Evolution and speciation can be considered evident in a species when there are observable changes in

the genetic makeup, physical characteristics, or behavior of individuals over time, leading to the
formation of new species. This can occur through various mechanisms such as natural selection, genetic
drift, mutation, and gene flow.

In the case of trilobites, some speciation events are believed to have occurred through allopatric
mechanisms, such as the separation of populations by continental drift or the formation of shallow seas.
However, there is also evidence of sympatric speciation in some trilobite lineages, such as through
differences in habitat preference or feeding behavior.

These periods ended with major extinction events which can be oceanic turnovers (exchanges of bottom
waters and surface waters), climate change, sea level changes, and/or volcanic activity, or meteor. Di
natin alam

So before a period starts may changes or bagong habitat na nafoform, bagong animals, bagong
geographical form ang isang lugar.
Species speciation occurs when populations of organisms become genetically isolated from one another,
meaning that they can no longer interbreed and produce viable offspring. This can happen through
various mechanisms, which can be classified into two broad categories: allopatric and sympatric
speciation.

Allopatric speciation occurs when a physical barrier, such as a mountain range or a body of water,
separates a population into two or more isolated subpopulations. The subpopulations can accumulate
genetic differences over time, due to genetic drift, mutation, or natural selection. Genetic drift is the
random change in the frequency of alleles (different versions of a gene) within a population due to
chance events. Mutation is a change in the DNA sequence of a gene, which can lead to the production of
a different protein or trait. Natural selection is the process by which traits that increase an individual's
reproductive success become more common in a population over time.

As the subpopulations become more genetically divergent, they may evolve different physical
characteristics or behaviors that prevent them from interbreeding with one another. For example, they
may develop different courtship rituals, mating calls, or reproductive structures. Over time, the
subpopulations can become so genetically distinct that they are considered separate species.

Sympatric speciation, on the other hand, occurs when a population undergoes speciation without any
physical barriers. This can happen through various mechanisms, such as polyploidy, disruptive selection,
or habitat differentiation.

Polyploidy is the duplication of chromosomes, which can lead to reproductive isolation because offspring
of polyploid individuals are often sterile or inviable.

Disruptive selection occurs when extreme traits are favored over intermediate traits, leading to the
formation of two or more subpopulations with distinct phenotypes.

Habitat differentiation occurs when subpopulations specialize in different ecological niches, such as
different food sources or microhabitats, which can lead to reproductive isolation over time.

Assortative mating occurs when individuals preferentially mate with others who have similar traits. This
can lead to the formation of subpopulations with distinct traits that are reproductively isolated from one
another.

Overall, speciation occurs when populations become reproductively isolated from one another, meaning
that they can no longer interbreed and produce viable offspring. This can happen due to various
mechanisms, but the end result is the formation of new species that are distinct from their ancestral
populations. The process of speciation can take a long time and can involve many different factors, but it
is a fundamental process in the evolution of life on Earth.