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    11 views30 pages

    Chapter 2 General Design and Location Features

    Uploaded by

    กิตติพงศ์ ศรีอาจ

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    SECTION 2 (Sl): GENERAL DESIGN AND LOCATION FEATURES TABLE OF CONTENTS 2.1 SCOPE. 24 22 DEFINITIONS, 21 23 LOCATION FEATURES 23 23.1 Route Location, ae 23 23.1.1 Genera o 23 23.1.2 Waterway and Floodplain Crossings. 23 2.3.2 Bridge Site Armngoment 2a 23.2.1 Genera... 24 23.2.2 Traffic Safery 24 232.21 Protection of Structures 24 23.222 Protection of Users é — 25 232.23 Geometric Standards eon dS 23.224 Road Surfaces. . 25 23.2.2 Vessel Collisions 25 2.3.3 Clearances S = 26 233.1 Navigational, : 26 2332 Highway Vertical 2 26 23.33 Highway Horizontal 2 26 233.34 Railroad Overpass... ' ' vn 26 2.3.4 Environment, 2 24 FOUNDATION INVESTIGATION. 27 24.1 General : = 27 2.42 Topographic Studies : : : 27 2.5 DESIGN OBJECTIVES. . . ' (27 25.1 Safety 7 27 25.2 Serviceablity 7 7 28 25.2.1 Durability 28 25.2.1.1 Materials 28 25212 SeteProtecting Measures 28 25.22 Inspectabilty 29 25.23 Maintainabliy, 29 25.24 Rideability sensi 2D 25.2.5 Utilities 2 : 29 25.2.6 Deformations vn 20 252.6. General : 210 252.62 Criteria for Deflection 211 25.2,6.3 Optional Criteria for Span-to-Depth Ratios : 213 25.2.7 Consideration of Future Widening, 214 2.5.2.7.1 Exterior Besms on Multibeam Bridges. sen vo 24 252.72 Substructure 214 253 Constructibility 214 254 Beonomy. 215 25.4.1 General : 21S 2.5.42 Alternative Plans. = 4 : 215 255 Bridge Aesthetics. : 26 2.6 HYDROLOGY AND HYDRAULICS. 217 2.6.1 General 2.6.2 Site Data 263 Hydrologic Analysis 2.64 Hydraulic Analysis 264.1 General 2642 Stream Stbiliy 2.643 Bridge Waterway, 2:21 2.644 Bridge Foundations : oD 2 2644.1 General 264.422 Bridge Scour. 2.6.4.5 Rosdway Approaches to Bridge. 26.5 Culvert Location, Length, and Waterway Area. 2.6.6 Roadway Drainage: 2.66.1 General 2.662 Desiga Storm 2.663 Type, Size, and Number of Drains 2.6.6.4 Discharge from Deck Drains. 2.665 Drainage of Structures. REFERENCES. AASHTO LRFD Bruno Desioy Spsciricari0ns (SD) 221 22 224 224 SkcTion2(S1) GENERAL DESIGN AND LOCATION FEATURES 241 SCOPE cu Minimum requirements are provided for clearances, _ This Section is intended to provide the Designer with environmental protection, aesthetics, geological studies, sufficient information to determine the configuration and economy, rideabiiy, durability, constutiiliy, overall dimensions of bridge inspectbiliy, and maintainability. Minimum requirements for traffic safety are referenced. ‘Minimura requirement for drainage Tilities and sef- protecting measures against wate, ice, and water-bome sali are included. In recognition that many bridge failures have been caused by scour, hydrology and hydraulics are covered in etl 2.2 DEFINITIONS Aggradation—A general and progressive buildup or raising of the longitudinal profile ofthe channel bed as a result of sediment deposit (Check Flood for Bridge Scour—Check flood for scour. The flood resulting from storm, storm surge, and/or tide having a flow rate in excess of the design flood for scour, but in no case a flood with a recurrence interval exceeding the typically used 500 years, The check flood for bridge scour is used in the investigation and assessment of a bridge foundation to determine whether the foundation can withstand thet flow and its associated seour and remain stable with no reserve. See also superflood. Clear Zone—An unobstructed, relatively flat area beyond the cdge ofthe traveled way for the recovery of errant vehicles. ‘The traveled way does not include shoulders or auxiliary lanes. (Clearance—An unobstructed horizontal or vertical space Degradation —A general and progressive lowering of the longitudinal profile ofthe channel bed as a result oF longe-term. Design Discharge Maximum flow of water a bridge is expected to accommodate without exceeding the adopted design constraints. Design Flood for Bricige Scour—The flood flow equal to or les than the 100-year flood that creates the deepest scour at bridge foundations. The highway or bridge may be inundated at the tage ofthe design flood for bridge scour. The worst- cease scour condition may occur for the overtopping flood as a result ofthe potential for pressure flow. Design Flood for Waterway Opening-—The peak discharge, volume, stage, oc wave test elevation and its associated probability of exceedence that are seleccd forthe design ofa highway or bridge over a watercourse o floodplain. By definition, the highway or bridge wil not be imundated atthe stage ofthe design fload forthe waterway opening Detention Basin—A stomnrater management facility that impounds runoff and temporarily discharges it through a hydraulic outlet structure to @ downstream conveyance system. Drip Groove—Linear depression in the bottom of components to cause water flowing on the surface to drop. Five-Hundred-Year Flood—The flood due to storm andr tide having 30.2 percent chance of being equaled or exceeded in any given year. General or Contraction Scour—Scour ina channel or ona floodplain that isnot localized ata pier or other obstruction to flow. In a channel, general/contraction scour usually affects ll or most of the channel width and is typically caused by contraction of the flow. 22 AASHTO LRFD BuinGE DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS (SI) Hydraulics—The science concerned withthe behavior and flow of liquids, especialy in pipes and channels. Hydrology—The science eoncemed with the occurrence, distribution, and circulation of