INTRODUCTION TO

COMPUTING
By Hooria Umar
(P19-02)
Q1Define the Following with Examples

Computer
◦A computer is an electronic
device that manipulates
information, or data. It has
the ability to store, retrieve,
and process data.
Types of Computer
 Data
◦Computer data is information processed or
stored by a computer.
◦This information may be in the form of text
documents, images, audio clips, software
programs, or other types of data.
Examples
Letters or numbers typed on the keyboard.
Information
Information is data that has been converted into a
more useful or intelligible form. It is the set of data that
has been organized for direct utilization of mankind.
Examples
Time Table, Merit List, Report card, Headed tables,
printed documents, pay slips, receipts, reports etc.
Data information cycle
◦ The sequence of events in processing information, which includes:
◦ Input—entering data into the computer.
◦ Processing—performing operations on the data.
◦ Storage—saving data, programs, or output for future use.
◦ Output—presenting the results
◦ These processes work together and repeat over and Over.
Q2-Hardwareand Software
◦Computer hardware includes the physical
parts (rigid that can be touched) of computer
such as:
•CPU •Mouse
•Keyboard •Monitor
•Speakers ,etc.
◦By contrast, software is the set of instructions that can
be stored and run instruction and that tell a computer
what to do. Software comprises the entire set of
programs, procedures, and routines associated with
the operation of a computer system.
Examples
◦Ms Word, Excel, Power Point, Google Chrome,
Photoshop, etc.
Q3-Input And Output Devices
◦An input device sends information to a
computer system for processing.
◦An input device can send data to another
device, but it cannot receive data from
another device.
Examples
◦Mouse, microphone, keyboard,webcam,etc.
◦An output device reproduces or displays the
results of that processing.An output device
can receive data from another device and
generate output with that data, but it cannot
send data to another device. Examples of
output devices include the following.
◦Monitor
◦Speakers
◦Projector
 Q4-RAM and ROM
◦Read-only memory, or ROM, is a form of data
storage in computers and other electronic
devices that can not be easily altered or
reprogrammed. RAM is referred to as volatile
memory and is lost when the power is turned
off .
◦Random-access memory, or RAM, is a
form of data storage that can be accessed
randomly at any time, in any order and from
any physical location in contrast to other
storage devices. RAM is measured in
megabytes and the speed is measured in
nanoseconds and RAM chips can read data
faster than ROM.
Q5-Internet

◦A global computer network providing a variety of

information and communication facilities, consisting of
interconnected networks using standardized
communication protocols.
◦Use
Internet is useful in the field of
Communication, education,business, entertainment,etc.
Email
Short for electronic mail, e-mail or email is
information stored on a computer that is exchanged
between two users over telecommunications.
Use
◦ It allows you to send and receive messages to and
from anyone with an email address, anywhere in the
world.
Web page
◦A document which can be displayed in a web browser
such as Firefox, Google Chrome, Opera, or Apple's
Safari. These are also often called just "pages.“
Use
◦Web pages are used to display useful information that
has been uploaded by someone.
 Wifi
◦A wireless or WiFi network uses a radio frequency signal
instead of wires to connect your devices - such as
computers, printers and smartphone to internet.
Use
◦ Wi-Fi is used to provide wireless broadband Internet access
for many modern devices, such as laptops, smartphones, tablet
computers, and electronic gaming ,etc.
 Q6-Unique Identifier
◦Unique identifiers or UID’s are numbers and letters that allow
the identification of objects within a computer system. They
indicate where an object is located and how it can be reached.
Example
◦International Standard Book Number (ISBN)
◦Email ID
◦Digital object identifiers (DOI)
Public Information
◦A system designed to present information to
the public or large audience all at the same
time.
Example
◦Social media IDs
◦Library Registration ID
Private Information
◦Information that a user wishes to keep from
public viewing.
Example
◦Credit card, social security and financial
account numbers, along with passwords to
websites and other venues, are commonly
kept private.
 Q7-Logic AND Gate
◦A circuit which performs an AND operation is
shown in figure. It has n input (n >= 2) and one
output.
.

Diagram Truth Table

Logic OR Gate
◦ A circuit which performs an OR operation is shown in
figure. It has n input (n >= 2) and one output.

Diagram Truth Table

EX-OR Gate
◦ XOR or Ex-OR gate is a special type of gate. It can be used in the half
adder, full adder and subtractor. The exclusive-OR gate is abbreviated
as EX-OR gate or sometime as X-OR gate. It has n input (n >= 2) and
one output.
 Q9-Binary Equivalent
(a) 5810 = 1110102
◦ = 1x25+1x24 +1x23+0x22+1x21+0x20
◦ = (58)10

(b)265310 = 1010010111012
=1x211+ 0x210+1x29+0x28+0x27+1x26+0x25+1x24+1x23+1x22+0x21+1x20
=2048+0+512+0+0+64+0+16+8+4+1
= (2653)10
(c)8542310=101001101101011112
=1x216+0x215+1x214+0x213+0x212+1x211+1x210+0x29+
1x28+1x27+0x26+1x25+0x24+1x23+1x22+1x21+1x20
= (85423)10
Q10-What is a computer program?
◦A computer program is a collection of
instructions that can be executed by
a computer to perform a specific task.
A computer program is usually written by
a computer programmer in
a programming language. A collection
of computer programs, libraries, and related
data are referred to as software.