From 1913 and onwards…

Periodic Classification
of Elements Yash Kumar Sir | PW Saarthi | Physics Wallah1
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2
 Periodic Table
The table which classifies all the known elements in accordance with their property in such a way
that the elements having same properties are grouped in the same vertical column.

H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
K Ca Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Rb Sr In Sn Sb Te I Xe

3
 Genesis of Periodic Classification
Why do we need classification?
With the discovery of a large number of elements, it became difficult to study the elements
individually, so the classification of elements was done to make the study easier.

1. Lavoisier’s Classification
• Based on the physical properties of the elements, such as hardness, malleability and lustre.
• He classified the elements into two groups, i.e., metals and non-metals.
• Demerit: No place for metalloids.

4
2. Prout’s Classification/ Unitary Theory
• He assumed that all the elements were made up of hydrogen.
• Demerit: Elements are not made up of hydrogen and this theory proposed
fractional atomic masses.
Atomic weight of an element = n × [ Mass of 1 H atom ]

3. Dobereiner’s Traids
• Dobereiner classified the elements into groups of three elements with
similar properties in such a manner that the atomic weight of the middle
element was the arithmetic mean of the other two.
• Demerit: It was helpful in
grouping some elements with
similar characteristics together,
but he could not arrange all
the elements known at that
time into triads.
5
4. Newland’s law of Octaves
• Newland (1865) found that if the elements were arranged in increasing
order of their atomic weight, the properties of every element were like
those of the first one.
• Newland called it the law of octaves (56 elements).

• It was found that this law was applicable only up to Calcium out of 56 known elements.
• When several new elements were discovered whose properties did not fit into the Law of
Octaves.
• In order to fit elements into his Table, Newlands adjusted two elements in the same slot but also
put some unlike elements under the same note.
6
5. Lothar Meyer’s Curve
• He plotted a curve between the atomic weight and atomic volume of different
elements.
• Elements having similar properties occupy similar position curves.
• The following observations can be made from the curve.
(i) Alkali metals (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs etc.) occupy the highest peak positions on the curve.
(ii) Alkaline earth metals (Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba) occupy descending position on the curve.
(iii) Most electronegative elements, i.e., Halogens (F, Cl, Br, I), occupy the ascending
position on the curve.
(iv) Transition metals (d-block elements)
occupy the bottom of the curve.

• Meyer’s periodic table was sufficient in

comparison to Mendeleev’s periodic table,
which was published the same year.
• There was no empirical or logical basis or
classification, and such values are difficult to
remember. 7
6. Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
• The formulas of the hydrides and oxides formed by an element were
treated as one of the basic properties of an element for its classification.
• Mendeleev’s Periodic Law:
The physical and chemical properties of the elements are a periodic
function of their atomic masses.
• Elements with similar characteristics were present in vertical columns
called groups.
• The horizontal rows were known as periods.
• This periodic table is divided into seven horizontal rows (periods) and
eight vertical columns (groups).
• Zero group was added later on in the modified Mendeleev’s Periodic Table. 8
Mendeleev's 1871 periodic table 9
Merits of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
• Systematic study of the elements.
• Prediction of new elements and their properties.
e.g., Eka-Aluminium(Ga), Eka-Silicon(Ge), Eka-Boron(Sc), Eka-Manganese(Tc).
• Mendeleev’s periodic table helped in correcting the atomic masses of some of the elements like
gold, beryllium and platinum based on their positions in the periodic table.
Demerits of Mendeleev’s periodic table
• The position of Hydrogen is not clear.
• Some like elements were placed in different groups like Pt and Au, which have similar properties
but were placed in different groups.
• Some elements are not arranged in the increasing order of their atomic masses.
E.g., Co is placed before Ni,
Ar is placed before K,
Te is placed before I,
Th is placed before Pa.
• Some unlike elements were placed in the same group, like Cu, Ag and Au were placed in 1st group
with Na, K etc., while they differ in their properties. 10
7. Moseley’s Periodic Law (From 1913 and onwards…)
Moseley studied the X-Ray frequency produced by the bombardment
of an intense beam of electrons on a metal target.
He found that the square root of the frequency of X-Ray is directly
proportional to the atomic number of the metal.
i.e., v  Z −b
Or v =a Z −b
Or v = aZ − ab Henry Moseley, English Physicist
(1887- 1915)
“Properties of elements are the periodic function of their atomic
numbers.”

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12
Question:
According to the Periodic Law of Elements, the variation in properties of elements is
related to their:
(a) Nuclear Masses (b) Atomic Numbers
(c) Nuclear Neutron-Proton Number Ratios (d) Atomic Masses
[ JEE-Main 2003]

Question:
Which of the element is not given in Newland’s series?
(a) K (b) F (c) Ne (d) C

Question:
In Mendeleev’s Periodic Law, properties are a function of:
(a) Atomic weight (b) Atomic Number (c) No. of Neutrons (d) No. of Protons
13
• Each group consists of elements having the same outer shell electronic configuration.
Group-1 Group-13 2nd Period
3Li 5B 3Li

11Na 13Al 4Be

19K 31Ga 5B

6C

7N

8O

9F

10Ne

14
• Each period represents the number of shells of energy levels present in the atom of an
element.
• There are total of 7 periods.
Nomenclature of elements with Z > 100
Digit Name Abbreviation
0 nil n
1 un u
2 bi b
3 tri t
4 quad q
5 pent p
6 hex h
7 sept s
8 oct o
9 enn e 15
e.g.,
Z = 101

Z = 104

Z = 115

Z = 118
Question:
The symbol for element 114 is:
(a) Uuq (b) unq (c) uqn (d) unn
16
Question:
The IUPAC symbol for the element with atomic number 119 would be:
(a) Unh (b) uun (c) une (d) uue
[JEE-Mains 2019]
Question:
The atomic number of the element unnilennium is:
(a) 109 (b) 119 (c) 102 (d) 108
[JEE-Mains 2020]
Question:
The atomic number of Unnilunium is  .
[JEE-Mains 2020]
17
Electronic Configuration of Elements and Periodic Table:
• Subshells • Energy ordering:
(i) s 1s < 2s < 2p < 3s < 3p < 4s < 3d < 4p <
(ii) p 5s < 4d < 5p < 6s < 4f < 5d < 6p < 7s <
(iii) d 5f < 6d < 7p <8s
(iv) f
• No. of electrons in each subshell:- • Trick to Remember:-
(i) s-subshell
(ii) p-subshell
(iii) d-subshell
(iv) f-subshell
18
• The highest value of n gives the period no. of an element.
e.g.,
• 1s2 2s2 2p6
• 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1
• 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
• 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d1
Elements in Periods:
• 1st period

