Page 1 of 10 2013-MIC-405

An Electrical Mine Monitoring System Utilizing the lEe 61850 Standard

David C. Mazur Joseph Sottile Thomas Novak

Member IEEE, lAS Senior Member IEEE, lAS Fellow IEEE, lAS
Development Engineer Professor Department of Mining Engr. Professor Department of Mining Engr.
RockweIl Automation, Inc. University ofKentucky University ofKentucky
1201 South Second Street Mining and Minerals Research Bldg. Mining and Minerals Research Bldg.
Milwaukee, WI 53204, USA Lexington, KY 40506, USA Lexington, KY 40506, USA
dcmazur@ra.rockwell.com joseph.sottile@uky.edu thomas.novak@uky.edu

Abstract - Motor control assets are foundational elements in

many industrial operations. In the mining industry, these assets 11. ENERGY CONSUMPTION JUSTlFICATlON
primarily consist of motor control centers and drives, which are
available with a comprehensive assortment of control and
In June 2007, the U. S. Department of Energy (USDOE)
monitoring devices. Various intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) conducted a study on energy consumption in the mining
are now used to prevent machine damage and downtime. As industry. This study sampled 20 of the largest energy
motor control devices have advanced in technology, so too have intensive mineral extraction and processing facilities. The
the IEDs that protect them. These advances have resulted in results of the study can be seen in Figs. 1 and 2.
new standards, such as IEC 61850, that have embedded
intelligence and a standard set of communication schemes by
1400
which IEDs can share information in a peer-to-peer or one-to­
many fashion. This paper discusses the merits and steps
__ Current Energy Consumption
involved with interfacing IEDs to a mining process control � 1200
'" = 1246 Trillion Btu/Vear
network via the use of the IEC 61850 standard. 258
Z
'"
Vl
a.o>
c ...
...
cD 1000 " :; 'c __ Best Practice
Index Terms-International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) c
'" '"
Vl
61850, intelligent electronic device, load side management, load .2 e = 988 Trillion Btu/Vear
6iig,
shedding, taconite mining � 800 �
Cl.
� 0
UJ
409
c
.2
I. INTRODUCTION ...
Cl. 600
E __ Practical Minimum
As new technology continues to drive innovative '"
Vl = 579 Trillion Btu/Vear
C
applications, the mining industry must keep pace to remain 0
400
u
competitive in an ever changing marketplace. The trend
requires replacing outdated systems with high-performance, �
Cl!
c 200
low-cost, option-rich devices that offer improved flexibility UJ __ Theoretical Minimum

while reducing operating costs. Many functions of new = 184 Trillion Btu/Vear

control systems are being increasingly distributed to smart 0

components capable of performing localized operations that
were once the responsibility of a central or master controller. Fig. I. Mine energy usage.

The integration of intelligent devices, device-Ievel networks,

and interrogation software into motor control centers
demonstrates improved diagnostics, permits early warnings
for increased system reliability, offers design flexibility, and
provides for simplified wiring and an enhanced level of
personnel safety.
Energy consumption is an additional concern for mining
operations. Being able to integrate energy consumption and
the electrical distribution network into the process control
system would provide the mine process engineer many
advantages. This paper focuses on technology integration of
intelligent devices via the IEC 61850 standard to traditional
process control networks utilizing programmable automation
controllers (PACs).
Fig.l depicts the overall results of the study showing that a
typical energy intensive mine will consume 1246 Trillion
Btu/yr, with a practical minimum consumption of 570
Trillion Btu/year. The difference of 667 Trillion Btu/year
represents the possible energy savings, with proper
monitoring equipment [1]. Additionally, the study further
analyzed various components of mining and determined that
grinding operations consumed far more energy than other
processes, as shown in Fig. 2.

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 2013-MIC-405 Page 2 of 10
2

�
4% Separations
� 6% Ancillary Operations
5%Drilling 6000 �-------,
Petajoules (PJ) per Year

2% Blasting

� 6%Digging
5000

4000
Other Manufacturing

Mining and Oil & Gas Extraction

� 10% Ventilation
3000

2000
Petroleum Refi n i ng
Construction

....
�
Agriculture
Forestry
Chemical & Fertilizers
2%Dewatering Cement
1000 Alum. & Non-Ferrous
Iron and 5teel
Paper
17% Materials Handling o
1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008
4% Materials Handling Diesel Equip.
FigA. Energy usage per segment.
Electrical Equip.

