Report Outline:

A. Pre-conquest
B. Islamic Colonial
C. Spanish Colonial
D. American Colonial
E. Japanese Occupation
F. 70s to Contemporary
A. Pre-conquest
- Art before the coming of the first colonizer.
- We also refer to it as "indigenous" or "pre-colonial"

Was there art before colonization?

 Art of the ancient Filipinos were woven into the fabric of everyday life.
 Planting and harvesting, rites of passage, funerary ceremonies, weddings, etc.
 Pottery, weaving, carving, metalwork, and jewelry

PRE-COLONIAL MUSIC CULTURE

 Kudyapi – a three-stringed guitar
 Kulintang – an array of bossed gongs
 Gonsa – flat gong
 Agong – giant gong
NATIVE DANCE FORMS
 Pangalay – a dance from Sulu archipelago that is mimetic of the movement of seabirds.
 Mandayas'kinabua – a dance from Vigan, Ilocos Sur which mimic fowls.
 Banog-Banog – a hawk dance is usually performed by the healed patients of the
babaylan (priest) and sometimes on social occasions.

CARVING IN PRE-COLONIAL
 Bulul – carved by the people of Cordilleras, regarded as a granary god that plays an
important role.
 Hagabi – produced by the Ifugaos, a wooden bench that marks the socioeconomic status
of the owner
 Santos – sculpture of saints as well as other wooden sculptures of secular or non-
religious orientation.

POTTERY IN PRE-COLONIAL
 Manunggul Jar – a secondary burial vessel, where buried and exhumed bones are
placed.
 discovered at Manunggul Cave, Lipuun Point, Palawan
 Neolithic Period (890-710 BC)
 Palayok – pottery used for cooking
 Banga and Tapayan - used for fermenting food or keeping liquids

BEAUTY IN PRE-COLONIAL
 Tattoo - was believed to protect the individual from evil spirits, and in some cases, it was
considered a badge of maturity and bravery.
  Jewelry - was believed to make the wearer more attractive to the opposite sex in as much
as it is considered pleasing to the gods.

B. Islamic Colonial
- Even before the coming of Spanish colonizers, Islam was already well-entrenched in
Southern Philippines, where it continues to be culturally dominant and strong

Main belief of Islam:

 Tawhid
 or unity of God, central to the Islamic faith.
 this belief emphasizes the impermanence of nature and the
incomprehensible greatness of the divine being.
 In Islamic art, we can observe how artists are influenced by the notion of
Tawhid.

 How Philippine Muslims organize space in architecture is also telling of their adherence
to the Tawhid and other Islamic beliefs.
 Parts of the mosque like the mihrab or a niche and the Qibla wall are oriented toward the
west to fulfill the requirement that all Islamic buildings must be oriented toward Mecca
as an expression of oneness with the larger Islamic community.

 The dome of Mosque - "all levels of cosmic existence"

- as a symbolic representation of the vault of heaven.

 ka'bah
 a black shrine believed to be built by the Prophet Muhammed himself.
 most revered Muslim architecture which serves as a reference point for the
Qiblah.
 Luhul – canopy which may feature motifs from the Tree of Life.
 Panolong - an elaborately carved protrusion akin to a wing attached to the torogan (royal
house of the Maranao)
 Burraq
 a creature said to have transported the Prophet Muḥammad to heaven
 a horse with the head of a woman

C. Spanish Colonial Period (1521-1898)

- Art that flourished during Spanish colonial period conformed to the demands of the church
and the colonial state.
- The art forms from this period are referred to stylistically and culturally as religious art,
lowland christian art, or folk art.
 During this period, cruciform churches following the shape of the Latin cross were built.
In keeping with the prevailing design of Hispanic churches, the baroque style was
predominantly employed; they were characterized by grandeur, drama, and elaborated
details that purposely appealed to the emotions.
 ln colonial churches, Santos are displayed in a decorative altar niche called the retablo.

MUSIC IN SPANISH COLONIAL

 Marcelo Adonay (1848 - 1928) Liberame, 1869, Benedictus, 1895, Hosana, 1899, Te
Deum, and a Grand Mass.
 Outside of Manila, a musical form based on the Catholic faith would emerge in the
pasyon or pabasa as it is sometimes called -or the biblical narration of Christ's passion
chanted in an improvised melody.
  At this time, the kundiman and the balitao, balitao-sentimental love songs and lullabies
also evolved.
Example: Kundiman Ni Abdon (Abdon's love song)
 A kundiman which became a feature of protest actions against Martial Law during the
seventies, and the still popular Bayan Ko (My Country), a kundiman which experienced
1986. renewed popularity during the EDSA People Power Revolution of 1986

WRITING IN SPANISH COLONIAL

BAYBAYIN
- an abugida that was used in the Philippines until the 17th centuries to write Tagalog
and various related languages.

REPROGRAPHIC ART OF PRINTMAKING IN SPANISH COLONIAL

Doctrina Christiana
 was printed in 1953 in Spanish and in Tagalog by Dominican priest
 The Teachings of Christianity
 first printed book in the Philippines compiling song lyrics, commandments, sacraments,
and other catechetcal material.