• 2nd period

• 3rd period 19
• 4th period

• 5th period

• 6th period

• 7th period
20
Features of the Periods
• 1st period: Magic Numbers:
• 2nd period: 2
8
• 3rd period: 8
• 4th period: 18
18
• 5th period: 32
• 6th period: 32
• 7th period:
• Elements of a group have a similar valence shell electronic configuration, same no. of
valence electrons and similar properties.
21
Question:
How many elements are present in the 6th period?
(a) 18 (b) 8 (c) 32 (d) 64
Classification of elements in s, p, d and f blocks

22
s-block elements’ Electronic Configurations:
Group-1 Group-2
• 1H

• 3Li • 4Be

• 11Na • 12Mg

• 19K • 20Ca

• 37Rb • 38Sr

• 55Cs • 56Ba

• Fr • Ra
Generally: [ns1] Generally: [ns2]
23
Features of s-block elements:
• Group-1: Alkali metals excluding H.
• Group-2: Alkaline Earth Metals excluding Be.
• General Electronic Configuration: ns1-2.
• They are soft metals with low melting and boiling points.
• They are all metals.
• The reactivity of metals increases down the group.
• Good conductor of heat and electricity.
• They have low ionization enthalpy.

24
p-block elements’ Electronic Configurations

Group-13 Group-14 Group-15

• 5B
• 6C • 7N

• 13Al
• 14Si • 15P

• 31Ga
• 32Ge • 33As

• 49In
• 50Sn • 51Sb

• 81Th
• 82Pb • 83Bi

Generally: [ns2np1] Generally: [ns2np2] Generally: [ns2np3]

25
 Group-16 Group-17 Group-18

• 2He

• 8O • 9F • 10Ne

• 16S • 17Cl • 18Ar

• 34Se • 35Br • 36Kr

• 52Te • 53I • 54Xe

• 84Po • 85At • 86Rn

Generally: [ns2np6]
Generally: [ns2np4] Generally: [ns2np5] excluding He 26
Features of p-block elements:
• It contains metals, non-metals and metalloids.
• They mostly form covalent compounds.
• Ionization energy is higher as compared to s-block elements.
• These elements, along with s-block elements, are known as representative or main group
elements.
Question:
Chalcogen group elements are:
(a) Se, Te and Po (b) O, Ti and Po (c) Se, Tb and Pu (d) S, Te and Pm
[JEE-Main 2021]
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28
Question:
Which of the following element is considered as a metalloid?
(a) Sc (b) Pb (c) Bi (d) Te
[JEE-Main 2022]
d-block Elements/Transition Elements
• Elements from group 3 to group 12
• 3d-Series: Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn
• 4d-Series: Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd
• 5d-series: La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Ag

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• General electronic configuration:
(n-1)d1-10 ns0-2

e.g., 21Sc :

• They are hard, ductile and malleable metals with high

melting and boiling point.
• They are good conductors of electricity and heat.
• They form coloured compounds and are used as
catalysts.
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• Transition Elements: Those elements with incompletely filled d-orbitals in their ground
state or any of their oxidation state.
e.g., 30Zn :

Zn2+:
30

• Zn, Cd & Hg (group-12) are not considered transition elements because of their filled d10
configuration.
• Therefore, all transition elements are d-block elements, but all d-block elements are not
transition elements.
Question:
The set that contains atomic numbers of only transition elements is:
(a) 21, 32, 53, 64
(b) 9, 17, 34, 38
(c) 37, 42, 50, 64
(d) 21, 25, 42, 72 31
f-block elements/ Inner Transition Elements

• Lanthanoids (4f Series)

Z = 58 to Z = 71 (14 elements)
• Actinoids (5f Series)
Z = 90 to Z = 103 (14 elements)
• General Electronic Configuration:
(n-2)f1-14 (n-1)d0-1 ns2 32
• They are heavy metals with high melting and boiling points.
• Most of the elements of the Actinide series are radioactive.
• Elements after Uranium (92Ur) are called “trans-uranium elements”.
• Note:
(i) The only liquid elements at standard temperature and pressure (STP) are
Bromine(Br) and Mercury (Hg).
(ii) Although elements Caesium (Cs), Rubidium (Rb), Francium (Fr) and Gallium
(Ga) become liquid at or just above room temperature.
Question:
Which of the elements is in the liquid state at room temperature?
(a) Hg (b) Ba (c) N2 (d) K
Question:
The metal that has a very low melting point and its periodic position is closer to a
metalloid is:
(a) Al (b) Ga (c) Se (d) In
33
Predicting the group, block and period of an element
Step-1: Write the electronic configuration.
Step-2: The highest value of n gives the value of the period number.
Step-3: Block is decided by the subshell, which receives the last electron.
i.e.,
• For s-block elements: Group No. = No. of valence electrons
• For p-block elements: Group No. = 10 + No. of valence electrons
• For d-block elements: Group No. = No. of electrons in ns + No. of electrons in (n-1)d
• For f-block elements:
Lanthanoids (Z = 58 to Z = 71) Actinoids (Z = 90 to Z = 103)
Period = 6 Period = 7
Group = 3 Group = 3

34
e.g.,
• 11Na: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1
Period =
Block =
Group =

• 17Cl: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5

Period =
Block =
Group =

• 25Mn: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d5

Period =
Block =
Group =
35
 • Z = 118
Period =
Block =
Group =

Question:
The element with Z = 120 (not yet discovered) will be an/a:
(a) Inner transition element
(b) Alkaline earth metal
(c) Alkali metal
(d) Transition metal
[JEE-Main 2019]
36
Question:
The group number, number of valence electrons, and the valency of an element with
atomic number 15, respectively, are:
(a) 16, 5 and 2 (b) 16, 6 and 3 (c) 15, 5 and 3 (d) 15, 6 and 2
[JEE-Main 2019]
Question:
The elements with atomic numbers 101 and 104 belong to, respectively,
(a) Group 6 and Actinoids
(b) Actinoids and Group 4
(c) Group 11 and Group 4
(d) Actinoids and Group 6
[JEE-Main 2020]

