New topic:

- What is more important verbal non-verbal communication, which one gives meaning.
- e.g; my mom asks me how did I do on an exam and I say perfect, the tone and the attitude will give
away the meaning, perfect might mean terrible depending on my attitude.
- The meaning is more in how I say it more than its in what I say.
- What is verbal and non-verbal communication? verbal is what I utter and non-verbal is how I say it.
- Non-verbal communication: hand-gestures, facial expression, posture: fidgeting, para-language: raising
or lowering voice, slowing down or speaking faster, why do we call it non-verbal? because they come out
of mouth.

e.g. when a computer speaks to you: no emotions, this is pure verbal communication?

Facial expressions, gestures, para-language helps us understand the language

### ICC-Tuesday-April/11

Exam: May/3 at 2:30 PM

P.51 What we say and how we say it what we do and how we do it: underline.

In other words: if one of the processes of communication is missing, it makes the communication more
difficult.

The meaning of the message (core meaning) is more reliant on non-verbal communication, meaning is
understood and more clarified through non-verbal communication.

- Verbal and non— verbal communication compliment each other.

P.52: Difference between verbal and non-verbal communication:

Two ways in which the professor could ask us about verbal communication: the definition or
characteristics.

1. Deliberate: ‫ مقصود‬what does deliberate mean?, it is not spontaneous, we think about what we want
to say before saying it.
2. It needs spoken language.
3. It has meaning behind it that others understand.

Non-verbal communication: Spontaneous, it comes to us depending on how we feel about what we are
saying ‫يعني بتطلع بشكل عفوي مع الحكي‬

1. Non-verbal communication comes up as we talk, most of the time it’s unintentional, e.g. saying I did
well in the exam ‫حسب الطريقة اليبحكي فيها الجملة بتطلع مشاعري معها‬
2. Includes non-linguistic signs: gesture, posture, para- language, what is para-language?
3. Either done intentionally or unintentionally/ majority of the time unintentional.
4. More difficult to understand in comparison to verbal, why what do you think? Because there are no
specific rules, e.g. raising your eyebrows in Jordan: means no, in India it means “ continue I’m listening to
you, in the Philippines this means “ yes”/ non-verbal communication is not fixed, no fixed rules, non-
verbal messages are very specific to their culture, location and time/ if you study the alphabet to any
language you can master it and you can communicate using it, but your communication is incomplete
because non-verbal and verbal communication compliment each other, and to communicate perfectly
you have to learn both.
5. non-verbal is divided into : face-to-face/ or written. Face-to-face non-verbal communication are the
expressions that automatically come with the message I say, so my message is communicated to you
directly. ‫ حفففففظظظظظ مهم‬attire: clothes/ e.g. If I am dressed formally, this conveys how you are supposed
to talk to me, the way you dress is part of the communication and what they are allowed to say and not
allowed to say, Jilbab example and opposite gender communication with a woman wearing Jilbab.
Physical space is important in Europe, whereas it is less important in collectivistic cultures.
- Physical space is literally about distance, but it also includes -in Jordan- ‫ من وين انت؟ متزوجة؟ وين ساكنة؟‬we
can ask these personal questions in Jordan because it is common in collectivistic cultures, whereas in
individualistic culture people don’t ask these types of questions, they can simply tell you it is non of your
business.
- Eye- contact: Asia/ Europe comparison. Asia: looking directly in their eyes is disrespectful, Europe:
making eye-contact is a sign of confidence and respect. This is dependent on the culture.

### ICC-April/25

### ICC Tuesday- May/7

Let’s start or continue talking about identity-

When I ask you to identify yourself what would you say? Why did Majd give that specific information?

- Your identity is the accumulation of the years of experience and all the people you have met and still
are meeting over the years, ever since you were little. So I start establishing my identity. Ever since I'm
little, we start within the house.

accumulation: the acquisition or [gradual](https://www.google.com/search?

sxsrf=APwXEdfhsJdGBacIIaoB-
vJnpo1_fDedjw:1684214170918&q=gradual&si=AMnBZoFHF1DJLZWpTBtQDK262RMpS4ukys5uSbnTmo
DzfvTZNMr9GhlP3MDj0xhpTPtIvsYd15o5_GWP3eKNBQHBkEUAJWmb0A%3D%3D&expnd=1) gathering
of something.

