CLA J Politecnico di Torino - Lingua inglese I

E3 Course GLOSSARIES - !ntroduction

What the glossaries are for
You need a variety of vocabulary to obtain 5.0. in the !ELTS exam. These glossaries
will help you to develop your vocabulary.

The E3 vocabulary programme uses the words in these glossaries, so bring the
glossary to all lessons.

Contents:
Each glossary covers oneftwo topics from the !ELTS Express !ntermediate book.

The words are grouped into sections: NOUNS, vERBS, ADJECT!vES, PHRASES. The
`WORD FAN!L!ES' section includes words which are closely related for example
secure, security, (in)secure, securely.

Each section of the glossary is divided into columns. The first column lists the
English words in alphabetical order and the second column has a translation in
!talian. Usually there is only a one-word translation connected to the theme of the
lesson. To find other meanings of a word in the glossary you will need a dictionary.

Abbreviations and symbols used in the glossaries:
c = countable
u = uncountable
pl = plural
v = verb
adj = adjective
* = this word also appears in the Word Families section

How to use the glossaries:
Before the lesson
Study the glossary for the lesson you are going to attend.
Read all the words. Check words you already know and use.
Highlight words you understand but don't use.

During the lesson
use the glossary to complete vocabulary exercises
Listen tofpractice the pronunciation of the glossary words
Use the glossary words during speakingfwriting exercises
Highlight glossary words in texts during readingflistening exercises

After the lesson
Note the words you learned in the lesson. Score out all the words you already know
and use. Divide the other words in two lists:
Words you understand but don't usually use
Words which are completely new to you
Check:1 cover up the !talian column and try to translate the English words into
!talian.
Check:2 cover up the English and try to translate the words from !talian to English.


How to learn new words :

Learn all aspects of new words. Are they verbs, nouns, or adjectives? Do you know
all the members of the word families connected to each word? Do you know other
words they are often used with? Can you pronounce the new words correctly?

Learn new words in categories for example people", money", problems", etc. Try
to memorise two categories a day. Use the Check1 and Check2 methods (see :
After the lesson section).

Revise 15 - 20 words every day from each of the glossaries. Study both words
which are familiar and words which are completely new to you. !dentify words
which you find more difficult and revise this list more often.









































CLA f Politecnico di Torino - Lingua !nglese ! Livello
Corso E3
GLOSSARY 1
EDUCATION and UNIVERSITY

NOUNS SOSTANTIVI
assignment c compito assegnato
challenge c * sfida
college universita
curriculum c programma di studi
degree c laurea
dissertation esercitazione, monografia, tesina
distance learning u studio a distanza
doctorate, PhD c dottorato
entry requirements pl requisiti per l'ammissione
fees c tasse (universitarie)
field c campo
findings u conclusioni
funding u finanziamento
grade c voto
graduate c * un laureato
graduate school c scuola di specializzazione post-laurea
grant c borsa di studio
high school scuola superiore
internship c * stage
journal c rivista specializzata accademica
knowledge u * conoscenza
laboratory c laboratorio
lecture hall c aula universitaria
lecture c * lezione universitaria
library c biblioteca
literature u opere su un argomento, bibliografia
Naster's degree c master universitario
postgraduate c studente post-laurea di 1 livello
professor c professore ordinario
qualifications pl titoli di studio
research fellow c * ricercatore
scope u portata, campo di indagine
seminar c seminario
skill c abilita pratica
sources pl fonti
student residence c collegio universitario
subject materia, esame
syllabus c programma accademico (di studio, di corso)
task c compito, lavoro
term c periodo didattico
thesis c tesi di laureafdi ricerca
topic c argomento
tutor c * docente che segue ristretto gruppo di studenti
undergraduate c studente universitario





PHRASES FRASI
apply for a student loan fare domanda per un prestito per studenti
do research * fare ricerca
enrol on a course * iscriversi a un corso
go for an interview fare un colloquio (per accedere all'universita)
sit an exam sostenere un'esame
take a course seguire un corso
take notes prendere appunti
travel abroad viaggiare all'estero
win a scholarship vincere una borsa di studio (per merito)

ADJECTIVES AGGETTIVI
academic universitario
current attuale
postgraduate post-laurea
relevant pertinente
studious * studioso

VERBS VERBI
cheat copiare
fail non superare, essere bocciato
find out informarsi, venire a sapere, scoprire
pass superare
revise * studiare per un esame, ripassare

WORD FAMILIES

NOUN VERB ADJECTIVE
challenge sfida, impegno challenge sfidare challenging
impegnativo, stimolante
enrolment immatricolazione enrol immatricolarsi enrolled immatricolato
intern stagista
internship stage
(do an internship)
fare uno stage
-
graduate laureato
graduation il laurearsi
graduate laurearsi -
knowledge conoscenza know sapere, conoscere known conosciuto
lecture lezione universitaria
lecturer docente universitario
- -
research ricerca
researcher ricercatore
research fare ricerca well-researched
ben sviluppato
poorly researched
poco sviluppato
revision studio, ripasso revise studiare, ripassare -
study uno studio(analisi, ricerca) study studiare studious studioso
tutor docente che segue ristretto gruppo di studenti
tutorial corso per ristretto gruppo di studenti
- -










CLA f Politecnico di Torino - Lingua !nglese ! Livello
Corso E3
GLOSSARY 2
SHOPPING & THE INTERNET