37
Question:
The outer electronic configuration of a group 13th element E is 4s24p1. The electronic
configuration of an element of p-block, period: five placed diagonally to element E is:
(a) [Xe] 5d10 6s2 6p2 (b) [Xe] 3d10 4s2 4p2
(c) [Kr] 3d10 4s2 4p2 (d) [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2
[JEE-Main 2021]

Question:
Element E belongs to period 4 and group 16 of the periodic table. The valence shell
electronic configuration of the element, which is just above “E” in the group, is:
(a) 3s2 3p4 (b) 3d10 4s2 4p4
(c) 4d10 5s2 5p4 (d) 2s2 2p4
[JEE-Main 2022]

38
• If an electronic configuration is given:
e.g.,
• 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4 • [Ar] 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2
Period = Period =
Block = Block =
Group = Group =

• [Ar] 4s2 3d5 • [Xe] 5d1 6s2

Period = Period =
Block = Block =
Group = Group =

39
Classification of Elements as Metals, Non-Metals and Metalloids
1. Metals
• All s-block, d-block and f-block elements are metals.
• Metals are usually solids at room temperature [mercury(Hg) is an exception; Gallium(Ga)
and Caesium(Cs) also have very low melting points (303K and 302K, respectively)]
• Metals usually have high melting and boiling points.
• They are good conductors of heat and electricity.
• They are malleable (can be flattened into thin sheets by hammering) and ductile (can be
drawn into wires).
• Metallic character increases down a group and decreases along a period as we move from
left to right.

40
2. Non-Metals
• Non-metals are usually solids or gases at room temperature with low melting and boiling
points, excluding Boron and Carbon.
• They show a tendency to gain electrons.
• They are poor conductors of heat and electricity.
• Most non-metallic solids are brittle and are neither malleable nor ductile.
• The non-metallic character increases from left to right across the Periodic Table.

41
3. Metalloids
• Elements which lie along the borderline between metals and non-metals are called
semimetals or metalloids.
• These are Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, Po and At.

Questions:
Considering the elements B, Al, Mg and K, the correct order of their metallic
character is:
(a) B > Al > Mg > K (b) Al > Mg > B > K
(c) Mg > Al > K > B (d) K > Mg > Al > B 42
Question:
Considering the atomic number and position in the periodic table, arrange the
following elements in the increasing order of metallic character: Si, Be, Mg, Na, P.

Shielding/Screening Effect
• A decrease in the net force of attraction on the
outermost electron because of the presence of
the inner shell electrons is known as the
shielding effect or screening effect.
• It is the shielding of an outermost electron from
the nucleus by the inner shell electrons.
• Applicable for multi-electron species.
• Order of shielding/screening effect:
s> p> d> f
43
Effective Nuclear Charge
An effective nuclear charge is a net force of attraction experienced by the outermost
electron (Zeff.)

Effective Nuclear Charge = Nuclear charge(Z) ⎯ Shielding Constant ()

or Zeff. = Z ⎯ 

Slater’s Rule
It is used to calculate the value of the shielding constant () for an electron.
Step-1: Write the electronic configuration of an atom as follows:
(1s) (2s2p) (3s3p) (3d) (4s4p) (4d4f) (5s5p)

e.g., 17Cl: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5

Mn: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 4s2 4444

25
Step-2: For electrons present right to the concerned electrons.
The electrons on the right side of the group made by the concerned electron have no
contribution.
i.e., Ca: (1s2) (2s22p6) (3s23p6) (4s2)
20
Step-3:
(i) For electrons present in s or p subshell:
• The electrons present in the same shell have a contribution of 0.35 each.
• The electrons present in the penultimate/(n-1) shell have a contribution 0.85
each.
• The electrons in the antipenultimate/(n-2) shell have a contribution of 1.0 each.
e.g., Calculating the value of  for 4s electron of Ca:
2 2 6 2 6 2
20Ca: (1s ) (2s 2p ) (3s 3p ) (4s )

Calculating the value of  for 3p electron of Ca:

Ca: (1s2) (2s22p6) (3s23p6) (4s2)
20 45
 (ii) For electrons present in the d or f subshell:
•The electrons on the right side of the group made by the concerned electron
have no contribution.
• The electrons present in the same group have a contribution of 0.35 each.
• The electrons present left of this group have a contribution of 1.0 each.

e.g., Calculating the value of  for 3d electron of Fe:

2 2 6 2 6 6 2
26Fe: (1s ) (2s 2p ) (3s 3p ) (3d ) (4s )

Calculating the value of  for 4s electron of Fe:

Fe: (1s2) (2s2 2p6) (3s23p6) (3d5) (4s2)
26

46
Periodicity in properties:
• A regular increase or decrease in physical or chemical properties of elements with the change in
atomic number is known as periodicity.

• Periodicity in physical properties:-

(i) Atomic Radius

(ii) Ionization Enthalpy

(iii) Electron Affinity
(iv) Electronegativity

47
Atomic Radius
• Atomic Radius is the distance of the outermost shell from the centre of the nucleus.
for an isolated atom.
• The exact value of atomic radius cannot be calculated because it is impossible to get isolated atoms
excluding noble gases.

• The atomic radius is calculated in the bonding state.

• There are following types of radii that do exist in chemical species:
1. Covalent Radius
2. Metallic Radius
3. Ionic Radius
4. van der Waal Radius
48
Covalent Radius
(i) Homonuclear nucleus: Half of the internuclear distance between two covalently bonded atoms is
known as the covalent radius.
i.e., the bond between the same atoms, e.g., H2, O2, N2.

(ii) Heteronuclear nucleus:

i.e., Different atoms e,g., HCl, HF, CO2.

49
Metallic Radius
• It is one-half the internuclear distance between the two adjacent metal ions in the metallic lattice.