We start establishing our identity from our childhood, we watch our parents and siblings and then we
imitate them, as we grow up, go to school we meet new people who are different from us and we get
influenced by them, our friends are different from our sibling’s friends and this is where my character
starts to build up in a different way from my parents and and siblings. Depending on the experiences I go
through/ as I grow older I am gonna have much more influences depending on who I meet and where I
work.

- All of these accumulating over the years become parts and bits and pieces of who am I today.
Can I say -at any point in my life- where I say this is my identity and this is who I am and I am not gonna
change.

As long as you are still meeting new people and traveling these influences are gonna change bits of your
personality and character.

You cant change your identity 100% habits are very hard to change, but what happens is that your
identity develops.

- Identity is NOT static.

- As long as we have experiences we are gonna keep developing till the day we die.

When I introduce my identity, what pieces of information do I give the person in front of me, are there
particular constituents.

It depends on context, situations and the person I am speaking to.

It depends on who am I introducing myself to.

E.g. I am introducing myself to someone from Jordan and someone from Germany.

In Jordan, what would you say about yourself? 3areefa Mall and Tabarbour, why did we give this
information, because people in Jordan are familiar with these details, but if I introduce myself to
someone from Germany, I say that I am from Jordan, Amman the capital. It is different.

E.g. 2: if I study and work at Zain and I introduce myself to someone who lives in Jordan/Amman I will tell
that I work in Zain because people in Jordan are familiar with Zain as a telecom company.

When I introduce myself to someone from Germany, I maintain generality because people from there
don’t know the streets here ‫و هكذا‬

If I introduce myself to someone from Jordan, I say my name and my family name and also I might add
my father’s name because people in Jordan or families in Jordan know each other. Families in Jordan are
well known.

For someone in Germany why would I say I’m Deema X Z Ammari because it would not make sense for
them they only want your first name to call you.

- Is identity known as a one unit or is it divided into different types of identity.

So identity is divided into three types: cultural, social, personal.

My individual identity has to do with own preferences that do not have to relate to anyone around me,
within the family or outside.

‫ زي لما درسنا‬Beliefs
Part of my identity is practicing Yoga everyday, it is the easiest part of my identity to change.

Personal identity has to do with choice. Not everyone around me has to do Yoga.

Social identity is about the bits about your identity that define you socially, in society as you exist in it.

E.g. I am defined as a female, I am defined as someone within my age group, 20/30/40 of age, Student,
driver, smoker, I am also defined within the social class I belong to/ middle class, I am defined with the
political affiliations that I have.

Everything that defines me within society, where I study, work, am I right wing or left wing, liberal or
conservative and my religious affiliations= Social.

My name is Deema Ammri is this social or personal? Social.

Personal: choice/ hobbies.

Am I Sunni, Shia, Muslim, Christian? I was born Muslim/Christian, I was born into it and I didn’t choose it.

Even if I want to change my religion it is not easy, society will not allow me so it is social.

If I want mention my major at my cousin’s birthday to someone within MY age group, even if I consider
my major as a choice, something that I choose, it still defines me as a person in society so it is social/
personal.

E.g. German scholarship.

Personal identity is solely a choice that I can make and change tomorrow.

Is it easy to change your major tomorrow? no it is not and thus, it is more of a social identity, it defines
you in society.

Cultural identity: Every piece of information that defines your culture, and situates you within your
culture is basically your cultural identity, even if you don’t believe or follow it.

E.g. Jaha, my family does not do Jaha or follow Jaha, nevertheless it is part of my cultural identity
because I live in Jordan.

Food is cultural identity, Mansaf, anything that defines Jordan, any traditions in Jordan are part of your
cultural identity, ‫الثوب الحطة العقال‬

Your tribe or family is social.

Cultural identity I am introducing my culture. E.g. I introduce myself to someone from Germany who
does not know anything about my culture, I give them general information about my culture and at the
same time this cultural identity situates me within my culture.
I am identifying myself to someone from MY SOCIETY I give them information about myself that situates
me within my society, where do I work, am I married, divorced, widowed, do I have kids, do I drive,
smoke.

### ICC Sunday- May/14

We talked about identity and different types.

moving on to page 80: identity and culture.

Focus on hybridity. Think about the meaning of a hybrid car. Why do we call hybrid cars and hybrid?
because they work on fuel and electricity.

The word hybrid originated from plants.

Hybridity in culture and identity is about your bloodline and influences, e.g. there is Jordanian and
American bloodline in me.

Who raised me ( socially and culturally)? both.