NOUN SOSTANTIVO
benefit c * beneficio
broadband connection c connessione adsl
cable connection c connessione via cavo
cheque c assegno
coverage u copertura, segnale
currency u valuta
delivery c consegna (di merce)
desktop c computer da tavolo
dial-up connection c connessione analogica
direct debit c addebito bancario
earpiece c auricolare
e-payment c sistemi di pagamento in rete
feature c caratteristica
goods u merce
headphones pl cuffie
hire purchase u pagamento rateale
information technology (!T) u informatica
interest rate c tasso d'interesse
item c pezzo, articolo
laptop c pc portatile
net surfer c navigatore in rete
network c rete
package c pacchetto
palmtop c palmare
Pay As You Go traffico telefonico prepagato
picture message c mms
ringtone c suoneria
scheme c piano
text message c sms
top-up card c carta prepagata
video message c video messaggio
warranty c garanzia
wireless connection c connessione senza fili

ADJECTIVE AGGETTIVO
convenient comodo, pratico
up-to-date aggiornato

VERB VERBO
broadcast trasmettere, diffondere
download scaricare (da internet)
purchase* acquistare
surf (the web) navigare


PHRASES FRASI
become dependent on something * diventare dipendente da qualcosa
breach security v J breach of security n c violare i sistemi di sicurezzafviolazione dei
sistemi di sicurezza
computer f credit card fraud truffa informatica f con carta di credito
go online collegarsi
identity theft furto di identita
make purchases fare degli acquisti
order, shop, make purchases online
order, shop, make purchases on f through
!nternet
ordinare, comprare, fare acquisti in rete
ordinare, comprare, fare acquisti in f
attraverso internet
post (personal) details inviare i (propri) dati
run a search effettuare una ricerca
take out a warranty mettere in garanzia
value for money convenienza (economica)

WORD FAMILIES

NOUN VERB ADJECTIVE
benefit
beneficio
benefit (from)
trarre beneficio (da)
beneficial (to)
di beneficio (per)
dependence
dipendenza
depend (on)
dipendere (su)
dependent on someonefsomething
dipendente su qualcuno f qualcosa
purchaser
acquirente
purchases
acquisti
purchase
acquistare
purchasable
acquistabile


























CLA f Politecnico di Torino - Lingua !nglese ! Livello
Corso E3
GLOSSARY LESSON 3
JOBS

NOUNS NOMI
application form c * modulo di domanda
career c carriera
company c societa
duties pl mansioni
earnings pl * guadagni
employee c * dipendente
flexitime u orario flessibile scelto dal lavoratore
job advertisement c inserzione di lavoro
job description c mansionario
job interview c colloquio di lavoro
job c lavoro, impiego (concreto)
labour u lavoro manuale
maternity leave c aspettativa per maternita
occupation c impiego, professione, lavoro
office job c lavoro da impiegato
overtime u straordinario
pay c retribuzione
perk c beneficio supplementare allo stipendio (per
esempio l'auto fornito dalla ditta)
promotion c * promozione
qualifications pl titoli di studio
retirement c * pensionamento
salary c stipendio
shift c turno lavorativo
skills pl * abilita, competenze
staff pl personale
training u formazione professionale
understaffing u mancanza di personale
unemployment rate u tasso di disoccupazione
union c sindacato
work u * lavoro, il lavorare (concetto astratto)
work experience c esperienza lavorativa
workforce c manodopera, forza lavoro
working day c giorno lavorativo
work-related stress c stress da lavoro

VERBS VERBI
resign dimettersi
take on assumere

ADJECTIVES AGGETTIVI
demanding impegnativo, esigente
freelance da libero professionista
on call essere reperibile
on duty essere di servizio
redundant (be made redundant) in esubero (essere licenziato per esubero di
personale)
rewarding gratificante, che da soddisfazione

PHRASES FRASI
apply for a job fare domanda di lavoro
be fired essere licenziato
discrimination in the workplace discriminazione nell'ambiente lavorativo
earn money guadagnare soldi
get promoted * essere promosso (di grado)
go on strike * Scioperare
work in a team lavorare in squadra
work outdoors lavorare all'aperto
work freelance lavorare a progetto, in proprio, freelance
work nine to five avere il tipico orario d'ufficio

WORD FAMILIES

NOUN VERB ADJECTIVE
application
domanda (di lavoro, di iscrizione ecc)
apply
fare domanda
-
earnings
guadagni
earn
guadagnare
-
employment
occupazione, assunzione
unemployment
disoccupazione
employer
datore di lavoro
employee
dipendente
employ
assumere
employed
occupato
unemployed
disoccupato

promotion
promozione, avanzamento
promote
promuovere, far avanzare di grado
-
retirement
pensionamento
retire
andare in pensione
retired
pensionato
skill
abilita, competenza
- (un)skilled
(non) qualificato, (non)
specializzato
strike
sciopero
striker
scioperante
go on strike
scioperare
-
training
formazione
trainee
tirocinante, apprendista
train
formare, formarsi
trained
qualificato, abilitato,
preparato
work
il lavoro
worker
operaio
work
lavorare
working
lavorativo, che lavora





CLA f Politecnico di Torino - Lingua !nglese ! Livello
Corso E3
GLOSSARY LESSON +
CRIME, PUNISHMENT AND THE LAW