PAINTINGS IN SPANISH COLONIAL

Heaven, Earth, and Hell (1850)
 mural by Jose Dans in Paete Church, Laguna. A map of the universe features a terrifying
depiction of hell. The painting seems to warn that a sinful life on earth would lead to
torment and eternal damnation.

Spoliarium
 painted by Juan Luna
 the picture recreates a despoiling scene in a Roman
circus where dead gladiators are stripped of
weapons and garments
 won a gold medal 1884

Virgenes Christianas Expuestas Al Populacho

 painted by Felix Ressurection Hidalgo
 won a silver medal

Espanas Y Filipina 1886

 painted by Juan Luna
 the allegorical painting is a comment
on the political relationship between Spain
and the colonial Philippines.

D. AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD (1898-1940) TO THE POSTWAR

- classical in nature, and the artworks are in neo-classical and modern form. One of their greatest
contributions to the Philippines is the educational system
- Unlike the Spanish, the Americans zealously taught their language through an efficient public
school system. In less than a decade, Filipino playwrights began to write plays in English. In
1915, Lino Castillejo and Jesus Araullo authored A Modern Filipina, the first Filipino play
written in English.
PROMINENT ARTIST DURING AMERICAN COLONIAL
1. Fabian De La Rosa
 succeeded the peninsulares Rafael Enriquez as director.
 Peninsulares is a term used particularly during the colonial period to refer to
Spanish-born residents of the Philippines.
 known for his naturalist paintings characterized by restraint and formality in
brushwork, choice of somber colors, and subject matter, as seen in the works
Planting Rice, 1921 and El Kundiman, 1930.
2. Fernando Amorsolo
 known for his romantic paintings that captured the warm glow of the Philippine
sunlight.
 a graphic artist who rendered drawings for the textbook series The Philippine
Readers as well as illustrations for the newspaper The Independent.
 made the logo design for Ginebra San Miguel
3. Guillermo Tolentino
 studied Fine Arts in Rome and was influenced by its classical tradition.
 credited for the iconic Oblation (1935, original/1958, bronze cast found at the UP
Oblation Plaza) of the University of the Philippines and the Bonifacio Monument,
1933 in Caloocan.
 Tolentino was proclaimed National Artist in 1973
4. Victorio Edades
 His homecoming exhibition in 1928 at the Philippine Columbian Club unveiled
paintings which departed from the conservative style of Amorsolo.
 The Builders, 1928 showed distorted figures of toiling workers using dull colors;
a shift in the treatment of form and subject matter.
5. Napoleon Abueva
 a sculptor who has worked with a wide variety of mediums, from hardwood
to precious alabaster.

MODERN ART
1. Filipino Struggles Through History 1964
 a magisterial mural by "Botong" Francisco
 Manila City Hall
2. Brown Madona 1938 by Francisco Ocampo

3. Nature's bounty 1935

 portrays a group of women harvesting fruits in a field.

E. JAPANESE OCCUPATION (1941-1945)

- Japanese influences are very evident nowadays. Anywhere, one can find bonsai, the art of
growing small trees and shrubs in small shallow pots. Then there is origami, the art of folding
paper or cardboard that has become a hobby to many Filipinos today.
- Awit Sa Paglikha ng Bagong Pilipinas – Philippine anthem at that time
NEO-REALISM ABSTRACTION AND OTHER MODERN ART STYLES
 The Beggars 1952
- produced by Vincente Manansala

 Tuba Drinkers 1954

- produced by Vincente Manansala
- evokes a Filipino event or ritual that involves
partaking of the “tuba,” or coconut wine.

 Gadgets II 1949
- produced by Cesar Legazpi
- depicts half-naked men almost engulfed
in the presence of machines.

 Bar Girls 1947

- produced by Cesar Legazpi
- depicts two women with harsh, almost
masculine features, sitting down for a smoke,
perhaps waiting for their next customer.

 The Contrast 1940

- produced by Hernando Ocampo
- exposes dire human conditions
amid the backdrop of modernity.

 Genesis 1968
- produced by Cesar Legazpi
- puts together warm-colored shapes, became
the basis of the stunning tapestry hanging at
the Main Theater or Bulwagang Nicanor Abelardo of the CP.

F. 70s to Contemporary
- Contemporary art is art made today by living artists. As such, it reflects the complex issues that
shape our diverse, global, and rapidly changing world.
ARCHITECTURE IN CONTEMPORARY
 Folk Arts Theater - became the venue of the first Ms. Universe Pageant in the Philippines in
1974

 Philippine International Convention Center (PICC) - which housed the 1976 IMF-World
Bank Conference
  Tahanang Filipino or Coconut Palace – which was built in anticipation of a papal visit

 Manila Film Center - which was built to host the Manila International Film Festival to
ambitiously rival Cannes

 National Arts Center in Mt. Makiling, designed by National Artist Architect Leandro Locsin
appropriated the style of vernacular houses like the lfugao fale.

SOCIAL REALISM
- A significant strand that emerged during the intense political ferment of the 70s and the 80s was
Social Realism or SR, for short. Using various mediums, techniques, and styles, SR, is a form of
protest art that exposed the sociopolitical issues and struggles of the times.
 Eduardo Castrillo's gigantic metal work Pieta, 1969, evoked a strong feeling of anguish and loss
through the expressive poses of Mary the mother and the oversized body of Christ which she
supports.