AMARA JYOTHI PUBLIC SCHOOL

BANGALORE

ACADEMIC YEAR-2023-2024

Physics Project
On
Electric Car

Submitted by:
Aman Trivedi
 AMARA JYOTHI PUBLIC SCHOOL , BANGALORE

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Aman Trivedi has satisfactorily

completed the project report in Physics prescribed by the Central
Board of Secondary Education. This project report has been
approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of
the project work prescribed for grade XII.

____________
_____________ _____________
Internal External Principal
Examiner Examiner
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I gratefully acknowledge my Principal and Physics

teacher
Assigning us this project. I sincerely thank my classmates
who helped me in completing this project.

Yours sincerely,
Aman Trivedi
DNA FINGERPRINTING
______________________
INTRODUCTION TO DNA
FINGERPRINTING
DNA is a laboratory technique used to establish a link
between biological evidence and a suspect in a criminal
investigation.
A DNA sample from the crime scene is compared with a
DNA sample from the suspect.
DNA fingerprinting was invented in 1984 by Professor
Sir
Alec jeffreys (after he realised that it was possible to
detect variations in human DNA, in the form of
minisatellites).
DNA fingerprinting involves the identification of
differences in repetitive DNA. Repetitive DNA is a
specific region of DNA in which a small stretch of DNA
is repeated many times. Through density gradient
centrifugation, these repetitive DNA are separated from
the bulk genomic centrifugation and the other small peaks
are known as Satellite DNA.
These sequences do not code for any protein, but they
constitute a large portion of the human genome. Satellite
DNA is classified into many categories such as a
microsatellite, minisatellite, etc. based on the length of
segment, number of respective units, the base
composition (A:T rich or G:C rich), etc. The satellite
DNA sequences also shows high degree of polymorphism
and forms the basis of DNA fingerprinting.
 POLYMORPHISM
It is the variation in the individuals at genetic level.
Polymorphism arises due to mutations. It plays an
important role in evolution and speciation. In a
population, if an inheritable mutation is observed at high
frequency, it is referred to as DNA polymorphism. There
are different types of polymorphism, from single
nucleotide change to large scale changes.
In an individual, DNA from every tissue (e.g. blood, hair
follicle, skin, bone, saliva etc.) shows same degree of
polymorphism thus, they become very essential
identification tool if forensic applications.
As polymorphism are inherited from parents to children,
it is also useful in paternity testing.
TECHNIQUE OF DNA F INGERPRINTING
Alec Jeffreys initially
developed DNA fingerprinting,
also known as DNA typing or
DNA profiling, to find out
markers for inherited diseases.
He used a satellite DNA as a
probe that shows very high
degree of polymorphism and
called it Variable Number of Tandem Repeats (VNTRs).
The technique involved Southern blot hybridisation using
radiolabelled VNTR as a probe.

PROCESS OF DNA FINGERPRINTING

1. Blood sample
2. DNA is extracted from blood cells
3. DNA is cut into fragments by a restriction enzyme
4. The DNA fragments are separated into bands
during electrophoresis in an agarose gel.
5. The DNA bands pattern in the gel is transferred to
a nylon membrane by a technique known as
southern blotting.
6. The radioactive DNA probe is prepared.
7. The DNA probe binds to specific DNA sequences
on the membrane.
8. Excess DNA probe is washed off.
9. At this stage the radioactive probe is bound to the
DNA pattern on the membrane.
10. X-ray film is placed next to the membrane to
detect the radioactive pattern.