NOUNS SOSTANTIVI
arson c incendio doloso
burglar f burglary c scassinatore f furto con scasso
community service u servizio civile
court c tribunale
crime c reato, crimine
crime rate c il tasso di criminalita
criminal c Jadj criminale
death penalty c pena di morte
drunk driving u guida in stato di ubriachezza
fine c ammenda, multa
fraud c f fraud u impostore, truffatore f frode, truffa
judge c giudice
jury c giuria
kidnapper c f kidnapping c rapitore, sequestratore f sequestro, rapimento
murderer c f murder c omicida, assassino f omicidio, assassinio
offender c trasgressore, colpevole
pickpocket c borseggiatore
prevention u prevenzione
prison c * carcere f prigione
prosecutor c avvocato dell'accusa, procuratore
punishment c punizione
robber f robbery c rapinatore, ladro f rapina, furto
security u * sicurezza
sentence c f v pena , condanna
smuggler c f smuggling u contrabbandiere f contrabbando
suspect cJ v sospetto f sospettare
terrorist c f terrorism u terrorista f terrorismo
thief cftheft u ladroffurto
vandal c f vandalism u vandalo, teppista f vandalismo
victim c vittime
witness c f v testimone f testimoniare

VERBS VERBI
arrest arrestare
convict giudicare colpevole, condannare
offend trasgredire, infrangere
protect * proteggere
reduce ridurre
regret rimpiangere
re-offend recidivare
report denunciare
steal (stolefstolen) rubare
treat * trattare
ADJECTIVES AGGETTIVI
harsh severo
legal * legale
overcrowded sovraffollato
released scarcerato, rilasciato, messo in liberta

PHRASES FRASI
commit a crime commettere un delitto
break the law infrangere la legge
make a proposal fare una proposta
take tough measures prendere severi provvedimenti

WORD FAMILIES

NOUN VERB ADJECTIVE ADVERB
prison
carcerefprigione
prisoner
prigioniero
imprisonment
carcerazione
imprison
incarcerare
imprisoned
imprigionato
-
- legalise
legalizzare
(il)legal
(il)legale
legally
legalmente
security
sicurezza
secure
sicuro
(in)secure
(in)sicuro
securely
in modo ben
saldo
protection
protezione
protect
proteggere
protected
protetto
-
treatment
trattamento
(mis)treat
(mal)trattare
(mis)treated
(mal)trattato
-


























CLA f Politecnico di Torino - Lingua !nglese ! Livello
Corso E3
GLOSSARY LESSON 5
TRANSPORT AND !NvENT!ONS

1) TRANSPORT

NOUNS SOSTANTIVI
accidentfcrash c incidente
car owner c proprietario di automobile
commuter c pendolare
congestion u congestionefingorgo
drunk driving u guida in stato di ubriachezza
fare c tariffafprezzo del biglietto
(dell'autobusfaereoftrenoftaxi)
fine c multa
gate c uscita (al aeroporto)
lack (of investment) u mancanza (di investimenti)
lane c corsia
motorist c automobilista
motorway network c rete autostradale
peak (timeftravel) c ora di puntaftariffa intera
parking fee c tariffa di posteggio (in un posteggio a
pagamento)
parking space c posto (per la macchina)
platform c binario
pollution u * inquinamento
rush hour c ora di punta
safety u sicurezza
speed limit c limite di velocita
strike c sciopero
subsidy c* sovvenzionefsussidio
tax c tassa
timetable c orario (dei treni etc.)
traffic jam c ingorgo stradale
traffic light c semaforo
transport u trasporto
vehicle c veicolo

ADJECTIVES AGGETTIVI
adequate sufficiente (parking)
affordable accessibile (alla portata di)
air-conditioned climatizzato
busyfquiet (roads) strade trafficatefstrade poco trafficate
comfortable essere comodo nel senso confortevole
convenient essere comodo nel senso di vicino, facile da
raggiungere
efficient efficientefad alto rendimento
heavyflight (traffic) traffico intensofpoco (traffico)
overcrowded sovraffollato
reliable* affidabile
traffic-free pedonalizzato
unleaded senza piombo, verde (gasolio)

VERBS VERBI
ban vietare
break down rompersi, rimanere in panne
commute fare il pendolare
run (every half hour) partire (ogni mezz'ora), circolare

PHRASES FRASI
be on time essere in orario

WORD FAMILIES

NOUN VERB ADJECTIVE
(dis)satisfaction
(in)soddisfazione
satisfy
soddisfare
(un)satisfactory
(in)soddisfacente
(dis)satisfied (person)
(in)soddisfatto
pollution
inquinamento
pollutant
agente inquinante
pollute
inquinare
polluted
inquinato
reliability
affidabilita
rely on
contare su
(un)reliable
(in)affidabile
subsidy
sovvenzione
subsidize
sovvenzionare
subsidized
sovvenzionato

2) INVENTIONS

NOUNS SOSTANTIVI
achievement u* successo raggiunto
breakthrough c fadj progresso, svolta f epocale, rivoluzionario
concept c concetto
defect c difetto
device c dispositivo , apparecchio
effort c sforzo, tentativo
engine c motore
experiment c Jv esperimento
feasibility c fattibilita
flow c f v flusso ffluire
heat c J v calorefscaldare
innovation c innovazione
invention c* invenzione
machine c macchina
measure c J v misura f misurare
patent c J v brevetto J brevettare
performance u* prestazione
planning and design u progettazione
power u J v potere,potenza,forzafalimentare,motorizzare
proposal u propostafofferta
research u ricerca
surface c superficie


ADJECTIVES AGGETTIVI
cutting-edge all'avanguardia
mechanical meccanico
outdated superato
state-of-the-art (technology) (tecnologia) d'avanguardia
successful* che ha successo,buon esito

VERBS VERBI
create creare
develop * sviluppare
devise concepire, ideare
enable permettereffavorire
incorporate incorperare,comprendere
lift alzare, sollevare
manufacture fabbricare, produrre
provide fornire, offrire
require * esigere, richiedere