Fig. 2. Energy consumption by segment

III. TACONTTE MTNTNG-PROCESS OVERVTEW

Taconite is an iron-bearing rock that is essential to the

Fig. 2 shows that grinding accounts for approximately 40% steel-making industry. Iron ore mining and beneficiation are
of energy usage of equipment across the mining industry, as very energy intensive processes that require heavy crushing
sampled by the USDOE. A system that could monitor and and grinding procedures. To put this energy usage in
trend this information would be of immense value to mine perspective, in 2005, a Minnesota iron ore mine used an
process engineers [1]. In November of 2010, the Canadian average of 275 MW of power, and is currently Minnesota's
Ministry of Energy also released a study on commercial largest consumer of energy [3]. The process begins with
energy consumption. The results of this study can be seen in hauling taconite from an open pit mine to the central
Figs. 3 and 4. processing facility. At the processing facility, raw taconite is
delivered to the coarse ore crusher [4]. This machine, which
typically operates at 13.8 kV, reduces the mined rock into
Pulp & Paper 14% conveyor size material. The coarse crusher is typically a
I------l Aluminum & Non-Ferrous 5% 7850 hp synchronous machine with high-torque, low-speed
Chemieal & Fertilizers 11% characteristics.
The output material of the coarse crusher is then conveyed
Other Manufaeturing 11%
to the fine ore crusher. The belt conveyors are typically
powered by dual 4160 V, 5000 hp induction motors, that
;b�....;...i
Construction Petroleum Refining 13%
4%
Agriculture
4%
j ....-
.. ---"''----
- -
Iron and Steel 5%

Ce ment 1%
continually operate during production shifts [4].
conveyors feed the fine crusher house, which contains
These

Forestry multiple mills that are also driven by 4.16 kV induction

>1%
Fig. 3 Canadian energy usage by segment.
Fig. 3 depicts energy usage by industry segment. It can be
seen that mining, oil, and gas extraction consume 32% of all
industrial and commercial power usage in Canada [2]. Total
manufacturing, which consists of many subsectors as shown
on the right of Fig. 3, conswnes 60% of all energy, but the
largest individual energy consumer in the nation is the mining
industry. Fig. 4 depicts the trend of energy usage. It can be
seen that the mining industry has shown continuous growth
from 1990-2008, while other industries have dec1ined. As
previously stated, much of this energy is consumed in
crushing and grinding processes [2]. The remainder of this
paper describes an energy monitoring system that interfaces
with command and control for the electrical distribution
system of a taconite mining operation, by utilizing IEC
61850.
machines. The mills further reduce the coarsely crushed
material to 3 cm.
The [me material is then conveyed from the [me crusher
house to the concentrator building, which houses rod and ball
mills for grinding. These mills are driven by 4.16 kV, 2600
hp synchronous machines [4]. The output of these mills is a
fine slurry mixture that is next sent to magnetic separators.
The magnetic separators remove ferrous material from
non-ferrous material. The non-ferrous slurry material is
pumped to the tailings pond, and the ferrous material is
pumped in slurry form to the agglomeration building [4].
This building contains vacuum discs and balling drums to
create taconite pellets. The pellets are then sent to a rotating
kiln for drying and then to storage for shipment. These
processes are performed with low voltage equipment.
A typical one-Iine diagram of a processing facility is
shown in Fig. 5. These taconite processing facilities are fed
with 138 kV feeders from the utility. From this point, every

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Page 3 of 10 2013-MIC-405
3

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To To To To
4160V-480V 4l60V-480V 4l60V-480V 4l60V-480V
1000KVA lOOOKVA lOOOKVA 1000KVA
XFMR XFMR XFMR XFMR
Fig. 5. Typical taconite mine one line diagram.

facility has two feeds of 13.8 kV in a main-tie-main of collecting information from remote process locations for
configuration, each with its own transformer. The 13.8 kV use in central processing calculations. This paper proposes
distribution voltage is then stepped down to 4.16 kV at each the use of the IEC 61850 standard to serve as the backbone
building to feed individual loads. The 4.16 kV busses are for communications for addressing the IED-interface issue.
also configurable in a secondary-selective, main-tie-main The IEC 61850 standard can also be used for controlling
scheme that can be implemented in case of bus failure. This main-tie-main schemes through communications rather than
configuration is often preferred in large mining operations hardwire, in addition to its added SCADA benefits [6].
because it allows critical loads to be transferred to healthy
busses during times of an electrical system fault or
insufficient spinning reserve. Many relays are utilized for IV. IEC 61850-STANDARDOVERVIEW
operating and protecting these facilities including:
IEC 61850 is an international standard titled
instantaneous and time delay overcurrent (50/51 elements),
"Communication Networks and Systems in Substations,"
differential (87 element), under-voltage (27 element), and
developed by Technical Committee 57. The standard focuses
others.
on substation automation [7], and was drafted and adopted in
Electrical protection has evolved over the past three
an effort to unify substation equipment and communications
decades from electromechanical to microprocessor based
on a common platform, regardless of manufacturer. IEC
relays. Protection systems previously consisted of isolated,
61850 is divided into ten sub-sections that range from
hard-wired interlocked electro-mechanical and solid state
defming protocol terminology to conformance testing [7-22].
relays that had limited system visibility. These devices only
"The United States National Institute of Standards and
detected an electrical fault or overload, and lacked a way to
Technology (NIST) has advised the Federal Energy
report additional protection information. With the advent of
Regulatory Commission (FERC) that it has identified IEC
microprocessor based relays, more advanced protection
61850 as one of five 'foundational' standards for smart grid
schemes, that correctly identify faults in acceptable
interoperability and cyber security. This clearly shows that
timeframes, have been developed. Communication schemes
IEC 61850 is foreseeable in the future of all protection,
for providing electrical protection have also evolved with
automation, and control systems throughout the world [23]."
microprocessor based relays [5]. SCADA communications
There are multiple benefits to the IEC 61850 standard,
protocols and standards have been developed for the purpose
which include: support of comprehensive substation

