Question of the day:

Which is more
important…
being right or being
happy?
Lesson 2.1:
Logical
Fallacies
 Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, student must:

1 define fallacy

2 Identify the different logical fallacies

3 Write a scenario using one logical fallacy

Fallacy
 Fallacy
– a wrong belief; a false or
mistaken idea; the quality of
being false or wrong
 Logical
Fallacies
 Logical Fallacies
- a failure in reasoning
that renders an argument
invalid;
- faulty reasoning;
- misleading or unsound
argument.
 The
Ad Hominem
 The Ad Hominem Latin term
= “against
the man”
A form of character
assassination
Refers to an attack
on the person If the speaker proves
rather than on the unacceptable in someway then
argument or the his/her statements must be
issue. unacceptable too.
 Two types of Ad Hominem

Obvious Ad
Hominem
 Obvious Ad Types:
Hominem

a. Racial
Slurs
Obvious Ad Types:
Hominem
b. Politically
motivated
insults
 Obvious Ad Types:
Hominem
Alam mo, gusto

c. Gender ko bumili ng
motor na mio.

Defamation
Obvious Ad Types:
Hominem

d. Religious
Attacks
Obvious Ad Types:
Hominem

e. Any other form of character

assassination one can imagine
 Two types of Ad Hominem

Obvious Ad Subtle Ad
Hominem Hominem
 The Subtle
Ad Hominem It attempts to undermine
the credibility or validity
It is where someone of the opponent’s
attacks the character or argument indirectly,
personal traits of their often by insinuating
opponent rather than negative qualities or
addressing the argument motives without explicitly
they are making. stating them.
 The Subtle
Ad Hominem

This can be done through

subtle implications or
insinuations about the
person’s character,
background, or affiliations.
 The Subtle
Ad Hominem

Example:
“What can the priest tell us
about marriage? He’s never been
married himself”.
 The Subtle
Ad Hominem

Example:
A lawyer attacking a defendant’s
character rather than addressing or
questioning based on the case – in a case
of theft pointing out the defendant’s level
of poverty.
 The Subtle
Ad Hominem

Example:
A parent who says that the teacher
doesn't know how to teach because
she graduated from a community
college.
 Dami na talagang
naghihiwalay ngayon.
Lahat kasi ng lalaki
manloloko!
 The Hasty
Generalization
 The Hasty Generalization

Means drawing a conclusion

based on to little data.

This is based upon only one

abnormal situation.
The Hasty Generalization
When one makes a hasty
generalization, he
applies a belief to a
larger population than
he should based on the
information that he has.
 Dami na talagang
naghihiwalay ngayon.
Lahat kasi ng lalaki
manloloko!
Two Types of Hasty Generalization

Stereotyping
 Stereotyping
to believe that
all people with
a particular
characteristics
are the same.
 Stereotyping
Example: Hitler
was a vegetarian.
Therefore, I
don’t trust any
vegetarians.
 A driver with a
Stereotyping New York
Examples: license plate
Christine has a cuts you off in
terrible traffic. You
decide that all
experience with a
New York
boyfriend. She drivers are
decides that all terrible
boys are mean. drivers.
Alam mo ba minalas
ako kanina kasi may
nakasalubong akong
itim na pusa.
Two Types of Hasty Generalization

Stereotyping

Superstition
 Superstition
any belief based on
fear, ignorance, or
the supernatural
that‘s inconsistent
with the laws of
science represents
superstition.
 Superstition
Example:
• If you stare into a mirror
for too long, the mirror
will capture your soul.

• All windows inside a house

should be opened on New
Year’s Day to let good
fortune come in.
 Superstition
• Do not place money on
the table while
eating.
• Leaving some rice in
the cooking pot will
ensure that you will
always have food
inside the house.
 Napakahirap na talaga ng
buhay. Ang tanging paraan
na lang para yumaman tayo
ay mag-abroad o kaya
magnakaw.
The False
Dichotomy
or False
Dilemma
 The False Dichotomy or
False Dilemma
• Incorrectly thinking
(assumes) that a choice can
be made based on only one of
two options when , in fact,
alternative possibilities
exist.
 The False Dichotomy or
False Dilemma
• occur when someone is
only given two choices
for possible alternatives
when more than two exist.
Examples:
• In South America, only
two countries offer
travel and tourism
options: Mexico and
Guatemala.
• Katie is one of 16,400
students on her
college campus. The
only boys worth dating
are Dave and Steve.
Examples:
• Politician: We have to
decide if we are going to
support school choice or
if we are going to support
failing schools. Those are
the only two options.
• Drink water every day and
be healthy, or continue to
drink sodas and be
unhealthy.
We should legalize
marijuana because it is
not harmful.