PHRASES FRASI
have f make an impact on something avere un impatto su qualcosa
realise its potential realizzare il potenziale (di una invenzione)

WORD FAMILIES

NOUN VERB ADJECTIVE
achievement
compimentofimpresa
achieve
compiere
-
development
sviluppo
develop
sviluppare
developed
sviluppato
invention
invenzione
inventor
inventore
invent
inventare
-
performance
prestazione
perform
rendere
-
requirement
esigenza
require
richiedere, esigere
-
success
buona riuscita
succeed
riuscire
successful
riuscitofbuon esito



















CLA f Politecnico di Torino - Lingua !nglese ! Livello
Corso E3
GLOSSARY LESSON 6
THE NATURAL WORLD

NOUNS SOSTANTIVI
agriculture* u agricoltura
aid* u aiuto, aiuti
biofuels* pl biocarburanti
breed cJ v varieta, razza f procreare, allevare
carbon dioxide* u biossido di carbonio
catch c pescato
cereal* c cereale
climate* c clima
coal c carbone
crops * c colture
disaster* c calamita
drainage u bonifica
drought* c siccita
dust u polvere
ecological balance* c equilibrio ecologico
environmental issues pl problemi ambientali
environmental policies pl politiche ambientali
evolution* u evoluzione
extinction* u estinzione
famine* c carestia
farmer* c agricoltore
flood * c alluvione
forestry management* u gestione delle foreste
fossil fuels* pl combustibili fossili
funds pl fondi
genetics u genetica
global warming* u riscaldamento globale
greenhouse effect * c effetto serra
harvest * cJv raccolto; raccogliere
land clearance* u disboscamento di un terreno
landholder c proprietario terriero
landscape* c paesaggio
livestock* u bestiame
mammal * c mammifero
matter* u sostanza
mismanagement* u cattiva gestione
oil spillage cJu fuoriuscita di petrolio
organic foods* pl cibi biologici
pesticides* pl pesticide
pollutants * pl inquinanti
pollution u inquinamento
power station c centrale elettrica
rainfall u livello delle precipitazioni
rainforest* c foresta pluviale
replanting trees u riforestazione
scent c odore
sea dumping* u scarico di rifiuti nel mare
seabed c fondale marino
seeds c semi
soil u suolo, terreno
species c specie
sustainable management u gestione sostenibile
swamps pl paludi
vegetation u vegetazione
vermin u animali nocivi
vivisection u vivisezione
waterlogged land u terra imbevuta, inondata
weed c erbaccia
wilderness * c u natura selvaggia
wildlife preservation u conservazione delle specie animali
windfarm c centrale eolica
woodlands* pl

boschi

VERBS VERBI
cultivate* coltivare
deplete resources esaurire risorse
dispose of rubbish smaltire i rifiuti
dry up prosciugarsi, esaurirsi
eradicate sradicare
feed alimentare
hibernate ibernare
milk mungere
recycle waste* riciclare i rifiuti
plant seminare

ADJECTIVES AGGETTIVI
endangered a rischio
genetically modified* transgenico
ripe maturo
vulnerable vulnerabile
environmentally friendly ecocompatibile

WORD FAMILIES
NOUN ADJECTIVE ADVERB VERB
agriculture
agricoltura
agricultural
agricolo, agrario
- -
ecology
ecologia
ecological
ecologico
ecologically
ecologicamente
-
evolution
evoluzione
evolutionary
evolutivo
- evolve
evolvere, evolversi,
svilupparsi
extinction
estinzione
extinct
estinto
- become extinct
estinguersi
nature
natura
natural
naturale
naturally
in modo naturale
-
genetics
genetica
genes
geni
genetic
genetico
genetically
geneticamente
-






CLA f Politecnico di Torino - Lingua !nglese ! Livello
Corso E3
GLOSSARY 7
FOOD AND DIET

NOUN SOSTANTIVO
balanced diet c alimentazione equilibrata
catering u ristorazione, catering
choice c scelta
convenience foods pl cibi pronti (generalmente surgelati)
course c portata
craving c bisogno, desiderio
dairy products pl latticini
dietary f eating habits pl abitudini alimentari
dish c piatto, portata
(salad) dressing c condimento (per insalata)
eating disorder c disturbo alimentare
ethnic food u cibo etnico fcucina etnica
fat c grasso
filling c J adj farcitura f che sazia
food allergy allergia alimentare
food u cibo, cucina
foodie (colloquial) c buongustaio, amante della buona cucina
french fries pl patate fritte
frozen food u cibo surgelato
health u * salute
health food u cibo dietetico f naturale
health warning c avviso per la salute
hunger u * fame
intake c consumo
junk food u porcherie
label c etichetta
meal c pasto
microwave dinner c pasto per forno a microonde
nutrition u * nutrizione
nutritional value c valore nutritivo
obesity u obesita
over-eating u (il) mangiare troppo
ready-made meal c cibo pronto
serving c porzione
soft drink c bibita
source c fonte
starters u antipasti
taste c J v gusto f gustare
Tv dinner c pasto pronto da consumare davanti alla Tv
vegetarian c vegetariano
veggie burger c hamburger vegetariano
weight c * peso

ADJECTIVE AGGETTIVO
genetically-modified (GN) modificato geneticamente
low-fat a basso contenuto di grassi
obese obeso
organic biologico
overweight sovrappeso
savoury salato
spicy piccante, speziato

