundering, entertaining, and child care. .

Figure 15 Kitchens

Figure 16 Bedroom

Sleeping zone
Bedroom
A bedroom is a room in a house for the
bed, so it's mainly used for sleeping. If
you live in a one-bedroom apartment, it
has exactly one room for the bed.A well-

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designed bedroom can incorporate all the furniture we require without making it a
cramped space. Fig 12 bedrooms

Furniture arrangements In bedrooms.

The location of doors and windows should permit alternate furniture arrangements.

Three-seat sofa: 38-inches deep by 90-inches wide.

Love seat: 38-inches deep by 60- inches wide.Armchair: 35-inches deep by 35-inches
wide.

Coffee Table: 48-inches long by 30- inches wide

Square end table: 24-inches long by 24-inches wide

Rectangular end table: 28-inches long by 25-inches wide

Four-shelf bookcase: 54-inches tall by 45-inches wide.

Bed Room Types

1. Master Bedroom

2. Children’s Bedroom

3. Guest Bedroom.

4.Maid’s bedroom

Bathroom

A bathroom or washroom is a room, typically in a home or other residential building,

that contains either a bathtub or a shower (or both). The inclusion of a wash basin is
common.

Bathroom Building Codes and Recommendations

Below is a summary of what one should consider 16 of the most important NKBA
(National kitchen and bath association) bathroom design guidelines. This also
includes the relevant codes for comparison.
1. Entry door openings
1. Doors should be at least 81 cm wide.
2. For 81cm of clear width, the door width (from jamb to jamb) should be 86 cm.

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3. Since 86 cm is not a standard door width, most designers spec a 91.4 door, which
is not usually a special order.
4. To meet ADA universal design standards, plan on 86 cm. of clear opening, or a
91.4 cm door.
5. There are some exceptions for situations where it's impossible to fit a 34" door,
allowing a 24" door in those circumstances.
2. Door interference
Good design dictates that the entry door doesn't bump into the shower door or cabinet
doors or drawers.
3. Ceiling height
Bathrooms must have a minimum ceiling height of 203 cm in front of fixtures,
which is less than the 228 cm ceiling height required in most rooms.
The 76.2x76.2 cm area in front of a shower head must also be 203 2cm in
height. The recommended ceiling height over sinks and other fixtures (basically,
wherever you can't walk) is only 152.4cm.
4. Clear floor space
At least 21" is required between the toilet, bidet, and sink and any opposite
wall or other fixture.
At least 24" is required in front of the shower entry.
Building code only requires 21" of floor space in front of the toilet or sink, but
that feels quite cramped, so the NKBA recommendation is 30".
5. Sink spacing
The minimum distance from the center line of the sink to a wall is 15".
There must be 4" between the edge of a free-standing or wall-hung sink and
the wall. (This makes it easier to clean between the edge of the vanity and the
wall.)
In some recommendations 20" from the center of the sink to the closest wall
or other tall obstacle. This extra bit of elbow room makes it more comfortable
to wash your hands.
6. Distance between double sinks
The distance between the center lines of two sinks must be at least 30".
Freestanding or wall hung sinks should have at least 4" of space between them.
In some recommendations at least 36" between the center lines of two

