SHREE KRISHNA

INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

NAME:AZMATH NAFISA
CLASS: XII
BIOLOGY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
TOPIC: DNA FINGER PRINTING
 CERTIFIC
ATE
This is to certify that Azmath Nafisa ,a student of
class XII has successfully completed the project
under the guidance of Miss Jyotimaryee Swain
during the academic year 2022-2023 in partial
fulfilment
of biology practical examination conducted by
CBSE.

INTERNAL EXTERNAL
EXAMINER EXAMINER

PRINCIPAL
 ACKN
OWLE
In the accomplishment of this project successfully,
many people have best owned upon me their
DGEM
blessings and the heart pledged support, this time I
ENTto thank all the people who have been
am utilizing
concerned with the project.
Primarily I would like to thank God for being able
to complete this project with success. Then I
would like to thank my principal Dr. Swarupa
Nanda and biology teacher Miss Jyotirmayee
Swain, whose valuable guidance has been the ones
that helped me patch this project and make it full
proof success her suggestions and her instructions
has served as the major contributor towards the
completion of this project.
Azmath Nafisa
XII
 CONTE
 NT
Introduction
 Principle of DNA fingerprinting
 Applications of DNA fingerprinting
 Advantages and disadvantages
 Uses of DNA fingerprinting
 Uses of DNA fingerprinting in Forensic
Science
 Conclusion
 Bibilography
 INTRO
 DUCTI
1980 – American researches discovered
non-coding regions of DNA.
ON
 1984- Professor Alec Jeffreys developed
the process of DNA profiling.
 1987- First conviction based on DNA
evidence.
"DNA fingerprinting is a procedure that shows
the hereditary cosmetics of living things. It is a
strategy for finding the distinction between the
satellite DNA areas in the genome.“
DNA profiling, DNA testing, DNA
examination, Genetic profile, DNA
distinguishing proof, genetic fingerprinting,
and genetic investigation are a portion of the
mainstream names utilized for DNA
fingerprinting. This technique was invented by
Alec Jeffreys in 1984.
PRINCIPL
E OF DNA
FINGERP
The human genome consists of innumerable small
noncoding sequences which are inheritable and
repeatedly present. They can be separated from the
bulk DNA as satellite upon performing density
gradient centrifugation and thus known as satellite
DNA. They can be categorized into either
microsatellites or microsatellites depending on the
length, base composition and tandemly repetitive
units. These satellite DNAs show polymorphism
and this polymorphism is the basis of DNA
fingerprinting. The repeat regions can be divided
into two groups based on the size of the repeat–
variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs) and
short tandem repeats. These repeats act as genetic
markers and every individual inherits these repeats
from their parents. Thus, every individual has a
particular composition of VNTRs and this is the
main principle of the DNA fingerprinting
technique.
 DNA
FINGERof organic example blood, spit,
1.Collection
PRINTI
buccal swab, semen, or solid tissue. 
NGextraction.
2.DNA
STEPS absorption or PCR intensification. 
3.Restriction
4.Agarose gel electrophoresis slim
electrophoresis or DNA sequencing. 
Interpreting outcomes
 THE
PROCE
Sample collection, DNA extraction, absorption or
intensification and investigation resultsSS are OF
significant advances. DNA
Stage 1: Sample Collection 
FINGE
DNA can be acquired from any bodily sample or
liquid. Buccal smear, salivation, blood,RPRIN
amniotic
liquid, chorionic villi, skin, hair, body liquid, and
TING
different tissues are significant kinds of samples
utilized. 
Stage 2: DNA Extraction 
We need to initially get DNA. To play out any
genetic applications, DNA extraction is one of the
most significant advances. Great quality and
amount Of DNA expands the conceivable
outcomes of getting better outcomes.
You can utilize DNA extraction strategies enrolled
beneath, 
1.Phenol-chloroform DNA extraction strategy 
2.CTAB DNA extraction strategy 
3.Proteinase K DNA extraction strategy
In any case, we emphatically prescribe utilizing a
ready to go DNA extraction unit for DNA
fingerprinting. 
The immaculateness and amount of DNA ought to
be ~1.80 and 100ng, individually to play out the
DNA test. Filter the DNA utilizing the DNA
sanitization unit, if necessary. 
From that point onward, measure the DNA
utilizing the UV-Visible spectrophotometer.
Furthermore, perform one of the accompanying
strategies recorded underneath.
Stage 3: Restriction Absorption, Enhancement
or DNA Sequencing 
Three regular strategies are utilized: 
1.RFLP based STR investigation:
Everyone has genetic sequences called variables
number tandem repeats, or VNTRs –The VNTRs
make the different sized RFLPs.
2.PCR based investigation
 If there is only a small amount of DNA
available for DNA Fingerprinting – augment
the amount of DNA using a technique called
PCR. PCR is doing DNA replication in a test
tube.
 Like all DNA polymerases.
 Taq polymerase can only add to the 3’ end
of an existing nucleotide.
 A DNA primer that is complementary to
the template is used to supply that 3’ end.
Stage 4: Analysis of Results 
As we examined, utilizing the southern blotting,
agarose gel electrophoresis, narrow
electrophoresis, ongoing intensification, and DNA
sequencing, the outcomes for different DNA
profiling can be gotten in which rt-PCR and
sequencing are much of the use in forensic
science.
Stage 5: Interpreting Results 
By looking at DNA profiles of different examples,
varieties and likenesses between people can be
distinguished. Outstandingly, the whole procedure
is presently nearly automatic. We don't need to do
anything, the computer gives us conclusive
outcomes.
APPILIC
ATION
OF DNA
• Utilizing the DNA fingerprinting strategy, the
FINGERP
natural personality of an individual can be
RINTING
uncovered. For approving one's character,
there is no other preferable alternative over
DNA fingerprinting. 
• Gravely harmed dead bodies can be
distinguished. 
• It is utilized to detect maternal cell
contamination. 
• One of the significant downsides of pre-birth
determination is maternal cell tainting. The
amniotic liquid or CVS test contains the
maternal DNA or maternal tissue, once in a
while. Contamination expands the opportunity
of false-positive outcomes, particularly
onaccount of carrier recognition. Utilizing
VNTRs and STRs markers with PCR-gel
electrophoresis, maternal cell tainting can be
recognized during pregnancy hereditary
testing.
• One of the most significant uses of the current
strategy is in the crime scene examination and
criminal check. The example is gathered from
the crime site which could be salivation,
blood, hair follicle, or semen. DNA is
removed and investigated against the suspect,
utilizing the two markers we clarified
previously. By coordinating DNA band
designs criminal's connected to wrongdoing
can be built up.
 ADV
ANT
ADVANTAGES:
AGE
1.It is an easy and painless method for the subject
S It is less invasive then taking a blood
being tested.
AND
sample