VERB VERBO
avoid evitare
bake cuocere al forno
ban vietare
boil bollire
choose scegliere
curb tenere a freno
eating out f at home mangiare fuori f a casa
fry friggere
grill grigliare
lose weight perdere peso
reduce ridurre
skip saltare
trigger innescare

PHRASES FRASI
be a good cook essere un bravo cuoco
be an imaginative cook avere fantasia in cucina
enjoy your food essere un buongustaio
have a sweet tooth essere goloso di dolci
meals for special occasions piatti per occasioni speciali

WORD FAMILIES

NOUN VERB ADJECTIVE
health
salute
be healthy
essere in salute
healthy
salutare
unhealthy
malaticcio, malsano
hunger
fame
be hungry
avere fame
hungry
affamato
nutrition
nutrizione
nutrient
nutriente
malnutrition
malnutrizione
nourish
nutrire
nutritious
nutriente
nutritional
nutritivo
malnourished
malnutrito
weight
peso

weigh
pesare
overweight
sovrappeso
underweight
sottopeso












CLA f Politecnico di Torino - Lingua !nglese ! Livello
Corso E3
GLOSSARY LESSON 8
SICKNESS & HEALTH

NOUNS NOMI
blood u sangue
brain c cervello
cell c cellula
chest c petto
cough c tossire, tosse
disease c malattia (infettiva, congenita)
drug c farmaco, medicina, droga
fever u febbre alta
flu u influenza
headache c mal di testa
health u salute, sanita
health care u prevenzione, assistenza sanitaria
health insurance u assicurazione sanitaria
health service c servizio sanitario pubblico
heart attack c infarto
illness c malattia (generica)
injury u* lesione
intensive care u terapia intensiva
joint c articolazione
junk food u porcherie, schifezze (cibo)
kidney c rene
liver c fegato
lung c polmone
muscle c muscolo
pain c dolore
painkiller c antidolorifico
recovery c* guarigione, ripresa
stroke c ictus
surgery c* intervento chirurgico, operazione
toothache u mal di denti
treatment c* terapia, trattamento
unit c unita, reparto
ward c reparto (di ospedale)
weight c * peso

VERBS VERBI
avoid evitare
be f get ill essere malato f ammalarsi
bef get sick essere malato f ammalarsi
breathe* respirare
cure* cura che fa guarire, guarigione f guarire
qualcuno
faint* svenire
harm* danneggiare
hurt fare male, dolere
prevent* evitare, impedire
reduce ridurre
relieve dare sollievo

PHRASES FRASI
catch a cold (prendersi un) raffreddore
have an injection sottoporsi ad una puntura, iniezione
have an operation sottoporsi ad un'intervento chirurgico
keep fit mantenersi in forma
lie on your back distendersi in posizione supina
lose weight* dimagrire

WORD FAMILIES

NOUN VERB ADJECTIVE ADVERB
breath
respiro
breathe
respirare
- -
cure
cura, guarigione
cure
guarire qualcuno
(in)curable
(in)guaribile
-
fainting
svenimento
faint
svenire
- -
harm harm harmful harmfully
health
salute
- (un)healthy
(poco) salutare
healthily
in modo sano
injury
ferita, lesione, infortunio
injure
ferire fisicamente lesionare,
infortunare
injured
ferito, lesionato,
infortunato
-
loss
perdita
lose
perdere
lost
perso

pain
dolore
- painful
doloroso
painfully
dolorosamente
prevention
prevenzione
prevent
prevenire
preventable
preventative
che previene
preventatively
preventivamente
recovery
guarigione
recover
guarire
- -
surgery
chirurghia
surgeon
chirurgo
havefundergo surgery
essere operato
surgical
chirurgico
-
treatment
terapia
treat
trattare
(un)treatable
(in)curabile
-
weight
peso
weigh
pesare
overweight
sovrappeso
-











E3 GRAMMAR REFERENCE - LESSON 1

LESSON 1 : talking about what you like J dislike

Likes {in general) - using verbs and adverbs
SUBJECT ADVERB VERB GERUND J NOUN
really

adore
love
enjoy
like
hate
detest
!
quite like
books
watching Tv
going out
studying here
living in Turin
the cinema
classical music

Rememberll You can also use very much.

E.g. ! enjoy watching Tv very much.
{NOTE the position of very much - at the end of the sentence.)

Likes {in general) - using adjectives and adverbs
SUBJECT + BE

ADVERB ADJECTIVE +
PREPOSITION
GERUND J NOUN
!'m very
really
quite
interested in
keen on
skiing
going to the gym
environmental issues

Rememberll In the IELTS Speaking interview, say WHY you like things

E.g. ! enjoy studying at the Politecnico because ! find technical subjects fascinating.

linker + reason

LESSON 1 : talking about what you would like to do

Rememberll would + like to = want to

E.g. ! would like to see the new Scorsese film = ! want to see it but ! haven't seen it
yet

BUT ! like Scorsese films = ! think Scorsese films are good.


Rememberll wouldJwouldn't + like + to + infinitive
{don'tJdoesn'tJdidn't) like + gerund J noun
LESSON 1 : Future plans and ambitions

Use be going to + infinitive to talk about your future plans

Positive and negative

SUBJECT AUXILIARY {+ NOT) GOING TO INFINITIVE
! am f `m fam f `m not going to study abroad
You, we, they are f `re f are not f aren't going to visit your friends
HefShef!t is f `s f is not f isn't going to retire soon

Questions

SUBJECT AUXILIARY
{+ NOT)
SUBJECT GOING TO INFINITIVE
When
What
Where
am
are
is
!
youfwefthey
hefshefit
going to
going to
going to
see
do
do
you again?
next year?
an internship?