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sinks. When in doubt, go with smaller sinks so there is more room in between.
This extra space ensures that you won't bump elbows with the person using the
sink next to you.
7. Vanity height
Vanities should be 32" - 34" in height. In the old days, 32" vanities were the
norm, with the goal of accommodating both kids and adults. Nowadays,
standard practice is to customize them to be comfortable for adult users. Kids
can use stools, which can even be on a pull-out mechanism built into the
vanity.
8. Countertop corners
Countertop corners shouldn't be sharp.
Chambered or rounded corners should be installed for safety.
9. Shower size
The minimum interior shower size is 30" x 30" or 900 square inches, in which
a disk of 30" in diameter must fit. (In most places, the shower head must also
be inside this imaginary disk.)
The code minimum is 30" x 30", but 36" square is much more comfortable.
10. Grab bar
There are no international code prescriptions for grab bars.
Plan grab bars. Even if you don't need them now, grab bars (or blocking
within the walls) should be installed 33" - 36" above the floor in the shower.
11. Non-slip floors
No international code requirements for flooring type.
Recommends non-slip floors. Don't install any slippery flooring in your
bathroom (including your shower floor). Ceramic tile floors should have a
coefficient of friction (COF) rating of at least 0.5 when wet.
12. Toilet placement
A minimum distance of 15" is required from the center line of a toilet to any
bath fixture, wall, or other obstacle.
Give your toilet some space. The distance from the center line of your toilet
bowl to the nearest wall or obstacle should be at least 18". Only use the 15"
minimum code requirement if you have a very small bathroom and can't
accommodate the extra distance.

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Figure 17ZONING

ZONING TECHNIQUES

Zoning is the division of a living space into

functional zones that meet the basic needs and
lifestyle of the owner of the apartment. With its
help, you can create a modern interior, and the
absence of major partitions will make the room more spacious and bright, thanks to
the unhindered access of sunlight from the windows after saying this we have to
discuss about how to zone functions.
Fig 13 room zoning methods

Aesthetic Requirements

Aesthetics is a core design principle that defines a design's pleasing qualities. In

visual terms, aesthetics includes factors such as balance, color, movement, pattern,
scale, shape and visual weight. Designers use aesthetics to complement their
designs' usability, and so enhance functionality with attractive layouts.
As aesthetics concerns an appreciation of beauty, it is influenced by the subjective

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taste of an individual. Like painting and sculpture, architecture can be considered a

visual art to which the philosophy of aesthetics can be applied.
Foyer
A foyer is an area at the front of the home, entered after passing through the
front door. The foyer connects a home's entrance with the rest of the interior. Some
foyers have the feel of a room, while other entry areas resemble hallways (in some
cases, these may be called “entryways”)
1. Floor must be made of a material that is not affected by water or dirt
2. Must have a coat closet
A, Minimum size of 2’x 3’, inside dimensions ,
B,Common size is 12’x 20’
3. Good lighting
4. Size of Foyer will be determined by:

2.10 Mixed use building design considerations

2.10.1 Site planning

The design of each mixed-use project site shall contribute to the evolving sense of
place and character in the City. Site planning guidelines consider the internal
organization of a development project and the external relationship with the public
right-of-way and other projects.

2.10.2 Building Placement

Buildings shall be constructed near or along the front property line(s). A “zero setback”
from the front property line(s) is encouraged. Variations in the zero setback from
the property line(s) may be appropriate when the resulting setback provides
greater accommodation for pedestrian circulation, sidewalk dining areas, enhanced
entries, and improves the pedestrian realm.

Street Orientation

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Mixed-use buildings shall be sited and oriented so that the primary commercial
building
entry is Located along the public sidewalk, which is the main pedestrian route. The
main pedestrian access point to the building shall be located along the facade that is
oriented to the primary street.
Buildings on corner lots shall have the Primary entry facing the intersection. Corner
entries help create an active public realm and reinforce significant street and sidewalk
intersections.

Site Coverage

Site coverage is a control for the purpose of preventing the adverse effects of over
development, there by safeguarding sunlight and daylight within or adjoining a
proposed layout of buildings. Site coverage is the percentage of the site covered by
building structures, excluding the public roads and footpaths. Site coverage is a tool
particularly relevant in urban locations where open space and car parking standards
may be relaxed. The plan sets out recommended standards for the city Centre, district
Center's and the Georgian core. These standards are intended to be indicative only.
The special considerations, which apply to plot ratio, will also apply to site coverage.