DISA
2. It is an affordable and reliable technique

3. ItDVA
can be conducted in a relatively short amount
NTA
of time
4. Anyone at any age can be tested with this
GES
method without any major concerns

5. There is a large variety of uses such as in legal

claims, missing persons cases, identification for
the military, and paternity and prenatal testing.
6. The technique has used since 1984, making it
highly developed and improved.
DISADVANTAGES
1.The sample of DNA can easily be ruined
during the process of DNA fingerprinting,
causing the sample to become completely
useless for testing.

2. The process itself is complex and tedious,

and can give results that may be hard to
interpret.

3. The test needs to be run on multiple

samples, a numerous amount of times for ideal
accuracy. Commonly, labs run each test twice
with four samples. 

4. Privacy issues could occur if the

information isn't kept secure at the lab.
Personal information legally can only be
released with a written order. This personal
information if leaked, could potentially
complicate insurance processes, health care
and job prospects for an individual.
USES
OF
Since it was invented in 1984, DNA
DNA
fingerprinting most often has been used in
FING
court cases and legal matters. It can:
• Physically connect a piece of evidence to a
ERP
person or rule out someone as a suspect.
• Show who your parents, siblings, and other
RINT
relatives may be.
• ING
Identify a dead body that’s too old or damaged
to be recognizable.
DNA fingerprinting is extremely accurate.
Most countries now keep DNA records on file
in much the same way police keep copies of
actual fingerprints.
It also has medical uses. It can:
• Match tissues of organ donors with those of
people who need transplants.
• Identify diseases that are passed down through
your family.
• Help find cures for those diseases, called
hereditary conditions.
 USES
OF
DNA
FINGE
The more STRs that are compared from each
RPRIN
DNA sample, the less likely the chance will be
TING
that they have arisen from the same source.
The
INlikelihood of any two specimens being
identical is calculated using the ‘product rule’.
FORE
Here, the probability by that of the other STRs
NSIC
separated rom DNA sample.
SCIEN
During
CE the O.J. Simpson trail in 1995, for
instance, O.J’s guilt was suggested by STR
tests carried out on his blood and blood from
the crime scene, which revealed the
probability of him being innocent was 1 in
240000. Further RFLP test narrowed this
down to 1 in 57 billion. The main reason he
wasn’t convicted was due to the seed of doubt
the defence showed in the minds of the jurors
about possible interference with the evidence
by FBI.
In addition to its use in providing evidence to
incriminate suspects, DNA profiling can also
be of use in exonerating suspects accused of
crimes. About 25% of violent crimes.
Cases in the U.S, since 1989 have resulted in
the exoneration of suspects because of DNA
profiling procedures. By 1996 over 108 post-
conviction exoneration had in fact occurred in
the USA using DNA profiling.

Because of STRs and VNTRs are inherited

from each of our parents, DNA profiling can
also be used to establish paternity in cases
involving custody and child support. Other
uses in forensics include the identification of
victims of catastrophes such as September 11
attacks.
It must be remembered that these tests are not
always fool proof and should be used in
conjunction with other evidences where
possible. DNA fingerprinting has never the
less affected the outcome of criminal
investigations in a revolutionary way.
 CON
CLU as a mere forensic tool, the
With a beginning
world of DNA fingerprinting has a gone a long
SIONthe genetic identity of living
way in revealing
beings. With massive evolution in concepts
and techniques it has given a lot to various
fields cutting across the spectrum. In plants
genomics, plant breeding and in conserving
the biodiversity, DNA fingerprinting promises
a very powerful tool in our future endeavours.
 BIBI

LOG
Class XII biology NCERT textbook
 RAP
Internet

HY