Other phrases to talk about your future plans and ambitions

STRUCTURE EXAMPLE MEANING
be planning to + inf ! am planning to graduate in
Narch.
More certain than
hoping to

be hoping to + inf We are hoping to publish this
research.
Less certain than Be
going to

be looking forward to +
verb+ing
! am looking forward to having
more free time.
= I'm excited about
this and I'm going to
enjoy it when it
happens

be thinking of +
verb + ing

! am thinking of doing a
Naster's.

would like + to + inf

! would like to work abroad.
want + to + infinitive

! want to leave !taly.
would love + to + inf ! would love to become an
engineer.











E3 GRAMMAR REFERENCE - LESSON 2

LESSON 2 : Comparing

COMPARATIVE ADJECTIVES

Use a lot or much before the comparative to express a big difference.

E.g. Spain is much J a lot bigger than Portugal.

Use a bit or a little before the comparative to express a small difference.

E.g. ! think our society has become a bit J a little more aggressive than in the past.

ADJECTIVE COMPARATIVE RULE
high

higher than One syllable + er
hot hotter than One vowel+one consonant
double final consonant + er

wealthy wealthier than Consonant + y - y + ier

popular moreJless popular than Two or more syllables
morefless + adjective

good
bad
far
better than
worse than
further than
!rregular

{NOT) AS + ADJECTIVE + AS

Use not as + adjective + as to compare two people or things that are
different

E.g. Women are not as strong as men. (= Nen are stronger than women)

Use as + adjective + as to express the fact that two people or things
are the same

E.g. Women are as intelligent as men. (= they are both equally intelligent)

Use the same + noun + as to say that two things are the same

E.g. We obtained the same results as our colleagues.



COMPARATIVE ADVERBS

Use comparative adverbs to compare 2 actions

ADVERB
{regular)
COMPARATIVE ADVERB
{irregular)
COMPARATIVE
rapidly
slowly
more rapidly than
less slowly than

hard
well
badly
harder
better
worse

E.g. The sales of consumer goods increased more rapidly than the sales of luxury
items.

E.g. Girls generally studied harder than boys.

SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES

ADJECTIVE SUPERLATIVE
high the highest
hot the hottest
wealthy the wealthiest
popular the most popular
good the best
bad the worst
far the furthest

E.g. The most popular sport for teenage girls was basketball.

E.g. The wealthiest section of the population is in the +0-50-year-old age group.

COMPARING QUANTITIES

COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
a few(+ countable noun) fewer . than the fewest
a little(+ uncountable noun) less . than the least

E.g. The least amount of money was spent on books and newspapers.

E.g. Fewer girls than boys enjoyed watching sport on Tv.

Rememberll
Also use the following to compare quantities:

moreJless
E.g. MoreJless money was spent on holidays than on sports activities.

{not) as muchJmany + noun + as

E.g. Women did not spend as much money on technology as men.

E.g. Nen do not make as many phone calls as women.

E3 GRAMMAR REFERENCE - Lesson 3

LESSON 3 : Conditionals


Use the FIRST conditional to talk about the result of a possible or
probable event or situation in the future.

The if clause talks about things that are possible, but not certain.

The main clause says what we think the result will be in this situation.


First Conditional
- if clause

If + present simple
First conditional
- main clause

will J will not J won't
+ infinitive
Example

!f ! get promoted, ! will earn
a better salary.

Second Conditional
- if clause

If + past simple,

Second conditional
- main clause

would J would not J
wouldn't + infinitive
Example

!f people retired at 50, there
would be more work
opportunities for young people.



use the SECOND conditional to talk about the result of an improbable
or unreal event or situation in the present or future. !t often talks
about the opposite of what is true or real.

The if clause talks about things that are improbable or unreal.

The main clause says what we think the result would be in this
situation.













E3 GRAMMAR REFERENCE - Lesson 4

LESSON 4 : Linkers

Indicating
the
sequence in
a process

Giving
examples
Indicating
contrast
Adding
information
or ideas
Giving
reasons

Indicating
results
first of all
then
next
at the next
stage
after that
finally
such as
for instance
for example
like
but
nevertheless
although
however
despite
while
whereas
on the other
hand

and
in addition
furthermore
moreover
firstly
secondly
because
since
as
due to

so
therefore
as a result
consequently

Position of linkers in a sentence
!n general, most of the linking words in the table can be used at the
beginning of a sentence.

E.g. Although governments have a role to play, it is consumers who need to choose
more sustainable forms of transport.

E.g. !n many parts of the world, famine and starvation are common. Therefore, GN
foods could help to reduce this problem.


Rememberll
Use such as J but J and J because J due to J so in the middle of a
sentence.

E.g. For certain major illnesses such as cancer and H!v the cause may not be known,
so drug treatment of the symptoms becomes the main focus.


Sentence structure with linking words
!n general, most of the linking words in the table should be followed by a
clause (subject + conjugated verb)

E.g. While we need to meet the demands of an increasing world population, GN foods
are not the solution.



Rememberll
due to J despite J such as must be followed by a noun clause
((adjective) + nounJgerund)

E.g. Nany trees are dying and this could be due to acid rain.

Use sequencing linkers to indicate the order of each stage of a process
in Task 1 writing

E.g.
First of all the furniture is developed and designed. Next, a computer-aided program is
used to cut out the wood needed. The pre-cut pieces are then assembled. While the
pieces are being assembled the paint is prepared and finally the wood is either painted
or stained.

