Review:

It is naturally occurring
solid matter that has a
metal inside it.
Review:

It is a process of extracting
valuable materials such as
gold.
Review:

It is solid and have crystal

structure. It is naturally
occurring material.
Review:

It is used to extract the

rocks, minerals and other
precious stories that can be
found beneath the earth’s
surface.
Review:

It is the most common type

of mining that involves
making a big hole (or pit) in
the ground.
Review:

What is the difference

between surface and
underground?
Review:

What are the different

types of surface mining?
Review:

Identify some minerals and

their important uses.
Review:
How did you get to school today?

Can you identify major

mode of transportation in
the Philippines and the
sources of energy?
 Guide Questions:
1. Among the different modes of transportation,
which is the most common?
2. What is the common source of energy of the
different mode of transportation?
3. What do you think is the effect on the mode of
transportation if the source of energy is not
available?
4. What do you think will be its impact on our
economy?
How Fossil Fuels are
Formed?

Lesson 7
 MELC:

Describe how fossil

fuels are formed.
 Major Types of Fossil Fuels
1. Coal- It is an important and primary fossil
fuel present on Earth. Coal resources are found
predominantly where forest trees, plants and
marshes existed before being buried and
compressed millions of years ago. Philippines
uses approximately 50% coal resource to
produce energy and electricity.
 Four Major Ranks of Coal
1. Anthracite- the highest rank of coal which is hard, brittle, and
black lustrous coal, often referred to as hard coal, containing a high
percentage of fixed carbon and a low percentage of volatile matter.
2. Bituminous Coal- has a high heating value and is the most
common type of coal used in electricity generation. It appears shiny
and smooth at first glance, but when you look closely, you will see
that it has layers.
3. Subbituminous coal- black in color and dull, and has a higher
heating value than lignite.
4. Lignite- also known as brown coal. It is the lowest grade coal with
the least concentration of carbon.
Four Major Ranks of Coal

Anthracite Bituminous

Lignite Subbituminous
Four Major Ranks of Coal
 Major Types of Fossil Fuels
2. Oil- Most of the oil that we are using today started
forming millions of years ago. Oil is an organic material,
mostly algae, which was buried in mud at the bottom of
the sea and lakes. It is used mainly for the production
of transportation fuels and petroleum-based products.
Philippines imports crude oil and petroleum from Saudi
Arabia and Russia. The majority of the market are
Petron Corporation, Pilipinas Shell, and Chevron
Philippines.
 Major Types of Fossil Fuels
3. Natural gas- It is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon
gas with the mixture of methane. It is the Earth’s
cleanest fossil fuel and is odorless and colorless in its
natural state. Natural gas is produced from sedimentary
rock formation by forcing chemicals, water, and sand
down a well under high pressure. The Philippines’ main
domestic source of energy is the Malampaya natural gas
field which is located at Palawan Island.
How are fossil fuels formed?
Energy from Heat
and Flow of Water

Lesson 7
 MELC:

Explain how heat from inside

the Earth (geothermal) and
from flowing water
(hydroelectric) is tapped as a
source of energy for human use
 INTRODUCTION

Thermal energy inside the

earth is called
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
•The prefix geo–refers to
earth
 INTRODUCTION
• In power generation, geothermal energy is
the energy of steam from beneath the
earth’s surface.
• Movement of the earth’s crust causes
cracksto be formed, letting very hot molten
rock (called magma) from the deeper
portions of the earth to work up close to
the surface.
 Geothermal Energy
Geothermal energy is heat stored deep inside the earth or
occasionally in hot springs. This heat is continuously
produced by the decay of radioactive isotopes such as
uranium, thorium, and potassium. Geothermal heat pump
systems can heat and cool buildings and can also provide a
source of hot water. Other direct-use applications include
growing plants in greenhouses, drying crops, heating water
at fish farms, and several other industrial processes.
Geothermal energy does not require any fuel and as a
result, any kind of pollution or greenhouse.
 Geothermal Energy