**So, hybrid identity is basically an identity that belongs to a person that follows more than one culture
that is influenced by more than one culture.**

But is it as simple as that? If my parents are ethnically Jordanian, but I was raised in Britain? I am British
not just Jordanian, I am ethnically Jordanian, but I was raised in England and I went to English Schools.

Only when I go back home I retrieve my Jordanian identity.

At different degrees I have both cultures in me and thus, I have a hybrid identity.

Is it easy having a hybrid identity? If you are raised in a hybrid identity you are raised to be openminded,
very receptive of new people, open to new experiences, accepting new ideas.

The question? is it easy to have a hybrid identity? It is hard belonging to a hybrid identity, example of
British/Jordanian example. At home you are receiving everything from your parents directly and you are
raised Jordanian ( Religion, food, how you dress and eat and so on) but once you start going to school,
you see people different from you and then they look at you as if you were a stranger, they dress
differently, the speak another Language. So, you start questioning your identity. Hybrid Identity becomes
even more challenging if your parents are more reserved of your culture and you are living in an
individualistic society. ( Reserved culture/ conservative traditional + living in an individualistic society).

P.80.

P.81: Liminality: A space. (draw a circle overlapping another circle example). This is what hybridity looks
like, can you say your culture id only Jordanian or only American? no. it is a bit of both. So basically
liminality is the space (overlap between the circle) It is a space of questioning because you neither
belong to one or another you are a combination of both. Liminality is part of the hybrid identity, this is
why we call it the space of questioning. ‫مهم مهم‬
Liminality and phases. P.82, Liminality and 3 spaces.

Hybrid identity: being stuck in that space, which is the liminality. As you grow older you go through these
phases.

1. Separation: Threshold: ‫ عتبة او طرف‬it means that you are close between two cultures, if you belong to
a hybrid identity it is easy for you to shift between these two cultures, open the door and cross to
another culture because you have dual identity. Separation= pre-liminal phase. The third space ‫الي هو‬
‫ بالنص يعني العتبة بنكون واقفين عليها‬example I gave you of being British when a child, before I go to school,
I'm with my parents, so I'm I only know one culture, the Jordanian culture. “But when I enter school I'm
I'm going to be shocked because everybody in school is different. They're all English.” This is the first
phase.
2. Transition: Liminal phase= Transition phase. When I am transitioning from one culture that I am used
to to another culture. It is the phase of questioning, why am I different and am I, where do I belong. In
this phase I do not feel comfortable and it can last for years.
3. Reincorporation: I am an adult now and I am more comfortable, I start balancing between two
cultures, I take what makes me feel comfortable from the ethnic identity and from the cultural identity.

Have a basic understanding of hybrid identity to understand liminality.

Chapter7 and 8.

### ICC Tuesday- May/ 16

Why is important too achieve intercultural competence, Why do we communicate, what is the point
behind communication? what is the point behind communication ? So the basic reason behind it is
exchanging information.

And that is communication with someone who is from your same cultural who understands your verbal
and non- verbal communication, but communicating with someone from a different culture because
symbols differ culturally. Communication with a different culture is more challenging.

We talked about the importance of context for communication.

‫ مهم مهم‬when you communicate interculturally when you communicate with people interculturally:
physical/social/interpersonal: what is the difference between these? ‫موجود فوق‬

Physical: physicality of context.

Interpersonal: is about your relationship with the person you are communicating with: what I say and
how I say it depends on who I am addressing.

Social context of communication: it’s the occasion but what do I mean by occasion?
funeral/party/birthday/happy occasion/ sad occasion.

This is from beginning of chapter 7- page 86.

Page 87-88 don’t memorized components.

- Observation, interpretation and evaluation: ‫مهم‬

how do I judge people? before I communicate or the process of communication.

All human beings are judgmental, some positive, some negative.

Majd example: If Majd is a great student and she misses 3 lectures on a certain week. What is my
observation? My observation is that she is a brilliant student through out the semester but she missed
three classes last week. So what is the ideal interpretation that I should have considering that she has
been a brilliant student through out the semester?

What should I think? my interpretation she must have a certain circumstance that prevented her from
attending class.

So how am I gonna judge or evaluate the situation? Would I give her a 0 if I gave students a quiz? Ideally,
I would ask about her and give her a second chance. This is how I meet people I like .

“use this example with this process and try and apply it to the friends that you have and also apply it to
people that you met that you disliked and chose to stay away from. This is exactly what you did you
observed.
People around you, you observed their actions the way they speak, the way they communicate, the way
they make gestures and what have you, their verbal and nonverbal communication. You were observing
them. You were watching them.
OK. And based on what you observed, you all and had your own interpretations.
Have your own meanings to their actions. Some of these interpretations may have been positive good
interpretations, so if your interpretations of their actions were positive, then your evaluation would
ideally be the good people.
Therefore, it's OK for me to communicate with them.”