Rememberll
Use either . or to express alternatives during one stage of a process
Use while or as to express two actions that take place at the same time


Use linkers for adding ideas in paragraphs that list advantages J
disadvantages in Task 2 writing

E.g.
There are many reasons why people do not use public transport. Firstly, it is often
uncomfortable. Secondly it may not be reliable or on strike days may not run at all. In
addition if you are in a family group public transport is often more expensive than using
your own car.

























E3 GRAMMAR REFERENCE - Lesson 5

LESSON 5 : Modal verbs

OBLIGATION

to talk about obligation, rules or say something is necessary use must,
need to, have to

You have to drive on the left in Britain.
You need to pay for parking in the town centre.
You must keep to the speed limit or you'll get a fine.
haveJhas to + infinitive
need to + infinitive
must + infinitive

Use had to to talk about obligation in the past
Use will have to to talk about obligation in the future


NO OBLIGATION

Use do notJdon't have to or do notJdon't need to to talk about no
obligation or say something is not necessary.

You don't need to carry !D with you in the UK.


She doesn't have to go to the Politecnico on
Saturdays.

do notJdon't J does notJdoesn't +
need to + infinitive

do notJdon't J does notJdoesn't +
have to + infinitive

Use did not J didn't have to J did not J didn't need to to express no
obligation in the past
Use will notJwon't have to Jwill notJwon't need to to express no
obligation in the future


PROHIBITION

Use must notJmustn't or cannotJcan't to say something is
prohibited

You must not smoke in public spaces.
You cannot park on the pavement.
must notJmustn't + infinitive
cannotJcan't + infinitive

Use could notJcouldn't + infinitive to talk about prohibition in the past
Use will notJwon't be able to + infinitive to talk about prohibition
in the future



ADVICE J RECOMMENDATIONS

Use shouldJ should not Jshouldn't or ought to to give advice or
recommendations

! think governments should subsidize public
transport
! think people ought to walk more.
You should not eat a lot of junk food - it's bad
for your health.
should J should not Jshouldn't J
ought to + infinitive



POSSIBILITY

Use may J may not J might J might not to say what is possible but
not certain to happen


!n the future people might eat more frozen
food.
People may not travel abroad on holiday so
often in the next few years.
mayJmay not J mightJ might not +
infinitive

























E3 GRAMMAR REFERENCE - Lesson 6

LESSON 6: Tense review

PRESENT SIMPLE

I J you J we J they He J she J it
+
-
?
! usually eat at home.
They don't live near here.
Do you work or study?
She knows me very well.
!t doesn't often rain here.
Does your brother like music?

Use the present simple to express frequency (how often an action
occurs) or repeated action

E.g. At high school in !taly, we study English twice a week.
! go to the gym every Nonday evening.

Use the present simple to express a general or permanent truth (not
only now)

E.g. Good teachers explain their subject in a way that everybody can understand.


PRESENT CONTINUOUS


I YouJweJthey He J she J it
+
-
?
!'m studying maths.
!'m not studying
maths.
Am ! studying maths?
They're doing research.
They're not doing
research.
Are they doing research?
He's sharing a flat.
He's not sharing a
flat.
Is he sharing a flat?

Use the present continuous to express a temporary action
happening now or around now

E.g. !n maths this year, we're studying a lot of algebra.

Rememberll
State verbs (which express opinions f states and feelings) are not usually
used in continuous tenses.

E.g. like, believe, love, be, remember, understand, want, hate, know, agree, have (got),
think
PAST SIMPLE

+ - ?
!fYoufHefShef!tf
WefThey

stayed in a hotel did notJdidn't
stay in a hotel
Where did you
stay?

Use the past simple to talk about events that start and finish in the
past.

E.g. ! lost my car keys yesterday.
When did they arrive?
! lived in Egypt 10 years ago.

Use the past simple to talk about events that happened regularly in
the past

E.g. ! spent my holidays in France when ! was a child.

Rememberll
For most regular verbs, pronounce the past form ending (-ed) as JdJ or JtJ.
Do NOT add an extra syllable. E.g. parked, introduced, enjoyed

For regular verbs ending in -t or -d, pronounce the past form ending (-ed)
as JedJ. This is pronounced as an extra syllable. E.g. created, decided,
disappointed

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

I J you J we J they He J she J it
+

-

?
!'ve lived here for 3 years.

They haven't seen him for ages.

Have you ever been abroad?
She's lived here for 3 years.

He hasn't seen them for ages.

Has it been here for long?
Use the present perfect to talk about unfinished actions or
situations, which started in the past and continue to the
present. For, since and how long? are common with this use.

Compare :
!'ve worked for F!AT for two years. (= ! still work for F!AT now)
! worked for F!AT for two years. (= Now ! work for a different company)

Use the present perfect for experiences in our lives up to now
(Remember : the focus is not on when the experience happened). Ever
and never are common with this use


Compare :
!'ve learned several foreign languages. (= at some time in my life, before now)
! learned French when ! was at high school. (= at a definite, finished past time)


Use the present perfect to talkfwrite about change in the !ELTS exam.

Eg Nany large cities have become more polluted than in the past.
Ny town has changed quite a lot over the past few years.

Rememberll
For most regular verbs, pronounce the past participle ending (-ed) as JdJ or
JtJ. Do NOT add an extra syllable. E.g. parked, introduced, enjoyed

For regular verbs ending in -t or -d, pronounce the past participle ending
(-ed) as JedJ. This is pronounced as an extra syllable. E.g. created,
decided, disappointed

Learn the past participle forms of irregular verbs.