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 2013-MIC-405
functions; ease of design, specification, setup, and
maintenance; strong functional support for substation
communication; and flexibility to support system evolution
[24]. AdditionaIly, the standard was structured to
accommodate current technology [25].
IEC 61850 was designed to use object-oriented data
structures and protocols. As such, data parameters are
defmed as objects, and each object has multiple attributes,
very similar to that of high level programming languages.
Each intelligent electronic device (IED) is accessed by a
network address. The physical devices, in the case of
taconite mining, e.g., relays, meters, and switchgear, are
represented by a logical device that contains all relevant, non­
distributed, logical nodes (i.e., functions in the real device
such as metering, protection, and physical position). Each
logical node contains data and data attributes that describe
operations, positions, and other relevant characteristics of the
IED. These values are exchanged according to defined rules
and communication mechanisms [13]. The way this
information is shared across the network is defined by
communications and mapping portions of the IEC 61850
standard.
With the development of the IEC 61850 standard, three
main forms of communications are defined: GOOSE, MMS,
and SMV [20, 21]. This paper focuses on MMS and how
taconite facilities can interface the electrical distribution to
current process SCADA and control systems.
The Manufacturing Message Specification (MMS) is
generally preferred for SCADA or non-time-critical data
acquisition. MMS is defined by ISO standard 9506 and is
widely used in control networks. MMS defines the structure
for communication messages transferred between controllers
as weIl as between engineering stations and controllers. Each
IEC 61850 object is mapped to a corresponding MMS object,
and each IEC 61850 service is also mapped to a
corresponding MMS operation [25]. The application
described in this paper uses MMS to transmit report
information from IEDs to an automation controller. A
visualization of the IEC 61850 standard can be seen in Fig. 6.
This figure shows the physical device, i.e., the IED, broken
down into various logical nodes where various measurands
are housed for distribution throughout the SCADA system.
Fig. 6. lEe 61850 object model.
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Page 4 of 10
4
The black line in Fig. 6 represents the physical media
connection to the Ethernet based network. The media chosen
for taconite mining applications is either copper or fiber
depending on whether or not there is an electromagnetic
interference (EMI) concern. The physical device is then
connected to this network. In this example, a feeder relay
will be discussed. The IEC 61850 model then defines the
Logical Device, which in this case will be the logical
microprocessor pieces that make the physical device behave
as a feeder protective device. The next level of the object
oriented model is the logical node. The logical node
encapsulates information that the IED can provide into
groups such as measurands, protection, circuit breaker, etc.
Contained in each logical node are data objects as weil as
physical data. In Fig. 6, there are two data objects labeled
XCBR, which refers to the operation of a circuit breaker, and
MMXU, which refers to metering. The XCBR data object
contains information such as a status value (StV) and a
quality health flag (q). The MMXU or measurand data object
in this example is looking at phase current. In this example,
phase A and phase B currents are depicted, but additional
information such as the metered timestamp and quality flag
are also defined.
As mentioned, there is a mechanism used for high speed
peer-to-peer communications, defmed as the Generic Object­
Oriented Substation Event (GOOSE). The GOOSE protocol
provides a means for an IED to send unsolicited messages
over a communications network that can be received by a
single or multiple IEDs in a peer-to-peer or one-to-many
fashion [16, 24]. It is used for fast, reliable transmission of
substation events such as alarms, commands, and indicators.
In general, GOOSE is used for high speed, high priority
applications, such as protection interlocking and time-critical
events where information needs to be delivered directly
between IEDs. For example, in Fig. 5, if a load needs to be
quickly switched between buses Al and A2, GOOSE
messaging would be used between the relays and the transfer
switches to configure the electric distribution system for the
fast motor bus transfer.
For SCADA applications that utilize MMS, reports are
used to transfer data from the IED to the collection point.
Reports are unsolicited methods of sending datasets from an
IED. The standard defines two types: buffered and
unbuffered. When using buffered reports, the IED keeps track
of client message receipt so that any missed reports can be re­
sent if there is a network problem. Unbuffered reports will
not fill in the gap if the link is lost. The MMS protocol can
also provide datasets via direct polling by the client. This
method provides no buffering and eliminates deadbands on
analog measurements. Each report can contain information
including measurands, targets, and system health.
Page 5 of 10
V. SOLUTION OVERVIEW
This section discusses an IEC 61850 solution applied to a
simplified application that would be representative of a
taconite facility. The distribution and SCADA system is
broken down to its base components, and their functionality
is described.
The basic architecture consists of three major components:
IEDs, programmable automation controllers, and IEC 61850
to EtherNet/IP gateway modules. These components are all
interconnected via the network infrastructure, in this case,
copper based Ethernet. Fig. 7 depicts a simplified
visualization of a typical system architecture configuration.
Programmable
Automation
Controller
Managed
IED
Ethernet
Switch ...."""
. ....�
IED
- EtherNet/IP
••••• lEe 61850
Fig. 7. System overview
A. Intelligent Electronic Devices
The IEDs represented in Fig. 7 are a typical 50/51 Time
Delay Overcurrent (TDOC) protection relay along with a full
featured motor/feeder protection relay. These relays would
be placed on the feeders and near the transfer switches to
where the rotating machinery connects to the feeder buses in
the facility. These devices are usually installed to protect
critical rotating machines. For taconite mining, these devices
are protecting coarse and fine crushers, as weil as ball mill
motors.
These relays are configured for IEC 61850 via the IEEE
802.3 port. Buffered reports are defined to supply
information to the control system at a given rate, the most
common being a one-second interval. This interval period
can be changed to accommodate various applications and
process needs. For example, in taconite mining, the real
power flows may be of interest to ensure that loads do not
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2013-MIC-405
5
exceed the amount of spinning reserve that can be supplied
from the electrical source. Because real power does not
change at a fast rate, this measurand, as weil as others, can be
grouped in a report and sent each minute if desired.
Additionally, any form of relay can be used with this setup,
as long as it is IEC 61850 compliant. For example, in a
taconite mine, many differential protection relays are used to
protect the larger transformers that feed the processes within
a facility. In addition, if a facility is large enough, there may
be an opportunity for co-generation where generator
protection relays would be installed.
B. IEC 61850 to EtherNetliP Gateway
The gateway module provides the functionality of this
solution by Iinking the electric distribution system to the
process SCADA and control system. By mapping IEC 61850
tags to controller tags, information can be transferred from
protection systems to control systems. The gateway module
functions on a tag database environment as described in
section VI. When the integrity or poIl period is exceeded, or
Gateway an event by exception is generated, a report is received by the
gateway, the information is parsed, and an internal data table
Module
is updated. This information is then pushed to the
programmable automation controller according to common
industrial protocol (CIP) guidelines.
The gateway module is equipped with the ability to define
remote bits to address the command and control aspects,
discussed further in section VII. In order for the controller to
understand the data structure of information being sent over
the wire, the gateway module also defmes an Add-On
Instruction (AOI) that defmes the data type for each IED in
the associated network. This Add-On instruction uses the
IEC 61850 mapping to determine the byte layout of the data
as it moves from the gateway to the automation controller.
The Add-On instruction parses the data stream into
corresponding EtherNet/IP tags so that they can be entered in
the controller data table.
C. Programmable Automation Controller
When the AOI is imported into software logic, the
programmable automation controller interprets the
information sent from the gateway module into its internal
tag database. Because a comprehensive level of electrical
distribution and protection data are now available at the
controller level, many new benefits become available [25].
From an operator's perspective, one now has the ability to
monitor, plant-wide, all electrical processes. For the
application described in this paper, benefits include
individual machine monitoring and control for coarse and
fine crushers in addition to rod and ball mills. Additionally,
operations personnel can now view information from any
operator workstation within the facility or on the enterprise
network. Because the information is contained within the
controller, this solution allows for the alarming of any
 2013-MIC-405 Page 6 of 10
6

