JOURNAL READING

Review: Recent Advances in

Forensic DNA Analysis
Kepaniteraan Klinik Ilmu Kedokteran Forensik
Rumah Sakit Bhayangkara TK.I Raden Said Sukanto
Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Yarsi
Periode 09 - 28 Agustus 2021
3. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
In forensics, repetitive
These regions are
A molecular biology
DNA regions, which are
different for each
technique for
located outside the
individual and can be
amplifying segments
coding regions of DNA,
used for identification of
of DNA, by generating
are used to further
multiple copies using one person as well as a
analyze DNA
group of people, such as
DNA polymerase
a group of family
enzymes under
members
controlled conditions
3. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Reagents Quantification of DNA Inhibitors

● Dimethyl sulfoxide ● It can be affected by ● Hematin

● Glycerol ● Indigo
PCR inhibitors, which
● Formamide ● Melanin
● Single stranded DNA can easily be obtained ● Collagen
binding proteins with a sample during ● Tannic acid
● Betaine DNA extraction ● Humic acid
● PCR inhibitors can then ● Calcium phosphate

prevent the
amplification process
4. DNA EXTRACTION METHODS
SOLID-PHASE
ORGANIC EXTRACTION EXTRACTION

LASER CAPTURE
POST-EXTRACTION
MICRODISSECTION (LCM)
FILTRATION
5. QUALITY ASSURANCE AND VALIDATION
Forensic DNA laboratory can be separated into the prelaboratory, laboratory,
and post laboratory.

The laboratory involves inspections, DNA quantification, DNA extraction, DNA

amplification, electrophoresis and typing.

Then the interpretation of results, databasing, and statement reporting are

considered as post laboratory procedures. These steps are executed in
different areas to avoid contamination and to make a smooth transition from
one step to another
6. ADVANCED AND EMERGING TECHNIQUES AND METHODOLOGIES OF DNA
ANALYSIS

Short tandem repeat (STR) typing methods are used for human identity testing
including forensic DNA analysis.

Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) analysis

● DNA can undergo different types of single nucleotide polymorphisms due to a change in one
nucleotide in the sequence. Single nucleotide polymorphisms, constantly called SNPs, are the
most common type of genetic differentiation among people.
● Every SNP introduces a difference in a DNA sequence by changing a nucleotide. Example, a
SNP may replace the nucleotide thymine with the nucleotide cytosine in a certain draw of DNA.
● SNP can perform as biological markers, helping scientists locate genes that are associated with
diseases.
6. ADVANCED AND EMERGING TECHNIQUES AND METHODOLOGIES OF DNA ANALYSIS

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis

● Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has provided forensic scientists with an especial

tool to determine the source of DNA recovered from degraded, damaged, or
very small biological materials. mtDNA is a circular genome, which is located
outside of a cell's nucleus.
● The number of copies of mtDNA increases the likelihood of recovering
measurable DNA from compromised DNA samples and for this reason,
mtDNA plays a major role in missing persons investigations, mass disasters,
and other forensic analysis involving samples with limited biological material.
7. DNA DATABASES
DNA analysis is used clearly it can bring major benefits to society by helping to
convict serious criminals including rapists and murderers.

Information about genetic material extracted from a sample of tissues, and

personal data are stored in a DNA database which can be used in forensic
analysis it is defined as the National DNA Database.

We must be confident that the government and the police use DNA in a way
that complement our fundamental right to privacy and to protects civil
liberties.
8. The Future of Forensic DNA Analysis

Forensic
1985 1986 DNA
testing

The first useful system, VNTRs (variable number Criminal justice

the blood groups, was of tandem repeats) began community, remains from
discovered to be used for forensic missing persons and
studies victims of mass disasters
 9. Conclusions

Before DNA can be The effectiveness An enzyme-based DNA can be either

isolated, it is of different DNA microfluidic dehydrated or kept
important to extraction methods method can extract in a specially-
confirm the true depends on the nucleic acid directly designed medium
identity of the exact nature of the from whole blood, for long term
forensic samples sample swabs, and blood storage
found on cotton or
denim
CRITICAL
APPRAISAL
1. Were the questions and methods clearly stated?

The questions were clearly stated:

Population : unidentified samples in forensic cases
Intervention : forensic DNA Analysis
Outcome : To link an individual to a crime scene, identify human remains from
……………...mass disasters, unidentified bodies and missing persons

The methods were not stated.

2. Were comprehensive search methods used to
locate relevant studies?

Yes, at the conclusion of line 3 from the end.

3. Were explicit methods used to determine which
articles to include in the review?
4. Was the validity of the primary studies assessed?
5. was the assessment of the primary studies
reproducible and free from bias ?

Yes, the primary studies reproducible and free from bias

6. was the variation in the findings of the relevant
studies analyzed ?

In this journal, the variation in the findings of relevant studies are

analyzed
CRITICAL APPRAISAL

7. Were the findings of the 8. Were the reviewers’

primary studies combined conclusions supported by
appropriately? the data cited?

In this journal, some research was The conclusions of this journal is

studied and combined. supported by the data cited.