2.1.3 Sunlight

Objectives
•To ensure building envelopes and internal layouts minimize energy consumed for
heating and cooling.
•To ensure optimum winter sunlight to north facing windows of living areas and
private
open space, and appropriate shading to north and west facing glazing in summer.
•To ensure a reasonable level of direct sunlight access to common open space and

Site facilities

Site facilities are the functional components of an apartment development, and

include parking, storage, clothes drying and services.
These guidelines provide appropriate site facilities that are convenient, accessible and

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functional for residents.Site facilities can make a significant contribution toward

achieving sustainable development through:
• minimizing water use, e.g. through installing water efficient fixtures and appliances
in buildings, storing and using rain water to irrigate gardens;
• minimizing energy consumption, e.g. through provision of outdoor clothes drying
areas;
• supporting measures that encourage non-car based travel.

And specifically for retail shops we need

Retail space design includes graphic design, ergonomics and advertising in its final
output. One of the most important goals of retail design is pulling people into the
retail space. Large signage, large display windows and clever lighting may have a
considerable effect on doing so. Once customers enter the retail space, it is vital to
guide traffic strategically.

Six basic store layouts are:

 Straight Plan: Walls display merchandise; consumers are led to the back of the
store to check-out counter.
 Pathway Plan: Clear path unobstructed by fixtures guides consumers to check-
out counter.
 Diagonal Plan: A perimeter design that manipulates consumers to move
angularly, where the check-out counter is in the centre of the space.
 Curved Plan: Walls, corners and ceilings are slightly curved, with circular
floor fixtures, for a cosy and inviting ambience.
 Varied Plan: in this plan attention is drawn to special focus areas, as well as
having storage areas that line the wall. This is best suited for footwear and
jewellery retail stores..

Architectural design must consider themes and ambience. Materials, lighting, sound
and visual branding can influence consumers, so these features must be carefully
considered:

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 Lighting must display and highlight merchandise for optimum benefit through
natural lighting, layering and multiple intensities.
 Colour and textures can create an ambience and must not clash with the
merchandise. Materials on walls, floors, ceilings and furniture cannot change
seasonally, so they need to use neutral colors.
 Use attractive, durable and easy to maintain materials. Contrasting materials
create defined zones. Sustainable materials are popular in modern stores.
 Exterior branding and signage should lead into the interior, be consistent,
attract, interest and influence consumers.

Architects must specify details of the walls, roofs and floors; major interior
architectural materials, assemblies and finishes; building circulation, egress, and
means of horizontal and vertical conveyance; compliance with life safety and
accessibility codes, standards and restrictions. Other architectural considerations for
retail spaces include:

 Topographic survey of the site, meeting local standards

 Grades/contours and key spot elevations.
 Adjacent buildings, streets, circulation paths, curbs, gutters
 Light fixtures, site furnishings, signage, and other above-ground structures and
features
 Existing conservation areas
 Conceptual site plan, including building orientation, access routes, shading
 Paths for utilities and storm water management systems
 Updated floor plans for each level
 Roof plans showing slopes, drainage, materials and roof-mounted equipment
 Updated exterior elevations of all building sides
 Updated exterior renderings, perspectives, and/or models
 position, dimensions, and construction of all exterior walls

CONCLUSION
Mixed use building is one of the major elements of our cities now a days the world is
being over populated and consequently this made up the residential and the working
places accumulate in nearby places .

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CASE STUDY ON

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II,Case study

Figure 18 Burj Al rab

II.1 International case

study
Burj Al-Arab
• Building Name: Burj-Al-Arab Hotel.
• Other/Former Names: Arab Sail.
• Chief Architect: The primary architect who
designed the building Tom Wright of Atkins.
• Chief Contractor: WS Atkins Partners Overseas.
• Construction Contractor: Murray & Roberts.
• Construction : 1993 – 1999.
• Floors : 60.
• Floor Area : 111,500 m2 (1,200,000 sq ft)

The Burj Al Arab - Tower of the Arabs , also known as "Arab Sail“.The most
technologically advanced meeting and conference facilities available The World's
Tallest Usable Full Hotel Building. If You Counted Mixed Use Buildings The Jin
Mao Tower In China Would Be The Tallest Which Is Only Half Hotel. In English
"Burj Al Arab" Means The Arabian Tower Burj Al Arab Was One Of The Most
Expensive Buildings Ever Built. It Is One Of The World's Only Two "7 Star" Hotels.
Burj Al Arab Is Shaped Like A Sail.