measurand. Subsequently, the control system can also be A graphical user interface was developed in the Windows
permitted to take remedial action based upon these alarms environment that provides the user drag-and-drop capabilities
[26]. to define parameters that are to be sent to the automation
controller. When the module is configured from the user
interface software, report configurations containing IED
D. Network lnfrastructure
parameters are stored on the gateway module SD card.
From a network perspective, this solution requires the use Additionally, when the user maps the IEC 61850 tags to
of a network switch to interconnect all devices. This switch EtherNet/IP tags, each 61850 tag is allocated a certain
should be a managed type to preserve data quality of service number of bytes depending upon the data type: Boolean,
throughout the network and provide layers of security. A float, double integer, etc. This configuration is also defined
managed switch should be utilized for segmentation of the on the SD card.
network as weil as an additional level of system security. By Tables l and 11 show an example of how measurands and
utilizing the virtual local area network (VLAN) feature of protection parameters would be mapped utilizing this
managed switches, groups of IEDs can be logically separated solution. Table I illustrates various parameters that would be
from other process equipment such as drives and motor of interest to a process engineer in a taconite facility. These
control centers. parameters include fundamental measurands, thermals,
physical status, and protection information. Table 11
VI. THE GATEWAY SOLUTION graphically defines how these data objects are packaged for
The hardware solution that was developed for this delivery to an automation controller with a 32 bit processor.
application is a standalone hardware gateway. This section
TABLE I DATA MAPPING EXAMPLE
describes how the gateway bridges the IEC 61850 and FieldName Da!. Type Size Bits Data Map Color
Transfer Switch A Pos. (A) 8001 1 11
process control network. The gateway module consists of a
Transfer Switch B Pos. (8) Bool 1 U
main processor with various peripherals including a network Fccdcr Rclay I Hcalth (C) Byte 8 U
I Ph. A (D) 32 •
lO/100 Mbit/s copper interface and Secure Disk (SD) Fccdcr Currcnt Dint
Feeder Relay 2 Health (E) Byte 8
interface to store system configurations. .J
Trip Counter (F) Int 16 iJ
The process of collecting data from various IEDs and Ball Mill Phase RTDs (GI Bjtel3J 24 •
Ball MiLI Motor RcLay Hcalth (H) Byte 8 U
converting it to an industry accepted process control protocol
is performed through the concept of multi-threading. Fig. 8
TABLE 11. GRAPHICAL MAPPING REPRESENTATION
depicts the various threads that are executing at any given Bit