• RCovalent < RMetallic

50
van der Waals Radius
• It is one-half the distance between the nuclei of two identical non-bonded isolated atoms or two
adjacent identical atoms belonging to two neighbouring molecules of an element in the solid state.
Isolated atoms Isolated molecules

Dutch Physicist
• In the case of inert gases, generally, van der Waal’s radius is defined so they have the largest size in
their respective period.
• R Covalent < R Metallic < R van der Waals

51
Ionic Radius
Ionic Bond ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ Cation + Anion
(+vely charged (-vely charged
by loss of electrons) by the gain of electrons)

• The size of the cation is always smaller than its parent atom.
Because with loss of electrons Zeff. increases and size decrease.

e.g.,
Size: Na Na+ 5252
• The size of an anion is always bigger than its parent atom.
Because with an increase in electron, Zeff. decreases and size of anion increases.
RCl < RCl–

Therefore, in order of size:

(i) Size: A(Parent Atom) > A+ > A2+

(ii) Size: B(Parent Atom) < B– < B2–

(iii) Size: I+ < I (Parent Atom) < I–

53
• Isoelectronic Species
Species having the same no. of electrons are known as isoelectronic species.
e.g.,
• Size: Na+ Mg2+ Al3+

• Size: F– O2– N3–

In the case of electronic species:

• Higher the +ve charge, the smaller the size.

• Higher the –ve charge, the larger the size.

e.g.,
• Size: N3– O2– F– Na+ Mg2+ Al3+

• Size: P3– S2– Cl– 54

Question:
The group having isoelectronic species is:
(a) O2–, F–, Na+, Mg2+ (b) O– , F–, Na, Mg+
(b) O2–, F–, Na, Mg2+ (d) O–, F–, Na+, Mg2+
[JEE-Main 2017]

Question:
The correct order of the ionic radii of O2–, N3–, F–, Mg2+, Na+, Al3+ is:
(a) Al3+ < Mg2+ < Na+ < F– < O2– < N3– (b) Al3+ < Na+ < Mg2+ < O2– < F– < N3–
(c) N3– < F– < O2– < Mg2+ < Na+ < Al3+ (d) N3– < O2– < F– < Na+ < Mg2+ < Al3+
[JEE Main 2020]
Question:
The pair in which ions are isoelectronic with Al3+ is :
(a) Br– and Be2+ (b) Cl– and Li+
(c) S2– and K+ (d) O2– and Mg2+
[JEE Main 2022]

55
Factors Affecting Atomic Radius
1. No. of shells:
Atomic Radius  No. of shells

2. Effective nuclear charge (Zeff.) :

1
Zeff. 
Size (Radius)

3. Screening/ Shielding Effect () :

Atomic Radius  

(i) For s and p block Elements:

(a) In a period: Noble gases have the largest size in their respective period because the van der
Waal radius is defined for them and other elements, going from left to right Zeff. increases, and as a
result, size decreases.
e.g., Size:-
2nd Period: Ne > Li > Be > B > C > N > O > F
3rd Period: Ar > Na > Mg > Al > Si > P > S > Cl 56
 (b) In a Group: No. of valence shell increase and Zeff. remains constant.
Generally, down the group, atomic and ionic radius increases.
e.g., Size: Li < Na < K < Rb < Cs
Size: Be < Mg < Ca < Sr < Ba
(c) Special cases:
Group 13 elements’ size: B(98 pm) < Ga(141 pm) < Al(143 pm) < In(166 pm) < Tl (171 pm)
B:- [He] 2s2 2p1
Al:- [Ne] 3s2 3p1
Ga:- [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1
In:- [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p1
Tl:- [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1
In the case of Al and Ga: Energy Order: 3d < 4p
Order of shielding effect: s > p > d > f

Therefore, because of poor shielding of 3d electrons, Zeff. in Gallium abruptly increases and
hence its size decreases, and because of the same reasons, the size of Tl becomes very close to In. This
effect is called Relativistic Effect in Chemistry.
57
Hence, RAl > RGa
 Lanthanoid contraction: Because of poor shielding of 4f electrons, the force of attraction increases
on an outermost electron. As a result, size decreases. This phenomenon is called Lanthanoid Contraction.
Therefore, the size of Tl becomes very close to In.

Question:
Which of the following species will have the largest and smallest size?
Mg, Mg2+, Al, Al3+

Question:
The size of isoelectronic species:- F– , Ne and Na+ is affected by:
(a) Nuclear Charge (Z) (b) Valence Principal Quantum Number (n)
(c) Electron-Electron interaction in the outer orbitals (d) None of the factors their size remain the same

Question:
The correct order of the size of C, N, P and S follows the order:
(a) N < C < P < S (b) C < N < P < S
(c) C < N < P < S (d) N < C < S < P
58
Question:
The correct arrangement of increasing order of atomic radius among Na, K, Mg and Rb is :
(a) Mg < K < Na < Rb (b) Mg < Na < K < Rb
(c) Mg < Na < Rb < K (d) Na < K < Rb < Mg

Question:
The ions which are arranged in the correct order of increasing radii are:
(a) K+, Ca2+, S2– (b) Be2+, Mg2+, Na+
(c) O2–. F–, N3– (d) S2–, O2–, As3–

Question:
The correct order of the atomic radii of C, Cs, Al and S is:
(a) C < S < Al < Cs (b) S < C < Cs < Al
(c) S < C < Al < Cs (d) C < S < Cs < Al
[JEE Main 2019]

59
Question:
The increasing order of the atomic radii of the following elements is:
1. C 2. O 3. F 4. Cl 5. Br
(a) 1 < 2 < 3 < 4 < 5 (b) 3 < 2 < 1 < 4 < 5
(c) 2 < 3 < 4 < 1 < 5 (d) 4 < 3 < 2 < 1 < 5
[JEE Main 2020]

Question:
The ionic radii of K+, Na+, Al3+ and Mg2+ are in the order:
(a) Na+ < K+ < Mg2+ < Al3+ (b) Al3+ < Mg2+ < Na+ < K+
(c) Al3+ < Mg2+ < K+ < Na+ (d) K+ < Al3+ < Mg2+ < Na+
[JEE Main 2021]

60
(ii) For d-block elements (3d, 4d and 5d series’ elements)
(a) In a period: Size first decreases, after that, it becomes constant and after that increases
because of initially poor shielding of electrons dominates and repulsion being the dominant factor later in
the series.
Attraction > Repulsion Rep. = Att. Rep. > Att.
Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn
Size decreases Size is almost Size increases
constant