Structural analysis

Figure 19 structural components

1 Mast
2 steel exoskeleton
3 reinforced concrete spine fiberglass
4 fabric wall
5 restaurant
6 Helicopter landing pad

Height of atrium: 182m

Height o helipad from sea: 212M
height of top of accommodation from island: 19t

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Height of top of mast from island :321m

Distance of shore to the outer point of island: 450m land.sea of island 150m per side
Sea depth 7.5m
Length of biggest truss. 85m
Weight of biggest truss: 165 ky
Cantilever of sky view restaurant: 27m & 1.7m deep

Concept – Orientation and Circulation

• The orientation of the building minimizes

the heat gain during the summer seasons.
• The south elevation has the most exposed
surface area. As a result, it has the maximum
capacity for heat absorption.
• For people, there is access to the hotel
through the roof via a helicopter. At the main
entrance there is a grand stairway, an
escalator and elevators.
• For air, the revolving door located at the
main entrance acts as a locking mechanism
to prevent a phenomenon known as the stack
effect, which occurs when the hot air rises
and the cool air falls in a tall building.

What makes the building unique?

We looked at the other buildings in the world that are symbols to see what they had in
common. We found that they were all totally unique in shape and they all have a
simple easily recognizable form. We decided that the test to determine if a building is
symbolic is if you can draw it in 5 seconds and every one recognizes it.
Why did you make the hotel look like a giant sail?
Dubai is becoming a world resort location so the building had to say holiday, fun and
sophistication all things associated with yachting. This mixed with Dubai's nautica
Why is it needed to stand on the sea ?
It helps its uniqueness. It looks like a sail / boat. If it was on shore it would block the
sun on the beach in the middle of the day.

Floor plans and section

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Figure 20 Floor plan AND SECTION of the building

The structural basement

The building is built on sand, which is unusual

as most tall building are founded on rock. The
building is supported on 250 ,1.5M diameter
columns that go 45 meters under the sea. As
there is only sand to hold the building up the
columns rely on friction.

Figure 21 interior of the building.

Materials used on construction

 Copper
 FIBER
 CONCRETE
 FABRIC
 GLASS
 GOLD
 STEEL

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ISLAND CONSTRUCTION

It took 3 years to construct the island out of 5

years of total construction time.

 Number of piles 230

 Length of pile 45 m
 Diameter of pile 1.5m
 Depth of pile under sea level is 7m.

Different views of the building

During construction

Sky view restaurant Helicopter landing and field tennis pad

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Figure 22union tower kazanchis A.A

Local Case Study

Union Tower

An Impressive addition to the Addis

skyline, Union
Tower is a magnificent G+10
building with 5 floors of
retail and office space and 5 floors
residential of
apartment homes. These luxurious
and spacious three
bedroom apartments are offered in
two sizes 140m
and 190m of living space boasting
an array of
exceptional features including a
Master Bedroom
with a walk-in closet and en-suite
spa-like bathroom,
two other large bedrooms with their
own sitting area,

a spacious and curved living and dining area with Fig. 27 Picture of Union Building

oversized windows showcasing impeccable views of the Addis skyline, a large lobby
area, a perfect sized kitchen, and a maid's room
and shower included within the apartment.
Beyond the luxury of each unit, there are services
and amenities that cater to your urban lifestyle,
including two floors of assigned underground
parking, a backup power generator, wireless
internet access and garbage chutes for each

Figure 23 location of the union tower

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floor. Perfectly located just a block away from the UNECA, our apartment homes at
Union Tower offer high-tech and high-end city living in an elegant neighborhood.
Visual element
It have good quality color arrangement & the surface give beauty to the building.it
have good value.
Ordering principle & organization of element
The building have asymmetry balance, good repetition and rhythmical window order.
Good similarity & contrast defined by the texture.