time during the operation of the hardware gateway. The

processor contains the master control program (MCP). This
program is a watchdog timer running on a Linux based
operating system that evaluates the time to execute each
thread that is running. If a thread should get stuck or exceed
five milliseconds to execute, the MCP will terminate and re­
instantiate the thread.
Processor
Master Contral Program
(Mep)
Fig. 8. Threading of hardware solution.
As previously mentioned, when the user maps IEC 61850
tags to EtherNet/IP tags, a certain number of bytes are
allocated to each parameter or tag. The data are transferred
from the gateway to the automation controller via a class 1
Common Industrial Protocol (CIP) message. CIP messages
are lirnited to 500 bytes of input data, 496 bytes of output
data, and a configuration header. The information in the tag
database is grouped into chunks of 500 byte packets or data
table reads. A parallel thread is created for every group of
500 bytes that needs to be sent to the controller. This thread
is constructed using the Open Device Vendors Association
(ODVA) stack for EtherNet/IP. This organization manages
the configuration of the drivers for the CIP protocols.
The tag database thread can be thought of as a large array
of data. The array begins at index zero and ends with the
index of the last byte of data that needs to be transferred.
This thread is the key to the operational success of the
gateway module. The tag database is populated by the IEC
61850 thread, and information is read from the tag database
by the EtherNet/IP thread to be sent to the process control
system. When the 61850 thread writes to the tag database, it
writes to an index offset from the base, i.e., the beginning

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Page 7 of 10 2013-MIC-405
7

location of where the parameter or electrical measurand lies displays fundamental metering data for the device. The
within the array of data to be captured. At the same time, the advantage of the faceplate is that it is a familiar, standard,
data that have changed also set a semaphore, or Boolean tlag, prebuilt, object that can be implemented repeatedly for
indicating new data is to be read by the EtherNet/IP driver. similar engineering designs.
The same process is performed when the parameter is to be
read by the EtherNet/IP driver and published to the controller.
The process can be seen in Fig. 9.

IEC 61850 Tag EtherNet/IP

Driver If data Database EtherNet/IP driver
changes waits for semaphore
update to be updated...
Semaphore Tag
�.1"
semaphore
Read Command

� Data
Data Tag Write Command

Fig. 9. Tag database model.

VII. BENEFITS OF SOLUTION

This section discusses the merits of implementing the

previously described system in a mining application. Topics
discussed in this section will be visualization, sequence of
events, system health, safety, and load management.

Fig. 10. Feeder protection relay horne screen.