61
 (b) In a group:
(1) Group 3:
Size increases down the group.
Size: Sc (3d) < Y (4d) < La (5d) <Ac (6d)

(2) Group 4 to Group 12:

3d series < 4d series  5d series
Because of Lanthanoid Contraction ( poor shielding of 4f electrons)
e.g.,
RZr  RHf
Question:
Which of the following pairs of elements have almost similar atomic radii?
(a) Zr, Hf (b) Mo, W (c) Co, Ni (d) All

62
(iii) For f-block elements:
Size decreases from left to right.
Reasons:
• 4f series: Lanthanoid Contraction (Poor shielding of 4f electrons)
• 5f series: Actinoid Contraction (Poor shielding of 5f electrons)

63
Ionization Enthalpy/ Ionization Potential
• It is the energy required to remove an electron from the valence shell of an isolated gaseous atom
in its ground state.
M (g) ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ M+ (g) + e⎯ ; I.E. = +X KJ mol-1

• Ionization energy (I.E.) is positive that is which means it is always given from outside to remove
electrons, i.e., it is a heat-absorbing process, therefore, H is positive.
• Higher the ionization enthalpy, it is difficult to remove an electron from an atom. 64
 • Successive ionization energy:
M (g) ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ M+ (g) + e⎯ ; I.E.1 of M (g)
M+ (g) ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ M2+ (g) + e⎯ ; I.E.2 of M (g) or I.E.1 of M+ (g)
M2+ (g) ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ M3+ (g) + e⎯ ; ; I.E.3 of M (g) or I.E.2 of M+ (g) or I.E.1 of M2+ (g)

• I.E.1, I.E.2, I.E.3, …. are called successive ionization energy.

Reason: It is more difficult to remove an electron from a positive charge ion than a neutral atom.
e.g.,
M (g) ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ M+ (g) + e⎯; H = +10 eV
M (g) ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ M2+ (g) + e⎯ ; H = +25 eV
Calculate: (i) I.E.2 of M (g)
(ii) I.E.1 of M+ (g) 65
Factors Affecting Ionization Enthalpy
1. Atomic Radius
1
I.E. 
𝐴𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠

2. Effective Nuclear Charge

I.E.  Zeff.

3. Shielding or Screening Effect ()

1
I.E. 


4. Penetration effect of orbitals:

I.E.  Penetration Effect
Penetration Effect: s > p > d > f

5. Stability of half-filled and fully-filled orbitals:

Half-filled and fully-filled orbitals are more stable.
I.E.  Stability of half filled and fully filled orbitals.
66
Variation of Ionization Enthalpy in the periodic table:
(i) For s and p block elements (representative elements):
(a) In a period: In going from left to right in a period, I.E. generally increases because size
decreases and Zeff. increases with the half filled and fully filled stabilization taken into consideration.
e.g.,
2nd period elements: Li < B < Be < C < O < N < F < Ne

3rd period elements: Na < Al < Mg < Si < S < P < Cl < Ar

67
Question:
The first ionization potentials of Na, Mg, Al and Si are in the order:
(a) Na < Mg > Al < Si (b) Na < Mg < Al > Si
(c) Na > Mg > Al > Si (d) Na > Mg > Al < Si

(b) In a group: In a group, atomic radius increases, as a result, ionization energy generally
decreases.
e.g., 1st group: Li > Na > K > Rb > Cs

2nd group: Be > Mg > Ca > Sr > Ba

13th group: B > Tl > Ga > Al > In [JEE-Advanced]

Reason:

14th group: C > Si > Ge > Pb > Sn

Reason:
68
Question:
The element which has the highest 2nd ionization energy is:
(a) Na (b) Mg
(c) Ca (d) Ar

Question:
Find the order of 2nd ionization energy for:
(a) Si, P, S, Cl
(b) C, N, O, F

Question:
Find the order of ionization energy for:
Ca, Ba, S, Se, Ar

Question:
The first ionization energy (KJ mol-1) of Na, Mg, Al and Si, respectively, are:
(a) 496, 576,737, 786 (b) 786, 737, 577, 496
(c) 496, 577, 786, 737 (d) 496, 737, 577, 786 [JEE Main69 2020]
Question:
B has a smaller first ionization enthalpy than Be. Consider the following statements:
I. It is easier to remove a 2p electron than a 2s electron.
II. 2p electron of B is more shielded from the nucleus by the inner core of electrons than
the 2s electron of Be.
III. 2s electron has more penetration power than 2p electron.
IV. Atomic radius of B is more than Be (atomic number: B = 5, Be = 4).
The correct statements are:
(a) I, III and IV (b) II, III and IV
(c) I and IV (d) I, II and III
[JEE-Main 2020]

70
(ii) For d-block elements/ Transition Elements:
(a) In a group:
3rd group: Sc > Y > La > Ac
4th group ⎯ 12th group: 3d series > 5d series > 4d series
Reason: Size variation: 3d series < 4d series  5d series

(b) In a period:
From left to right, size decreases, I.E. increases.

Question:
Which among the following elements has the highest value for third ionization energy?
(a) Mg (b) Al
(c) Na (d) Ar

(c) Short Trick:

If the no. of valence electrons is n, then the value of I.E.n+1 is very high.