Location & site surrounding

Union Tower is located at the epicenter of everything that you, the modern city
dweller needs with the best restaurants, coffee shops, super markets, hotels and
entertainment all within either walking distance or a short
drive. Also up the street is the headquarters of the UNECA, UNICEF and the German
House providing security and stability to the neighborhood. In the next block is the
popular Kazanchis area with some of the best restaurant
and bars, hotels and nighttime entertainment. This safe and quite neighborhood is also
well served with public transportation with taxi's running late into the night and if you
have a car our assigned underground parking is
secure and guarded at all times.

REACHABILITY & PARKING FACILITIES

Actually site of the building is located around near to every social service area like
school, supermarket, banks, and commercial place & to the airport. This residential
building have good car parking facilities for users.

ACCESSIBILITY

When we come to accessibility the building entry is accessible for wheelchair. The
design consider handicapped people. After the main entry every room door is
accessible for handicapped people and it’s have good traffic for them on the ground
floor.
CIRCULATION PATTERN & TRAFFIC
when we come to traffic & circulation the building have good circulation specially on
the ground floor and as we see in the picture. ,on the residential part the space

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arrangement of living to dinning , master bed to master bath generally it have good
circulation.
Floor Plan Analysis
The building with 5 floors of retail and office space and 5 floors residential of
apartment homes. These luxurious and spacious three bedroom apartments are offered
in two sizes 140m and 190m of living space boasting an array
of exceptional features including a Master Bedroom with a walk-in closet and en-suite
spa-like bathroom, two other large bedrooms with their own sitting area, a spacious
and curved living and dining area with oversized
windows showcasing impeccable views of the Addis skyline, a large lobby area, a
perfect sized kitchen, and a maid's room and shower included within the apartment.

Figure 24 FLOOR PLANS OF UNITY TOWER

SPATIAL FLOW & ORIENTATION

The spatial flow of the rooms is well designed because the ordering pattern of the
rooms is taken into consideration though some position, air condition, traffic
pattern …… QUALITY - the living room is located near to dining
area,& the kitchen also have good connection with dinning & living room.. - We can
access the living room /great room / easily after passing the entry. --We can access the
master bath easily from master bed. -every bedrooms can access the bath easily.
Orientation the orientation of the house is well designed .the front part of
the building get good morning light & the sun light cover and The master bed room
perfectly so it have good position.

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LIGHTING & VENTILATION

As we see in the orientation the building have many openings and so the building
have good ventilation and
lighting that come from the outside of the building.
STRENGTH & WEAKNESS
The entry of the building isn’t emphasized but it’s accessible.
The stair is located at clear space or it is visible to customers.
As we look from outside its looking as bed and tower building this makes the building
as mixed use.
It have good circulation, have good light and ventilation.
It also have good parking facilities.
The main character of this building is describe retail and office & residential.
It is accessible for the main street.
It is also accessible for disabled persons

Findings

From the residential standing point to major complex and high rising commercials ,
mixed use building can be built in major different types of function and design. We
can design those buildings on the basis of current as well as the future need of peoples
since they are huge and live for long periods of time. Our designs must incorporate
the local communities level of economy with the upcoming technology and digital
world in terms of structural antithetical and functional values.

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REFERENCES

[Architecture.Ebook]. Time saver building types

[Architecture.Ebook].Neufert_3_edition.pdf
https://www.caseydev.com/what-is-a-mixed-use-building
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed-use_development
https://www.archdaily.com/search/projects?q=mixed%20use

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