But, marijuana is
illegal because it
is harmful.

That’s not true, because

it should be legalized.
Begging the
Question
 Begging the Question
Also called
circular
No point in reasoning
arguing a fact.

Occurs when the conclusion of an

argument is assumed in the
phrasing of the question itself.
Begging the Question
A fallacy in which a
claim is made and
accepted to be true, but
one must accept the
premise to be true for
the claim to be true.
 Begging the Question Killing people
is wrong, so the
Examples: death penalty is
Everyone wants the wrong.
new iPhone because
it is the hottest People like to
new gadget on the eat because we
market! are biologically
influenced to
eat.
I’m starting to get
weak, I must take
vitamins.

That’s right because taking

vitamins is just as effective
as receiving medical
treatment for a serious
illness.
 The
Faulty
Analogy
The Faulty Analogy
• when a comparison is made
• Comparing between two ideas or
two things objects that seemingly have
that don’t similar characteristics,
but the comparison does not
share a hold up. The
fundamental characteristics of the two
similarity. things actually differ in
the area that is being
compared.
The Faulty Analogy Women will be
Examples: attracted to
you if you
“If we ban wear Axe
guns, then we People who cologne or
might as well cannot go use Axe bath
ban knives”. without their wash.
coffee every
morning are no
better than
alcoholics.
Same-sex "If we allow same-
sex marriage, then
marriage people will start
should be marrying animals
and objects."
legalized.
The Slippery
Slope
Starts off with a
single condition,
The Slippery Lope
takes a stand against
it and uses as
support the notion
that other, worse
things will happen if These fallacies
the first condition occur when someone
is allowed to exist. assumes a very small
action will lead to
extreme outcomes.
Examples: The Slippery Slope
If we let
your brother
stay, we’ll If we allow our 14
have to let year-old to have
your whole her first date
family stay. tonight, what’s
next? A wedding,
kids?
Example: The Slippery Slope

If we teach Tommy
how to drive the
car, he'll want to
learn how to fly
helicopters next!
 It’s our "I didn't study
for the test, but I
examination
have a new
tomorrow! haircut."
The Non
Sequitur
The Non Sequitur Latin word Non
Sequitur means
“It does not
follow”.
A fallacy wherein
someone asserts a
The term non sequitur
conclusion that
refers to a conclusion
does not follow
that isn't aligned with
from the
previous statements or
propositions.
evidence.
The Non Sequitur
Examples: My mom loves to
read. She must
I read about a hate movies.
pitbull attack.
It's time to take my car
My neighbor owns
in for service. I wonder
a pitbull. My
if my stylist is
life is in
available this Saturday.
danger.
 "Have you
stopped
cheating on
exams?" Uhm….
The Complex
Question
Fallacy
 The Complex Question Fallacy

When a question is
asked that rests on This involve
a doubtful questionable
assumption and all assumptions.
answers would then
appear to endorse
that assumption.
 The Complex Question Fallacy
Example: “Are you going to admit
that you’re wrong?”

(Answering yes proves you’re wrong.

Answering no implies you accepts you are
wrong, but won’t admit it. This question
presumes guilt either way.)
 The Complex Question Fallacy
Example: “Why are creationists
against science?”

This loaded question presumes that

creationists are against science, which
is not the case. It should have been
divided:
• Are creationists against science?
• If so, why?
The Red
Herring
 The Red Herring
The term "red herring" originated from the
practice of using a strong-smelling fish,
such as a cured herring, to distract
hunting dogs from the scent they were meant
to follow.
In a figurative sense, a red herring refers
to a rhetorical tactic or logical fallacy
used to divert attention from the main
issue or argument by introducing irrelevant
or misleading information.
 The Red Herring
It is often employed to confuse or
mislead the audience, shifting their
focus away from the central point or
topic at hand. The purpose of a red
herring is to steer the conversation off
course and prevent a meaningful
discussion or examination of the original
subject.
 The Red Herring
This uses irrelevant information or
other techniques to distract from the
argument at hand.
 The Red Herring
Examples:
You bring up gay marriage
and claim that I’m against
it but isn’t it just as
There are
important to talk about the
starving
issue of homeless veterans.
children in
Did you know that I
Africa. Eat
volunteer at a local
your carrots.
shelter?
 Thank
you for
listening!
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