71
Question:
The electronic configuration with the highest ionization enthalpy is:
(a) [Ne] 3s2 3p1 (b) [Ne] 3s2 3p2
(c) [Ne] 3s2 3p3 (d) [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p3

Question:
Which of the following element have the largest difference between I.E.1 and I.E.2 :
(a) [Ne] 3s1 (b) [Ne] 3s2
(c) [Ne] 3s2 3p1 (d) [Ar] 3s2 3p2

Question:
Successive ionization energy is given for an unknown electron as 5.1 eV, 10.2 eV, 31.9 eV and
40.8 eV. Identify the element:
(a) Cd (b) Mg (c) Al (d) Si

72
Question:
Consider the elements Mg, Al, S, P and Si, the correct increasing order of their first ionization
enthalpy is:
(a) Mg < Al < Si < S < P (b) Al < Mg < Si < S < P
(c) Mg < Al < Si < P < S (d) Al < Mg < S < Si < P
[JEE-Main 2021]
Question:
Given below are two statements. One is labelled as Assertion (A), and the other is labelled as
Reason (R).
Assertion (A): The first ionization enthalpy for oxygen is lower than that of nitrogen.
Reason (R): The four electrons in 2p orbitals of oxygen experience more electron-electron
repulsion.
In the light of the above statements. Choose the correct answer from the options given below.
(a) Both (A) and (R) are correct, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are correct, but (R) is NOT the correct explanation of A.
(c) (A) is correct, but (R) is not correct.
(d) (A) is not correct, but (R) is correct.
[JEE-Main
73
2022]
Electron gain enthalpy (egH)
• The amount of energy associated with the gain of an electron by an isolated gaseous atom in its
ground state is known as electron gain enthalpy.

• X (g) + e⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ X⎯ (g) ; First electron gain enthalpy or egH1 = +ve or -ve
egH1 can be negative (exothermic) or positive (endothermic).

• X⎯ (g) + e⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ X2⎯ (g) ; Second electron gain enthalpy or egH2 = always +ve
egH2, egH3, … are always +ve (endothermic) because energy is required to overcome
electron-electron repulsions.

• -ve electron gain enthalpy (egH = -ve)

e.g., Group 17 elements:-
F (g) + e⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ F⎯ (g) (Noble Gas Electronic Configuration)
1s2 2s2 2p5 1s2 2s2 2p6
( 7 Valence Electrons) ( 8 Valence Electrons)
1
Stability 
Energy 74
 • +ve electron gain enthalpy (egH = +ve) : Be, N, Ne have +ve value of egH because they do
not tend to gain an electron.
e.g.,
1. 2 2 3
7N:- 1s 2s 2p (half-filled configuration, therefore, stable)
N + e⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ N⎯ ; egH = +ve
2p3 2p4
(more stable) (less stable)

2. 1s2 2s2 2p6 (fully-filled configuration, therefore, stable)

10Ne:-
Ne + e⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ Ne⎯ ; egH = +ve
(more stable) (less stable)

3. Be:- 1s 2 2s2 (fully-filled configuration, therefore, stable)

4
Be + e⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ Be⎯ ; egH = +ve
(more stable) (less stable)

• If an atom wants to gain an electron, then, egH = -ve

• If an atom does not want to gain an electron, then, egH = +ve 75
e.g., Element A: egH = -10 KJ mol-1
Element B: egH = -20 KJ mol-1
Element C: egH = -30 KJ mol-1
Element D: egH = -40 KJ mol-1
Ease of electron addition: D > C > B > A
• egH gives an idea about the ease of electron an element can gain.
• The more –ve the egH, the more easily the electron will be gained.
• These elements have +ve electron gain enthalpy:
(i) Be and Mg (fully-filled s-subshell configuration)
(ii) Nitrogen (half-filled configuration)
(iii) Noble gases (fully-filled configuration)
• Other elements have –ve electron gain enthalpy. 76
Electron Affinity (EA)
• Love for the electron.
• +ve electron affinity means there is love for the electron.
• -ve electron affinity means there is no love for the electron.
• Electron affinity for noble gases is  zero.

Question:
When the first electron gain enthalpy (egH) of oxygen is -141 KJ mol-1, its second electron gain
enthalpy is:
(a) more negative value than the first.
(b) almost the same as that of the first.
(c) negative, but less negative than the first.
(d) a positive value.
[JEE-Main 2019]

77
Factors Affecting Electron Gain Enthalpy/ Electron Affinity
1. Atomic Radius
1
EA 
𝐴𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠

2. Effective Nuclear Charge

EA  Zeff.

3. Shielding or Screening Effect ()

1
EA 


4. Stability of half-filled and fully-filled orbitals:

EA  Stability of half-filled and fully-filled orbitals.
Half-filled and fully-filled orbitals are more stable.

78
Variation of Electron Gain Enthalpy/ Electron Affinity:
(i) For s and p block elements:
(a) In a period: From left to right, size decreases, Zeff. increases, it becomes easier to gain
electrons, generally, electron affinity increases, or electron gain enthalpy becomes more negative.
Excluding Be, Mg, N and noble gases because of their stable electronic configurations, they have very less
or no electron affinity.
e.g.,
• CEA > NEA
• SiEA > PEA
• EA of Group-1 Elements > EA of Group-2 Elements

79
 (b) In a group:
• Generally, size increases, and it becomes difficult to gain electrons, as a result, electron affinity
decreases, or electron gain enthalpy becomes less –ve with some excluded elements.
• egH for 3rd-period elements is more negative than 2nd-period elements i.e., higher.
e.g.,
2nd period elements: B C N O F
    
3rd period elements: Al Si P S Cl
Reason: Because of their smaller size, elements of the 2nd period face more electron-
electron repulsions, which is less in 3rd-period elements because of their larger size.

80
 • Group 16 elements: S > Se > Te > O (Just learn it)
• Group 17 elements: Cl > F > Br > I (Just learn it)
• Chlorine has the highest electron affinity in the periodic table.

Question:
Which of the following arrangements represents the correct order of electron gain enthalpy
(with a negative sign) of the given atomic species?
(a) Cl < F < S < O (b) O < S < F < Cl
(c) S < O < Cl < F (d) F < CI < O < S

Question:
Within each pair of elements F & Cl, S & Se, and Li & Na, respectively, the elements that release
more energy upon an electron gain are:
(a) Cl, S and Li
(b) F, S and Li
(c) F, Se and Na
(d)Cl, Se and Na [JEE-Main81
2020]
Question:
The correct order of electron gain enthalpy is:
(a) S > Se > Te > O
(b) Te > Se > S > O
(c) O > S > Se > Te
(d) S > O > Se > Te
[JEE-Main 2021]

Question:
The absolute value of the electron gain enthalpy of halogens satisfies the following:
(a) I > Br > Cl > F
(b) Cl > Br > F > I
(c) Cl > F > Br > I
(d) F > Cl > Br > I
[JEE-Main 2021]

