ARCHIES HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL

600, Ghruwa khera, Sanigawan , Kanpur.

BIOLOGY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
2023 – 2024

TOPIC: WHAT IS PCR ?

Submitted by: GUIDANCE by:

Name : AYUSHI Ms. AAYEESHA AHMED

Class : XII – A (P.G.T Biology)

CBSE Roll no :
 Certificate
This is to certify that AYUSHI student of class XII A from Archies
Higher Secondary School has satisfactorily completed the Biology
project titled – WHAT IS PCR ?. Proper care and utmost sincerity
has been shown in completion of the project. All the work related to
the project has been done by the candidate himself/herself. The
approach towards the subject has been sincere and scientific.

I certify that this project is upto my expectations and as per the

guidelines issued by CBSE.

Signature
External Examiner

Signature Signature
Subject teacher Principal Ma’am
 Acknowledgment

I would Like to express a deep sense of gratitude and thanks to my

Biology teacher, Ms.Aayeesha Ahmed for guiding me through the
course of the project. Her constructive advice and constant
motivation have been responsible for the successful completion of
this project.

My sincere thanks goes to our principal mam Mrs.Manisha Soni for

her coordination in extending every possible support for the
completion of this project.

Last but not the least , I would like to thank my parents for their
motivation, support and blessings were always with me .

Name: AYUSHI

Class: XII- A
 INDEX

S.no. Content Page.no

1. What is PCR 01

2. Short history of PCR 02

3. BASIC REQUIREMENT FOR 03

PCR
4. DENATURATION 04

5. ANNEALING 05

6. ELONGATION 06

7. INSTRUMENTATION 07

8. ADVANTAGES OF PCR 08

9. APPLICATION OF PCR 09

10. CONCLUSION 10
 WHAT IS PCR

* PCR is a technique that takes

specific sequence of DNA of small amount
and amplifies it to be used for further
testing .
PCR is an In vitro technique .
 Short History of PCR

1983 : Dr. Kary Mullis developed PCR .

1985 : First publication of PCR by Cetus

Corporation appears in science .

1986 :. Purified Taq polymerase is first used in

PCR .

1988 : Perkin Elmer introduces the automated

thermal cycle .

1989 : Science declares Taq polymerase

‘molecule of the year’ .
 Basic requirements for PCR

1 . DNA sequence of target region must be

known .

2 . Primers - typically 20-30 bases in size .

These can be readily produced by commercial
companies . Can also be prepared using a DNA
synthesizer .

3 . Thermo - stable DNA polymerase - eg Taq

polymerase which is not inactivated by heating to
95 degree celcius .

4 . DNA thermal cycler - machine which can be

programmed to carry out heating and cooling of
samples over a number of cycles .

5 . Two primers are also required .

 DENATURATION

* Temperature ranges from 92-94 degree

celcius .
*Double stranded DNA melts - single
stranded DNA .

* When the temperature is lowered to

enable the DNA primers to attach to the template
DNA .
*It is carried out at the beginning of
polymerase chain reaction .
 ANNEALING

* Temperature ranges from 50 - 70

degree celcius ( dependant on the melting
temperature of the expected duplex) .

*Primers bind to their complementary

sequences .

* when the temperature is lowered to enable the

DNA primers to attach to the template DNA .
 ELONGATION

* Temperature for elongation is 72 degree

celcius .

* DNA polymerase binds to the annealed primers

and extends DNA at the 3’ end of the chain .

* Taq polymerase adds nucleotides to the

annealed primer .
INSTRUMENTATION
 ADVANTAGES OF PCR

* Small amount of DNA is required per

test .
* Result obtained more quickly - usually
within 1 day of PCR test is done .

* Usually not necessary to use

radioactive material ( 32 P ) for PCR .

* PCR is much more precise in

determining the sizes of alleles - essential for
some disorders .
* PCR can be used to detect point
mutations .
* PCR reduces the health care cost .

* Shown to be more effective with

selective use than culture and staining .
 APPLICATION OF PCR

*Molecular Identification :
1.Molecular Epidemiology
2.Molecular Archaeology
3.DNA Fingerprinting

* Sequencing :
1. Bio-informatics
2. Genomic cloning
3. Human Genome project

Genetic Engineering :
1. Site directed mutagenesis

2. Gene expression studies

 CONCLUSION

* PCR is not only vital in the clinical laboratory by

amplifying small amounts of DNA for STD
detection , but it is also important for genetic
predisposing for defects such as factor V Leiden .

* The PCR technology can also be employed in

law enforcement genetic testing of animal stocks
and vegetable hybrids , and drugs screening along
with many more areas .
 BIBILIOGRAPHY

1. NCERT textbook class XII.

2. Biology lab manual .

WWW.google.com

WWW.Wikipedia.com