- But if your evaluation of these people was negative, you will distance yourself from these people.

The opposite of Majd’s example: Student (X) is a bad student, skips lectures, doesn’t do assignments,
doesn’t participate , by the end of the semester she wants help with marks, how would I react? would I
give her a chance? NO because she blew it from the beginning of the semester.

Know how to distinguish between observation, interpretation and evaluation ‫مهم مهم مهم مهم‬
So what is this?

“This is the process of either being beside people or choosing friends, or distancing ourselves from other
people, do we understand this?”

Now when I am communicating with people from other cultures.

Developing in that context is having.

Difference between sympathy and empathy: when you sympathize with someone you feel sorry for them
at a distance, you do nothing about it. You being sympathetic with someone begging on the street is
saying ‫ يا حرام و بضل ماشية‬but being empathetic is doing something about it.

Example: we are supposed to be graduating my friend and I, I pass and she fails, me being empathetic is
not going to my graduation party but instead I go to my friend’s house and I stay with her because she is
sad.

E.g.2 It’s eid and my friend’s grandma died, so I go to spend Eid with my friend instead of my family
because she is feeling sad, so placing yourself in someone’s shoes and doing something about it is
empathy. Understand the difference completelllllllllllyyyyyyyyyyyyy ‫مهم مهم مهم‬

In conclusion, sympathizing is feeling sorry at a distance, empathizing is taking action.

Tolerating ambiguity, (remember hybridity) we talked about the negative aspects of hybridity, but at the
same time we focused on the positive aspects of being hybrid. Hybridity and flexibility. For instance,
because you are different it is easy for you to accept differences, you don’t have to agree with people
different from you but you accept them or you agree to not agree, you want to learn about different
people.

Tolerating is accepting without following or having to believe in it. It is easiest for hybrid people too be
tolerant of ambiguity.

### ICC Sunday- May/28

Focus on examples from class.

Chapter 8: challenges, number the challenges to intercultural competence.

- When we interact with people from different cultures we might face obstacles or challenges that stop
us from communicating with them in a competent way.
- No.1 Social Categorization (It is not considered a challenge): Why not a challenge, when we explained
so many things about related to society and identity, especially identity and we also divided identity into
different types, we’ve got an individual, social and cultural identity. A social identity is about the different
categories I belong to in my own society and how I identify myself in my own society. Is it important to
belong to different categories in my society? YES of course because it helps us facilitate different aspects
of our communication with people and it identifies who we are. So social categorization is a necessity.
When we speak about social categorization is a necessity, why is it important? 1. It facilitates my
communication with people from the same categories in the same society. 2. It completes my identity, it
helps me identify myself in a society. So if we say that social categorization is a necessity and it is
important, then why did we write no.1-challenge? e.g let’s say “Deema Ammari” belongs to ‫عشيرة العماري‬
so I have loyalty towards my category, but if I exaggerate my loyalty towards ‫ عشيرة العماري‬and I start
seeing it as the most important thing in the world and I treat ‫باقي العشائر انهم اقل مني ببطل ال‬

Social categorization, it becomes ETHNOCENTRISM ‫مهم مهم مهم مهم مهم مهم مهم‬

In conclusion, social categorization in a necessity, but if I exaggerate my loyalty to a certain

categorization, it develops into the first challenge which is ethnocentrism.
We numbered them because each one if you exaggerate one of them it is going to develop into the next
challenge.

‫ مهم جدا انه‬Social categorization is not a challange, it is not considered a challenge and when I exaggerate
social categorization it is not a social categorization it becomes ethnocentrism.

- No.2 Ethnocentrism: So what is ethnocentrism: Ethno: comes from ethnicity, Centro: comes from
center, e.g because I am Ammari and I exaggerate my loyalty towards Alammari family I see it as the
most important family in the world in comparison to other families. This is only an example on
exaggeration when it comes to loyalty to a categorization, which in the previous example is family, but it
goes as well on any other exaggeration in loyalty in any categorization. So this is a challenge.

If I meet someone who is Hindu and I am ethnocentric towards my own religion, am I gonna listen to
them and have a healthy communication with them? no, because I have already preconceived my
perceptions based on ethnocentrism. Even if I believe that my religion, I should not be ethnocentric
about it and show others that they are wrong, so to stop being ethnocentric is not about not believing in
your religion, but it simply means I listen to you and I agree to disagree?