THE PASSIVE VOICE

Present
+ - ?
The clay is extracted. The clay isn't extracted. Is the clay extracted?
Bricks are produced from
clay.
Bricks aren't produced
from wood.
Are bricks produced from
clay?

Present Perfect
+ - ?
After the clay has been
extracted it is put into a
mould.
The clay has not been
extracted yet.
Has the clay been
extracted yet?
After the bricks have been
shaped, they are heated in an
oven.
The bricks have not
been shaped yet.
Have the bricks been
shaped yet?

Use the passive
o in formal writing to make it less personal
o to describe a process

Rememberll
Do NOT use the passive for natural (or biological) processes, where
people are not involved.
E.g. Plants absorb carbon dioxide from the air.

E3 GRAMMAR REFERENCE - Lesson 7

LESSON 7 : Countable and uncountable nouns J quantity
expressions

Uncountable nouns in English express a general or abstract concept.

research information news money behaviour traffic transport progress
weather accommodation work health advice luggage furniture homework
equipment waste rubbish politics travel politics

Uncountable nouns have no plural form, take a singular verb and
cannot be used with aJan

E.g. There is a lot of traffic on the roads today.
This research produced surprising results.
The nation's health is not at risk.

EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY

Example Use Expression of quantity
!'m stressed. ! have too
much work.
Use too much to say ` more
than is good'
too much + uncountable
noun
Ny diet is unhealthy. ! eat
too many cakes and
sweets.
Use too many to say ` more
than is good'
too many + plural noun
! can't go out. !'m too busy. Use too to say ` more than
is good'
too + adjective
Do you eat enough
vE.g.etables?
Use enough to say `all that
is necessary'
enough + noun
This dress isn't big
enough.
Use not . enough to say `
less than necessary'
not + adjective + enough
All members of staff were
given a pay rise
All information is kept on
the database
Use all to express the total
number or amount
all + plural f uncountable
noun
Very little water was
consumed in the home.
A small amount of water
was consumed in the home.
Use very littleJa small
amount of to indicate
small quantities
little J a small amount of
+ uncountable noun
Very few females played
football.
A small number of
females played football
Use very fewJa small
number of to indicate
small quantities
fewJ a small number of
+ plural noun

Example Use Expression of quantity
A lot of money was spent
on food and petrol in the
UK.
A large amount of money
was spent on food and
petrol in the UK.
Use a lot of Ja large
amount of to indicate large
quantities
a lot ofJ a large amount
of + uncountable noun
A lot of people expressed
dissatisfaction with the
service.
Several people expressed
dissatisfaction with the
service.
Many people expressed
dissatisfaction with the
service.
A large number of people
expressed dissatisfaction
with the service.

Use a lot of J several J
manyJ a large number of
to express large quantities
a lot of Jseveral Jmany J
a large number of + plural
noun
The majority of students
preferred going to the
cinema to going to the
theatre.
Most students preferred
going to the cinema to going
to the theatre
Use the majority of J
most to indicate nearly all
of the people or things in a
group
the majority of + plural f
uncountable noun

most + pluralfuncountable
noun

Both men and women
enjoy spending time with
friends.
Use both . and to
express A and B
both + pluralfuncountable
noun + and +
pluralfuncountable noun
Neither males nor females
studied for more than five
hours a week in the library.
Use neither . nor to
express Not A and Not B -
Use neither . nor to talk
about two thingsfgroups
neither+ plural
funcountable noun + nor +
pluralfuncountable noun
!n contrast with the other
countries in the study, !taly
used no nuclear power at
all.
Use no to express not one
or not any = zero quantity
positive verb + no +
pluralfuncountable noun

None of the governments
felt that the environment
was a priority.
Use none of to express not
any amount of or not one of
a group of

none of + plural f
uncountable noun


E3 GRAMMAR REFERENCE - Lesson S

LESSON S : Articles and determiners

1. AJAN, THE, ZERO ARTICLE

Use AJAn : Use The : Use Zero article :
with singular nouns. With singular, plural and
uncountable nouns
With plural and
uncountable nouns
when the person or thing is
new to the readerflistener
because the person or thing
a) has not been mentioned
before
b) is not already known to
the readerflistener
When the person or thing is
known to the
readerflistener because :
a) the person or thing has
been mentioned before
b) there is only one
E.g. the sun, the moon
c) it is clear from the
context which person or
thing you mean
E.g. Would you open the
window please?
When we refer to people or
things in general
E.g. Nowadays
information is widely
available. (information in
general)

Compare with:
The information you
asked for is unavailable at
present.
(specific information - the
information you asked for)
Before geographical places
E.g. ! usually go to the
mountains, the sea, the
beach, the countryside at
the weekend.
Before institutions in general
E.g. She's in hospital
Before points of the
compass, geographical
position and areas on a
diagram
E.g. in the North, at the
bottom, at the top, in the
middle, in the suburbs
Before percentages

E.g. 1S% of the population
is below 16 years of age.
Before states, kingdoms,
republics
E.g. the UK, the USA, the
Republic of China







2. POSSESSIVE 'S

Singular noun + `s Ny brother's wife .
Plural noun + ` Ny grandparents' house .
!rregular plural noun + `s Ny children's friends .

Use the possessive 'S structure to talk about something that belongs
to a particular person, group, organisation, country or animal. !n
other cases use a structure with of.

E.g. America's influence in the world of entertainment is very evident.
He was driving under the influence of alcohol.