water on the earth, including precipitation, runoff, and groundwater. Local Scour—Scour in a channel or ona floodplain that is localized at a pier, abutment, or other obstruction to flow. ‘Mixed Population Flood—Flood flows derived from two or more causative factors, eg, spring tide driven by hurticane- generated onshore winds or rainfall on a snowpack, (One-Hundred- Year Flood—The flood due to storm and/or tide having a I percent chance of being equaled or exceeded in any given yea. Overtopping Flood—The flood flow that, if exceeded, results in low overs highway or bridge, overa watershod divide, or through structures provided for emergency relief. The worst-case scour condition may be caused by the overtopping flood, Relief Bridge—An opening in an embankment on & floodplain to permit passage of overbank flow. River Training Structure—Any configuration constructed in a stream or placed on, adjacent to, or in the vicinity of a streambank to deflect current, induce sediment deposition, induce scour, on sore other way alte the flow and sediment regimens ofthe stream. ‘Seupper—A device to drain water through the deck. Sidewal Widih—Unobstriced space for exclusive pedestrian use between barriers or Between a curb and a barter. Spring Tide—A tide of increased range that occurs about every two weeks when the moon is fll or new. Stable Channel—A. condition that exists when a stroam has a bed slope and cross-section that allows its channel to ‘transport the water end sediment delivered from the upstream watershed without significant degradation, aggradation, or bank erosion, Stream Geomorphology—The study of stream and its floodplain with regard to its lan forms, the general configuration ofits surface, and the changes that lake place due to erosion and the buildup of erosional debris, Superetevation—A tilting of the roadway surface to partially counterbalance the centrifugal forees on vehicles on horizontal curves, ‘Superflood—Any flood or tidal flow with a flow rate preaterthan that ofthe 100-year flood but not greater than a500-year flood. Tide—The periodic rise and fall ofthe earth’s ocean that results ftom the effect ofthe moon and sun acting on a rotating earth Watershed —An area confined by drainage divides, and often having only one outlet for discharge; the total drainage area contributing runoff to a single point. Waterway—Any stream, river, pond, lake, oF ocean, Water ay Opening—Widith or area of bridge opening ata specified stage, and measured normal to principal direction of flow. SECTION? (SI): GENERAL DESIGN AND Locaron PeaTUREs 23 LOCATION FEATURES 23.1 Route Location 23.1.1 General ‘The choice of location of bridges shall be supported by ‘analyses of altematives with consideration given to economic, ongineering, social, and environmental concems as well as costs of maintenance and inspection associated ‘with he structures and with the relative importance of the sbove-noted concems, “Attention, commensurate withthe risk involved, sball be directed toward providing for favorable bridge locations that: ‘+ Fitthe conditions ereated by the obstacle being crossed; ‘+ Facilitate practical cost effective design, construction, operation, inspection and maintenance; ‘+ Provide forthe desired level of traffic service and safety, and + Minimize adverse highway impacts. 23.1.2 Waterway and Floodplain Crossings Waterway crossings shall be loceted with regard to initial capital costs of construction and the optimization of, ‘otal costs, including river channel training works and the ‘maintenance measures necessary to reduce erosion. Studies of alternative crossing locations should include assessments of ‘+The hydrologic and hydraulic characteristics of the waterway and its floodplain, including channel stability, flood history, and, in estuarine crossings, tidal ranges and cycles; ‘* The effect ofthe proposed bridge on flood flow pattems and the resulting scour potential at bridge foundations; ‘+The potential for creating new or augmenting ‘existing flood hazards; and ‘+ Environmental impacts on the waterway and its floodplain, Bridges and their approaches on floodplains should be located and designed with regard to the goals and objectives of floodplain management, including: ‘+ Prevention of uneconomic, hazardous, or incompatible use and development of oodpiains; 23.12 Detailed guidance on provedures for evaluating the location of bridges and their approaches on floodplains is contained in Federal Regulations and the Planning and Location Chapter ofthe AASHTO Model Drainage Manual (ee Commentary on Article 2.6.1). Engineers with knowledge and experienco in applying the guidance and procedures in the AASHTO Model Drainage Manual stuould be involved in location decisions. Is generally safer and more cos effective to avoid hydraulic problems throught the selection of favorable crossing locations than to attempt {to minimize the problems at a later time in the project development process through design measures. Experience at existing bridges should be part of the calibration or verification of hydraulic models, i possible. Evaluation of the performance of existing bridges during past floods is often helpful in selecting the type, size, and location of new bridges, a AASHTO LRFD Brinc# DrsicN SPEciricaTIONs (SD) + Avoidance of significant transverse and Inogiatinal encroachments, where pacieble: ) * Minimization of adverse highway impacts and mitigation of unavoidable impacts, where practicable; * Consistency withthe intent ofthe standards and

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