82
Question:
The correct order of electron gain enthalpies of Cl, F, Te and Po is:
(a) F < Cl < Te < Po
(b) Po < Te < F < Cl
(c) Te < Po < Cl < F
(d) Cl < F < Te < Po
[JEE-Main 2022]

Question:
The first ionization potential of Na is 5.1 eV. The value of electron gain enthalpy of Na+ will be:
(a) -5.1 eV
(b) -10.2 eV
(c) +2.55 eV
(d) -2.55 eV
[JEE-Main 2013]

83
Electronegativity
• It is defined as the tendency of an atom to attract the shared pair of electrons towards itself.

• A⎯⎯A
Bond between the
two same atoms

A⎯⎯B [(E.N.)B > (E.N.)A ]

Dipole Polar Bond

• A⎯⎯B
Bond between the
two different atoms
A⎯⎯B [(E.N.)A > (E.N.)B ]
Polar Bond
Dipole 84
• The electronegativity of any given element is not constant; it varies depending on the element to
which it is bound.
Electronegativity Scale:
(a) Pauling’s Scale:
• Linus Pauling developed a method for calculating the relative electronegativities of most elements.
According to Pauling,

 = A – B = 0.102 EA⎯B − EA⎯A × EB⎯B

where energies are in KJ mol-1

 = A – B = 0.208 EA⎯B − EA⎯A × EB⎯B

Linus Pauling where energies are in Kcal
85 mol-1
• Mostly used Pauling’s scale relevant to us for our JEE Preparation.
F> O > N  Cl > C  S > H
4 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.1

86
(b) Robert S. Mulliken’s Scale:
• He proposed that the arithmetic mean of the first ionization energy (I.E.) and the electron affinity (EA)
should be a measure of the tendency of an atom to attract electrons.
I.𝐸.+𝐸𝐴
M =
2

where both energies are in eV.

• Pauling’s electronegativity P is related to Muliken’s electronegativity M as:
1.35(M)
P = − 1.37
2

• Muliken’s values were about 2.8 times larger than the Pauling’s values.
Robert S. Mulliken
87
Factors Affecting Electronegativity
1. Atomic Radius
1
E.N. 
𝐴𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠

2. Effective Nuclear Charge

E.N.  Zeff.

3. Charge on the atom

E.N.  +ve charge

4. Hybridization state of an atom:

E.N.  % s-character
% s-character : sp > sp2 > sp3
5. Nature of the bonded atom:
Electronegativity differences between the two bonded atoms do affect net dipole
between them.
88
Variation of Electronegativities in the Periodic Table
(i) In a Period:
• From left to right, size decreases, Zeff. increases, and electronegativity increases.
• The most electronegative element in the periodic table is F.
• Highly electronegative elements F(4), O(3.5), N(3)  Cl(3)
e.g., 2nd-period elements: Li < Be < B < C < N < O < F
(ii) In a Group:
• From top to bottom, generally, size increases, and electronegative decreases, excluding
Group 13th and Group 14th because of the first-time introduction of d and f contraction.
• Group 13th elements: Al < Ga < In < Tl < B
• Group 14th elements: C > Si > Ge  Sn  Pb
89
Question:
The correct option with respect to the Pauling electronegativity values of the elements is:
(a) Te > Se (b) Ge > Ga (c) Si < Al (d) P > S
[JEE-Main 2019]
Applications of Electronegativity:
1. Calculating the % ionic character in a covalent bond:
• None of the bonds is 100% covalent or 100% ionic. A⎯⎯B
E.N.A= A, E.N.B= B and  E.N. = A− B

• % Ionic character in a covalent bond = 16|A− B| + 3.5|A− B|2

(i) If  E.N. > 2.1, then the bond will be an ionic bond, and the % ionic character is > 50%.
(ii) If  E.N. < 2.1, then the bond will be a covalent bond, and the % ionic character is < 50%.
e.g.,
H⎯⎯Cl
: 2.1 3.0
Here,  E.N. < 2.1, and hence, the bond is covalent.
90
2. Polar and Non-Polar Bond
(i) Non-Polar bonds are formed by the two atoms having the same E.N. or between the same
element.
A⎯⎯A

(ii) Polar Bonds are formed by the atoms having different E.N.

A⎯⎯B

e.g., H⎯⎯F H⎯⎯Cl

3. Nature of hydroxides.
(i) A hydroxide is acidic if it releases H+ ions in solution.
(ii) A hydroxide is basic if it releases OH⎯ ions in solution.
Cl⎯O⎯H ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ClO⎯ + H+
(Acidic Hydroxide)
Na ⎯ O ⎯ H ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ Na+ + OH⎯
(Basic Hydroxide) 91
• A⎯⎯O⎯⎯H ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ A+ + OH⎯
: 1.5 3.5 2.1 Basic Solution

• A⎯⎯O⎯⎯H ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ AO⎯ + H+

: 2.5 3.5 2.1 Acidic Solution

(iii) In short:
• If A > 2.1, the hydroxide will be acidic.
• If A < 2.1, the hydroxide will be basic.

92
Valency or Oxidation State
• The valence of representative elements is usually though not necessarily equal to the number of
electrons in the outermost orbitals and/or equal to eight minus the number of outermost electrons.
Case 1: No. of valence electron  4 Case 2: No. of valence electron  4
Valency = No. of valence electrons Valency = 8 − No. of valence electrons
e.g., e.g.,
Li : 1s2 2s1 N : 1s2 2s2 2p3

B : 1s2 2s2 2p1 F : 1s2 2s2 2p5

93
 Group 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18
(ns1) (ns2) (ns2np1) (ns2np2) (ns2np3) (ns2np4) (ns2np5) (ns2np6)

Valence 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Electron
Valency 1 2 3 4 3,5 2,6 1,7 0,8
e.g.,
H2O AlCl3 CH4

• D-block elements show variable valency because of a small energy gap between (n-1)d and ns orbitals.
d-block electronic configuration: (n−1)d1-10 ns0-2
(Small energy gaps)
94
 (i) In a Period:
Generally, valency first increases and then decreases.
2nd Period Elements:
Li Be B C N O F
Valency: 1 2 3 4 3 2 1

(ii) In a Group:
Elements in a group have the same no. of valence electrons, and hence, the same valency.
1st Group Elements: Li Na K Rb Cs Fr
Valency: 1 1 1 1 1 1 (All have the same valency.)