• As the magma rises, it transfers

heat to the layers of rock above
and around it.
• If there is water trapped in the
rock layers, steam is produced.
• By drilling well into this zone, the
steam may be used to operate
turbines, which can generate
electricity.
How Geothermal Energy Finds its Way?
• Most geothermal reservoirs are
deep underground with no
visible clues showing above
ground. Geothermal energy can
sometimes find its way to the
surface in the form of:
volcanoes and fumaroles (holes
where volcanic gases are
released), hot springs and
geysers.
 How Geothermal Energy Finds its Way?
• The most active geothermal
resources are usually found
along major plate boundaries
where earthquakes and
volcanoes are concentrated.
Most of the geothermal activity
in the world occurs in an area
called the Ring of Fire. This
area rims the Pacific Ocean.
 USES OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
• 1) Direct Use and District Heating
Systems which use hot water from
springs or reservoirs near the surface.
• 2) Electricity generation in a power plant
requires water or steam at very high
temperature (300 to 700 degrees
Fahrenheit).
• 3) Geothermal heat pumps use stable
ground or water temperatures near the
earth's surface to control building
temperatures above ground.
3 main types of geothermal power plants
• 1. Dry steam plants.
These plants use dry
steam that is
naturally produced
in the ground.
3 main types of geothermal power plants
• 2. Flash cycle steam
plants. These types are
the most common due
to the lack of naturally
occurring high-quality
steam.
3 main types of geothermal power plants
• 3. Binary cycle plants. These types
are expected to be the most
commonly used type of
geothermal power plant in the
future, as locations outside of the
known hot spots begin to use
geothermal energy. This is because
binary cycle plants can make use
of lower temperature water than
the other two types of plants.
 Hydropower Plant/ Hydroelectric Plant
Hydropower plants capture the energy of falling
water to generate electricity. A turbine converts the
kinetic energy of falling water into mechanical
energy. Then a generator converts the mechanical
energy from the turbine into electrical energy. The
water that feeds rivers and streams comes from rain
which is produced as a result of the evaporation of
water into the atmosphere under the influence of
solar heating. The amount of energy that is
available from this source can be estimated by
calculating the total amount of energy that would be
released if all the water falling as rain over a region
was allowed to flow to sea level. Hydropower relies
on suitable sites on rivers and projects are
categorized depending upon their size as large or
small hydropower.
 Parts of a Hydroelectric Plant
1. Dam. Raises the water level of the river to
create falling water. Also controls the flow of
water. The reservoir that is formed is, in effect,
stored energy.
2. Turbine. The force of falling water pushing
against the turbine's blades causes the turbine
to spin. A water turbine is much like a
windmill, except the energy is provided by
falling water instead of wind. The turbine
converts the kinetic energy of falling water into
mechanical energy.
3. Generator. Connected to the turbine by
shafts and possibly gears so when the turbine
spins it causes the generator to spin also.
Converts the mechanical energy from the
turbine into electric energy. Generators in
hydropower plants work just like the
generators in other types of power plants.
Amount of Electricity Produced by a
Hydropower plant
1. How Far the Water Falls. The farther the water falls, the more power it has.
Generally, the distance that the water falls depends on the size of the dam.
The higher the dam, the farther the water falls and the more power it has.
Scientists would say that the power of falling water is "directly proportional"
to the distance it falls. In other words, water falling twice as far has twice as
much energy.
2. Amount of Water Falling. More water falling through the turbine will
produce more power. The amount of water available depends on the amount
of water flowing down the river. Bigger rivers have more flowing water and
can produce more energy. Power is also "directly proportional" to river flow. A
river with twice the amount of flowing water as another river can produce
twice as much energy.
 Extend your Learnings:

1.Have a research on fossil fuel

deposits that can be found in the
Philippines. Determine its location,
abundance and type.
2. Pros and Cons of using Geothermal
and Hydroelectric.