A. Visualization

Although automation control companies have developed

solutions for process visualization, this solution takes process
visualization one step further into the electrical distribution �"
system. The lEe 61850 protocol allows for the visual
representation of reports and alarms at the process control GJ�
level. With the development of more sophisticated Hwnan
Machine Interface (HMI) screens, global objects have been
kVA 23
introduced into the automation graphics. The use of these � l!ll
11 22 kW 123
global objects has allowed for the creation of faceplates [25]. A
Faceplates are defined as reusable standard objects. 2 kVar 23
B
Examples of process faceplates can be seen in Figs. 10 and 0 Stator % Cap 23
C
11. Fig. 10 shows the representation of the relay with its
0 45 Rotor % Cap 23
N
command and control functions. Fig. 11 shows one of the
screens with measurand information. The example shown in RID%Cap 23
Figs. 10 and 11 depict feeder and motor protection relay
Volts A·B (kV) 45 J:I 0.855
faceplates. These graphics provide the most common
Volts B-C (kV) 56 Frequency 23
information collected from mining applications as many
assets are rotating machinery and bus bar protection. Fig. 10 Volts C-A (kV) 44 Residual Volt 34
depicts the main screen of a feeder protection relay faceplate. Residual Curr 0
Each faceplate was constructed with multiple tabs to change
between horne, engineering, and diagnostic screens.
Fig. 11 Motor protection relay faceplate engineering screen.
Graphics were designed in order to provide a user experience
similar to interacting with the physical device. For example
the backwards pointing arrow represents target reset, the lock Each faceplate has 20 security levels built into the objects
icon represents the lock and unlock function of the IED. themselves. These security features can be customized based
Status indications are given in the alarms and events text upon user and application. A prime example of the security
window providing the operator a visual representation of the benefit would be command and control of IEDs to start and
IED's state. The engineering tab, as depicted in Fig. 11, stop a crusher or the actuation of a circuit breaker.

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 2013-MIC-405
The command and control portion of this solution allows
operators and engineers to change setting groups and also
allows relay actuation from a remote location. It is extremely
important to note that even though the standard defines how
an IED communicates on an IEC 61850 network, it does not
include configuration information for the protection and
control functions in a relay. Furthermore, the IEC 61850
standard does not provide a unified method for designing
communication-assisted automation, e.g., command and
control functionality. The development and subsequent use
of faceplates is a solution that addresses both of these
concerns. This solution offers the operations personnel a
standard methodology not only to gather the information
from the system, but also to control it.
B. Sequence of Events
Sequence of Events for electric distribution systems is
defined by IEEE standard C37.1. IEC 61850 allows for the
time stamping of target events at the relay level with 64 bit
double integer precision. This represents sub-millisecond
accuracy [26]. In addition, as many IEDs are commonly
connected to an absolute reference such as a GPS time clock,
the time stamp associated with each event is therefore
accurate to GPS time quality [25]. Reports can be
constructed to transfer this timestamp back to control systems
to be logged and displayed on workstations. With the
migration of GPS time to the controller level, these
timestamps can now be compared, plant-wide with electrical,
mechanical, and process systems. For example, timestamps
would be useful in reconstructing the sequence of events that
lead to process facility downtime.
C. System Health
IEC 61850 defines a quality flag in each logical node that
can help validate the quality of the measurement received
from the IED at the SCADA system. This quality indicator is
usually a Boolean or integer value that will indicate a finite
state of a device, e.g., faulted. The quality flag can also be
used to assess the quality of the measurands. Additionally,
the time stamp associated with measurands and trip or alarm
events is also evaluated by a quality flag which indicates
timestamp accuracy relative to universal time coordinated
(UTC) or other time reference [25]. The system health
quality flag in conjunction with long term trending can help
improve predictive maintenance models at mines.
D. Safety
When metering or protective relays are mounted directly
on the front of switchgear or motor control cabinets, certain
safety concerns arise. Operating personnel who are asked to
interact with the devices on the doors of this type of
equipment may be exposed to arc flash hazards, especially
during setting changes to the devices that can cause the
actuation of a circuit breaker, contactor, or other secondary
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Page 8 of 10
8
control device. As a result, monitoring and re-programming
the relay remotely keeps personnel far from any potentially
hazardous environment or situation [6, 25].
There may be a desire to place the relaying and metering in
a separate control area away from the switchgear. This is
contingent upon factors including: available space, current
transformer burden capabilities, as weil as hardwiring back to
the control and switchgear. Although this method isolates the
individual from the arc hazard, it introduces additional costs,
additional space requirements, and additional wiring on
critical connections. As such, this method may not be viewed
as optimal.
By using relaying and metering products that include the
IEC 61850 standard over a common Ethernet communication
media, one can connect remotely to any metering or
protective device with complete isolation from all electrical
hazards. The entire process can be controlled and monitored
visually without being near the relays, metering devices, or
the actual electrical equipment being controlled and
monitored, thus completely eliminating the arc-hazard to
personnel [25].
E. Demand Side Management
Energy management is becoming increasingly important
for managing the increasing demand for electricity.
Generally, energy management is composed of two
components - improving efficiency and managing demand.
Demand management is generally achieved by shedding
loads during periods of high demand to prevent system
overloads.
A common form of demand management is the use of an
interruptible rate agreement in which the utility can shed
loads in return for a special rate. Interruptible rates are very
beneficial to utilities because it allows them to manage
periods of high demand relatively easily. And, although the
interruptible rate agreement can lead to savings through
reduced rates, it is generally not a practical option for mining
companies because it is impractical to take critical loads (or
entire facilities) off-Iine on short notice. A more practical
approach for the mining industry is to implement some form
of load leveling during periods of high demand with the goal
of reducing the demand component of its utility bill. This
approach gives mining companies the ability to reduce
electricity costs and control how it is done.
Load leveling can be achieved in many different ways. For
example, loads can be shed automatically when the
consumption rate exceeds a predefmed rate called the ideal
rate. Loads with the lowest priority are shed first, followed
by loads with the second lowest priority, and so forth. Other
demand control strategies can include demand prediction
such that loads are shed when the predicted energy
consumption in the current demand interval exceeds a
specified value.
One of the difficulties of implementing load-side demand
management has been the cost of installing monitoring and
Page 9 of 10 2013-MIC-405
9