Ethnocentrism is a mindset ‫ بينطبق عكل ال‬groups

So if I believe in any idea and I exaggerate my loyalty to that specific idea and I refuse to listen to other
ideas, this is ethnocentric, and it will oppose a challenge on my communication, because I won’t be
flexible enough to listen.

The problem with being ethnocentric is not only about being ethnocentric but it is also about continuing
to practice ethnocentrism “So the more I practice ethnocentrism, the less it continues to be
ethnocentrism, and the more it develops into the following challenge, which is stereotyping”

- No.3 Stereotyping: Ethnocentrism developing into a stronger challenge, which is stereotyping. When I
see myself as better than other people and I see other people as completely wrong , I start generalizing
inaccurate information about them.

Stereotyping is basically generalizing inaccurate information about certain groups of people because
they different from me. E.g. Germans are strict, Arabs are terrorists, French people are rude.

Also stereotyping can be positive, it doesn’t have to always be negative, e.g. Indians are the best
technicians, all Asians are smart.

We call it stereotyping whether it is negative or positive.

More stereotypes: All Algerians are Barbarians, All Jews are Zionists, All men are cheaters, All women are
bad drivers, all university students are careless, All old people are grumpy, Overweight people are funny.

- No.4 Prejudice.
- Delete racism write discrimination (No.5 and last challenge)

‫ مهم جدا لو سألتنا شو أول‬challenge?

ethnocentrism.

‫الزم بتسلسل‬.

The more I practice stereotyping and generalizing inaccurate information about certain groups of people,
it becomes prejudice.

Why? e.g. because the more I speak about people, fo instance Indians stink, the more I start believing
that they actually are. So when I see an Indian I am gonna develop feelings of hatred towards them that I
can’t explain. Unexplainable feelings of hatred. So this is prejudice, what is Prejudice? Developing
negative, irrational and inflexible feelings of hatred towards a specific group of people. Why did the
professor stress “attitude and feeling” because prejudice is an internal feeling that I have inside, and the
key difference between prejudice and discrimination is that, prejudice is the internal feeling, whereas
discrimination in the action of hatred that I show to people.

The more I hate a group that I stereotype it is gonna develop into an action so I hate them and this is
prejudice and the more I continue to hate I will act upon the hate, so discrimination is the action of the
hatred, the action of the prejudice.

P.102: Types of prejudice:

prejudice ‫ بدنا نطلع علة انواع ال‬:‫مهم‬

discrimination ‫بعدين نطلع على الصفحة المقابلة ألنواع ال‬

‫ الي جايين من ال‬prejudice

To clarify, we look at the type of prejudice and the type of action-discrimination- that stems from it.

Feelings of hatred—— actions of hatred.

1. Racial Prejudice: Racism, what is racism? it is racial discrimination that follows the feeling of racial
prejudice.
2. Ethnic Prejudice : Ethnic discrimination, the act of ethnic prejudice.
3. Gender Prejudice: Man/Woman (either man or woman) A woman hates all men, A man hates all
women. The man at the gender prejudice stage is not showing all women that he hates women, but
when it becomes an action it becomes discrimination, )‫مثال انت النك بنت ما في تسوقي (هون صار في فعل‬
4. Sexual Prejudice: Romantic associations/Romantic attractions, e.g. heterosexuals and homosexuals.

hetero hating homo or vice versa hating each other and then turning into action, e.g. Spitting on a
homosexual person, not letting them enter your house, this becomes sexual discrimination.

1. Social-Class prejudice: Rich, middle, poor: when one segment within society (class) projects
unexplainable hatred towards another class because they are different, now when one social class treats
another differently just because they are different it stops from being prejudice and it becomes
discrimination.
2. Religious Prejudice: applies to different religions or same religions but different sects. In the same
religion, within Christianity: I am protestant and hating them just because they are Catholic/Sunni and
Shia. If I continue to hate a certain group because of their religious associations it stops from being
prejudice and it becomes religious discrimination- if it turns into action.
3. Age Prejudice: we are talking about the youth and old age. If I belong to a certain age group and I hate
another person from another age group ‫ يعني مثال انا كبيرة و مستسخفة الصغار و العكس‬If it turns into action it
becomes discrimination, e.g. putting my old mom in elderly home (IN OUR SOCIETY-contextual) what is
this? this is age discrimination.