Question:
Using the Periodic Table, predict the formulas of compounds in which the following pairs of
elements might form:
(a) Silicon and Bromine (b) Aluminum and Sulphur

95
Anamolus Properties of 2nd Period Elements
• The first elements of each of the Group 1 (Li), Group 2 (Be), and Groups 13-17 (B to F) differ in
many respects from the other members of their respective group.
Periodic Table:
Li Be B C N O F

Na Mg Al Si
Diagonal
K Ca Ga Ge Relationships

Rb Sr In Sn

Cs Ba Tl Pb

96
 • Similarity in properties of diagonally aligned elements is known as Diagonal Relationship.

Li Be B

Mg Al Si

• Reasons:
(i) Similar Size
(ii) Similar electronegativity
Charge
(iii) Therefore, the ratio of results in similar polarizing power.
Radius

Question:
The electronegativity of Aluminum is similar to:
(a) C (b) Be (c)B (d) Li
[JEE-Main 2019]
97
Question:
The set of elements that differ in the mutual relationship from those of the other side is:
(a) Li − Mg (b) B − Si (c) Be − Al (d) Li − Na
[JEE-Main 2021]

Chemical Reactivity
1. Metallic and Non-Metallic Properties (Already Studied)
• The reactivity of Metals (Metallic character) increases down the group because it becomes easier
to lose electrons (I.E. es)
• The reactivity of Non-Metals (Non-Metallic character) decreases down the group (increases in a
period from left to right) because difficult to gain electrons down the group.
e.g.,
Group 1’s Reactivity: Li < Na < K < Rb < Cs
(All are metals and their metallic character es)
Group 17’s Reactivity: F > Cl > Br > I
(All are non-metals, and their non-metallic character es)
98
Question:
The correct decreasing order for the metallic character is:
(a) Na > Mg > Be > Si > P
(b) P > Si > Be > Mg > Na
(c) Si > P > Be > Na > Mg
(d) Be > Na > Mg > Si > P [JEE-Main 2022]

Question:
Following statements regarding the periodic trends of chemical reactivity of the alkali metals and
the halogens are given. Which of these statements gives the correct picture?
(a) The reactivity decreases in the alkali metals but increases in the halogens with an increase in atomic
number down the group.
(b) In both the alkali metals and the halogens, the chemical reactivity decreases with an increase in atomic
number down the group.
(c) Chemical reactivity increases with an increase in atomic number down the group in both the alkali
metals and halogens.
(d) In alkali metals, the reactivity increases, but in the halogens, it decreases with an increase in atomic
number down the group. [JEE-Main99
2006]
2. Nature of Oxides
• Metallic Oxides are basic in nature.
• Non-Metallic Oxides are acidic in nature.
• In a period, from left to right, the acidic nature of oxides increases, and the basic nature of oxides
decreases.
• In a group, from top to bottom, the acidic nature of oxides decreases, and the basic nature of
oxides increases.
e.g., 3rd Period’s nature of the oxides:

Na2O MgO Al2O3 SiO2 P2O5 SO3 Cl2O7

Highly Basic Amphoteric Slightly Acidic Highly Extremely
Basic Acidic Acidic Acidic

Na2O + H2O ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ NaOH ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ Na+ + OH⎯

(Basic Oxide) (Strong Base)

Cl2O7 + H2O ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ HClO4 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ H+ + ClO4⎯

(Acidic Oxide) (Strong Acid) 100
 • Acidic Nature  Non-Metallic Character
 Electronegativity
 + ve charge on the element/oxidation no.
e.g.,
SO2 < SO3 (Acidic)
Cl2O5 < Cl2O6 < Cl2O7 (Acidic)
N2O4 < N2O5 (Acidic)

• Neutral Oxides: Those oxides which both react with acid and base. The CO, NO and N2O are
the only neutral oxides.
• Amphoteric Oxides: Metal oxides that react with acids and bases to furnish salts and water.
e.g., Oxides of metals like Zn, Be, Al, Ga, Sn, and Pb are amphoteric.

i.e., ZnO, BeO, Al2O3, Ga2O3, SnO, SnO2, PbO and PbO2.
Also, Sb(III) and As(III) oxides are amphoteric.
Sb As

Sb2O3 Sb2O5 As2O3 As2O5 101

 • There are following types of variations in the periodic table:
+1, +2, +3 O.Ss. are Basic Oxides

+4 O.Ss., Cr2O3 and V2O5 are

1. D-block Metals
Amphoteric Oxides

+5, +6, +7 O.Ss. are Acidic Oxides

Acidic Acidic
2. Non-Metals 3. Metalloid
Neutral (CO, NO, Amphoteric
N2O)

102
Question:
Three elements, X, Y and Z, are in the 3rd period of the periodic table. The oxides of X, Y and
Z, respectively, are basic, amphoteric and acidic. The correct order of the atomic numbers of X, Y and Z
is
(a) X < Z < Y (b) Y < X < Z (c) Z < Y < X (d) X < Y < Z
[JEE-Main 2020]

Question:
Which pair of oxides are acidic in nature?
(a) BaO, CaO (b) B2O3, SiO2 (c) Na2O, BaO (d) CaO, SiO2
[JEE-Main 2021]

Question:
Below are the oxides: Na2O, As2O3, N2O, NO and Cl2O7. The number of amphoteric oxides is:
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
[JEE-Main 2021]

103
Question:
Match List-1 with List-2
S. No. List-1 (Oxide) List-2 (Nature)
1. Cl2O7 Amphoteric
2. Na2O Basic
3. Al2O3 Neutral
4. N2O Acidic

Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(a) A-s; B-r; C-p; D-q (b) A-s; B-q; C-p; D-r
(c) A-q; B-s; C-r; D-p (d) A-p; B-q; C-r; D-s
[JEE-Main 2022]

104
Question:
Among the following, the basic oxide is:
(a) SO3 (b) SiO2 (c) CaO (d) Al2O3
[JEE-Main 2022]

Question:
The total number of acidic oxides from the following list is:
NO, N2O, B2O3, N2O5, CO, SO3, P4O10
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6
[JEE-Main 2022]

Classification of Elements & Periodicity chapter ends here. 105