control equipment. By linking the protection and metering
devices that include the IEC 61850 standard to the site-wide
control system, mining companies can more easily implement
load-side demand management at a relatively small cost.
VIII. CONCLUSIONS
The IEC 61850 standard provides a uniform method of
[15] IEC, "Communication networks and systems for power utility
automation, " in Part7-3: Basic communication structure - Common
data classes vol. 61850-7-3, ed. www.iec.ch: IEC, 2010, p. 186.
[16] IEC, "Communication networks and systems for power utility
7-4: Basic communication strucuture -
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Compatible logical nodes classes and data object classes vol.
61850-7-4, ed. www.iec.ch: IEC, 2010, p. 184.
[17] IEC, "Communication networks and systems for power utility

communication among multivendor intelligent electronic 7-410: Hydroelectric power plants­

automation-, " in Part
Communication for monitoring and control vol. 61850-7-410, ed.
devices used for system monitoring, control, and protection.
www.iec.ch: IEC, 2007, p. 90.
Connecting these devices to the Supervisory Control and
[18] IEC, "Communication networks and systems for power utility
Data Acquisition system through the gateway, as described in automation, " in Part7-420: Basic communication structure -
this paper, can greatly enhance system command and control Distributed energy resources logical nodes vol. 61850-7-420, ed.
functionality. Benefits to the mining industry include www.iec.ch: IEC, 2009, p. 104.
improved system monitoring, improved safety through [19] IEC, "Communication networks and systems for power utility
remote control of power system components, reduction in 7-510: Basic communication structure­
automation, " in Part
downtime through the reconstruction of the sequence of Hydroelectric power plants - Modelling concepts and guidelines vol.
events leading to system failures, and the implementation of 61850-7-510, ed. www.iec.ch: IEC, 2012, p. 86.
[20] IEC, "Communication networks and systems for power utility
demand management.
automation, " in Part 8-1:
Specijic communication service mapping
(SCSM) - Mappings to MMS (ISO 9506-1 and ISO 9506-2) and to
IX. REFERENCES ISO/IEC 8802-3 vol. 61850-8-1, ed. www.iec.ch: IEC, 2011, p. 390.
[21] IEC, "Communication networks and systems for power utility
[I] U. S. D. o. Energy, "Mining Industry Bandwidth Study, " 2007. automation, " in Part 9-2:
Specijic communication service mapping
[2] C. Ministry of Energy, "Industrial Energy Use in Canada (SCSM) - Sampled values over ISO/IEC 8802-3 vol. 61850-9-2, ed.
Emerging Energy Trends, " 2010. www.iec.ch: IEC, 2011, p. 70.
[3] S. o. Minnesota, "Energy Consumption Minnesota, " 2005. [22] IEC, "Communication networks and systems in substations, "
[4] AlST, "The Making Shaping and Treatment of Steel: lron in Part 10: Conformance testing vol. 61850-10, ed. www.iec.ch:
Making Volume, " ed, 2012. IEC, 2005, p. 46.
[5] S. H. Horowitz and A. G. Phadke, Power System Relaying: [23] P. World. (2010) Foundational Smart Grid Standards. PAC
John Wiley & Sons, 2008. World. 5. Available: http://www.pacw.orglno­
[6] D. L. Ransom and C. Chelmecki, "Using GOOSE messages in cache/issue/december_20I0_issue/news/industrLnews/foundational
a main-tie-main scheme, " in Industry Applications Society Annual _smart_grid_standards.html
Meeting (lAS), 2012 IEEE, 2012, pp. 1-8. [24] D. S. K. Shukla, "IEC 61850 Overview, " ed. Virginia Tech,
[7] IEC, "Communication networks and systems in substations, " 2011.
in Part 1: Introduction and Overview vol. 61850-1, ed. www.iec.ch: [25] 1. A. K. David C. Mazur, James H. Kreiter, "Benefits of the
IEC, 2003, p. 40. IEC 61850 Standard For Power Monitoring and Management
[8] IEC, "Communication networks and systems in substations, " Systems in Forest Products Industries, " presented at the 2013 IEEE
in Part 2: Glossary vol. 61850-2, ed. www.iec.ch: IEC, 2003, p. 46. Pulp and Paper Technical Conference, Charlotte, NC, 2013.
[9] IEC, "Communication networks and systems in substations, " [26] D. C. Mazur, R. D. Quint, and V. A. Centeno, "Time
in Part 3: General Requirements vol. 61850-3, ed. www.iec.ch: Synchronization of Automation Controllers for Power
IEC, 2002, p. 36. Applications, " Industry Applications, IEEE Transactions on, vol.
[10] IEC, "Communication networks and systems for power utility PP, pp. 1-1, 2013.
automation, " in Part 4: System and project management vol.
61850-4, ed. www.iec.ch: IEC, 2011, p. 78. X. BIOGRAPHIES
[11] IEC, "Communication networks and systems in substations, "
Part 5: Communication requirements for function and device
in
David C. Mazur (M'12) works as a development engineer for
models vol. 61850-5, ed. www.iec.ch: IEC, 2003, p. 134. RockweIl Automation in Milwaukee, WI with a current focus on
[12] IEC, "Communication networks and systems for power utility
SCADA communications and substation automation. His
automation, " in Part 6:
Conjiguration description language for experience includes the development of regenerative variable
communication in electrical substations related to IEDs vol. 61850-
frequency drive technology. David has also helped develop
6, ed. www.iec.ch: IEC, 2009, p. 220.
technology for time synchronized continuous casters for the steel
[13] IEC, "Communication networks and systems for power utility
industry. He also ran a project that aimed to assess the power
7-1: Basic Communication Structure­
automation, " in Part
quality of Asia-Pacific and European countries.
Principles and models vol. 61850-7-1, ed. www.iec.ch: IEC, 2011,
David received his B.S. EE degree summa cum laude and first in
p. 294.
his class from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University,
[14] IEC, "Communication networks and systems for power utility
Blacksburg, VA in 2011. David graduated with his M.S. EE degree
automation, " in Part 7-2: Basic information and communication in 2012 for his work based on rotor angle measurement of
structure - Abstract communication service interface (ACSI) vol.
synchronous machines from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
81850-7-2, ed. www.iec.ch: IEC, 2010, p. 218.
University. He plans to graduate with his Ph.D. in Mining

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Engineering in September 2013 on his work with the IEC 61850
standard.
David is an active member of the IEEE lAS and serves as
working group chair for the Communication-Based Protection of
Industrial Applications Working Group. He also serves as a
member of the Mining Industry Committee (MIC) as well as the
Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Committee (I&CPS).
David is also an active voting member of the IEEE Standards
Association (SA).
Joseph Sottile (M'89-SM'01) Joseph Sottile is a Professor of
Mining Engineering with a joint appointment in Electrical and
Computer Engineering at the University of Kentucky, Lexington.
His research interests include miner health and safety,
electrical system safety and analysis, and incipient failure detection
of electrical components.
Dr. Sottile received the B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees in mining
engineering from The Pennsylvania State University, University
Park in 1984, 1987, and 1991, respectively.
Dr. Sottile served as the Chair of the Mining Industry Committee
(MIC) (1996-1997) and Secretary of the MIC (2007-present). He is
currently the Chair of the IEEE Industry Applications Society
Education Department and is a senior member of the IEEE.
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2013-MIC-405 Page 10 of 10
10
Thomas Novak (M'83-SM'93-F'05) holds the Alliance Coal
Academic Chair in the Department of Mining Engineering at the
University of Kentucky. His prior employment history includes:
Director of Mining Science and Technology, the National Institute
for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH); Department Head and
C.T. Holland Professor of Mining and Minerals Engineering at the
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech);
and Department Head and G. N. Drummond Chair at The University
of Alabama.
Dr. Novak received his B.S. degree in Electrical Engineering
from The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, in 1975,
his M.S. degree in Mining Engineering from the University of
Pittsburgh, in 1978, and his Ph.D. in Mining Engineering from The
mine Pennsylvania State University, in 1984.
Dr. Novak served as the Chairman of the Mining Industry
Committee (MIC) (2011-12) in the IEEE Industry Applications
Society (lAS). He has served as a member of the lAS Executive
Board and was Chairman of the Meetings Department (2000-2002)
and Chairman of the Process Industries Department (1994-1998). He
also served as Chairman (1992-1994) and Vice-Chairman (1990-
1992) of the MIC. He is a Registered Member of the Society of
Mining Metallurgy and Exploration (SME) and is a licensed
professional engineer in Alabama and Pennsylvania.