HISTORY OF HARAR ARCHITECTURE

Abstract
This paper presents the history of Harari region of Ethiapia starting from the general
background of Harari region concerning the sociocultural aspects, sequence of
historical events in and around the region as well as the significance and influences
on their living styles and architectural phenomena. Furthermore it is mainly focuses
on the architectural characteristics, features and materials usage in the existing
construction and different structures of of Harari region. Finally this document tries to
provide the most famous notable buildings and structures of Harar architecture.

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 HISTORY OF HARAR ARCHITECTURE

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Contents Pages
Abstract ...................................................................................................... I

1. Introduction ...................................................................................... 1

3. Sociocultural Aspects of Harari’s Community .................................. 2

4. Historical Timelines of Harari’s Region and its Architecture........... 2

5. Significances and Influences on establishments of Harari’s

Architecture ............................................................................................... 4

6. Architectural Characteristics, Features and Materials usage of

Harar .......................................................................................................... 5

6.1. Characteristics and Features ......................................................................... 5

6.2. Materials Usage ..................................................................................................... 6

7. Notable Buildings and Structures of Harar Architecture ................. 6

8. Conclusions....................................................................................... 9

9. References ...................................................................................... 10

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1. Introduction
The Harar region, located in eastern Ethiopia, is known for its ancient city of
Harar, also called Gey. Harar is one of the oldest cities in Ethiopia and is situated on
a high plateau surrounded by fertile agricultural land and stunning natural
landscapes. The region is characterized by its rich history, diverse culture, and
unique architectural heritage. Harar is renowned for its rich history and unique
architectural style. The history of Harar's architecture is deeply intertwined with the
city's cultural heritage, reflecting the diverse influences that have shaped its
development over the centuries. From its ancient origins to its modern-day
significance, Harar's architecture stands as a testament to the enduring traditions
and craftsmanship of Ethiopia. The region is a melting pot of different cultures and
traditions, with influences from Arab, Indian, and African communities. This diversity
is reflected in the region's architecture, which is a unique blend of various styles and
influences. The city of Harar is home to numerous historic buildings, mosques, and
traditional houses, many of which date back to the ancient time.

2. Background History of Harar’s Regional Zone

One of Ethiopia’s most historically and
culturally consequential cities is Harar,
in the east of the country. In 2006, this
fortified city was registered on the
UNESCO World Heritage List as
“Harar Jugol”, said to be the fourth
holiest city of Islam. It has 82
mosques, three of which date from the
10th century, and 102 shrines, but the
townhouses, with their exceptional
interior design, constitute the most
spectacular part of Harar’s cultural
heritage. The city’s urban fabric and
architectural styles blend African,
Islamic, Indian, and European
influences.

The city of Harar, was founded in the 7th century and is considered one of the holiest
cities in Islam. Its historic walled city, known as Jugol, is a UNESCO World Heritage
site and is home to numerous mosques, shrines, and traditional houses. The city's
layout and architecture reflect its Islamic heritage, with narrow alleyways and
intricately designed buildings creating a unique and atmospheric environment. The
city's 82 mosques, some of which date back to the 10th century, are central to the
religious and cultural life of the community.rall, the establishment and history of
Harar city in the Harar region of Ethiopia are deeply intertwined with its sociocultural
heritage, making it a significant and fascinating destination for those interested in
exploring the country's rich cultural history.

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3. Sociocultural Aspects of Harari’s Community

The Harar region is known for its rich sociocultural heritage, with a diverse mix of
Arab, Indian, and African influences shaping its traditions and way of life. The
region's cultural scene is vibrant, with traditional music, dance, and festivals playing
a significant role in its identity.

The people of Harar are known for their strong sense of community and hospitality,
with social gatherings and communal activities being an important part of everyday
life. The region's markets are bustling with activity, offering colorful textiles,
traditional crafts, and a wide variety of goods that reflect the local culture.

The architecture of Harar also reflects its sociocultural aspects, with traditional
houses and mosques showcasing a unique blend of styles and influences. The use
of local materials such as stone, wood, and mud in the construction of buildings
highlights the region's connection to its natural surroundings.

Religion also plays a central role in the sociocultural fabric of Harar, with over 80
mosques dotting the city and surrounding areas. The mosques are not only places of
worship but also architectural marvels, with intricate geometric patterns, ornate
carvings, and domed roofs adding to their cultural significance.

Generally, the sociocultural aspects of Harar are a testament to the region's rich
history and diverse heritage. Its unique blend of traditions, architecture, and
community spirit make it a fascinating destination for those interested in exploring
Ethiopia's cultural tapestry.

4. Historical Timelines of Harari’s Region and its

Architecture

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The history of Harar dates back to ancient times, with evidence of human settlement
in the region dating back to at least the 6th century. The city's strategic location
along trade routes made it a center of commerce and culture, attracting diverse
influences from across the region.Harar has a rich architectural history that reflects
its diverse cultural influences. The timeline of Harar architecture spans centuries and
encompasses a blend of Islamic, Ethiopian, and other regional styles. From the
ancient city walls to the historic mosques and residential buildings, the architectural
heritage of Harar is a demonstration to its persistent cultural and historical
connotation. This timeline will explore the evolution of Harar’s region. its architecture,
highlighting key structures and developments that have shaped the city's unique built
environment.

1. 7th Century: Harar, Ethiopia’s oldest city, was founded in the 7th century by
Abadir Umar Ar-Rida.

2. 10th century: The foundation of Harar as a walled city is laid, with the
construction of the Jugol, a defensive wall that still encircles the old city today.

3. 1520: The Adal Sultanate takes Harar, developing it as an Islamic centre and
commercial hub.

4. 16th Century: Harar Kingdom reaches its peak, becoming a strong city-state
with a unique architectural character.

 The Great Mosque of Harar, also known as Jami Mosque, is built,

showcasing traditional Islamic architectural elements such as
minarets and domes.

5. In 1557: Harar becomes the Adal Sultanate’s centre after Ahmad Gragn’s
military operation conquers it.

6. In 1577: The Portuguese aid Ethiopian Emperor Menelik II in reclaiming

Harar.

7. In 17th – Early 19th Centuries: Scholars and students from all across the
region are drawn to Harar as it develops into a hub of Islamic study.
 The development of traditional Harari residential architecture,
characterized by intricately decorated facades and interior
courtyards, begins to flourish within the walled city.
 The construction of numerous Islamic shrines and tombs, such as
the Tomb of Sheikh Abadir, further enriches the architectural
landscape of Harar.

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8. Late 19th century: In 1887 Menelik II gains control of Harar and integrates it
into the empire.

9. 20th century: The influence of European architecture becomes evident in the

city, with the construction of buildings such as the Ras Makonnen Palace,
featuring a mix of Ethiopian and European design elements.

 In 1935–1941: During the Second Italian-Ethiopian War, Harar is

occupied by the Italians; however, during World War II, Ethiopian
and Allied forces recover Harar.

 In 1960s: Cultural conservation and management efforts

concentrate on Harar, which results in its 2006 UNESCO World
Heritage Site status.

 In the late 20th century: Modernization and urban development

lead to the construction of more contemporary structures, including
government buildings and commercial spaces, while efforts are
made to preserve the historic architecture of the old city.

10. Present Day: Harar is still thriving as a significant cultural and historically
significant city, drawing tourists and academics drawn to its unique
architecture and rich history.
 Efforts to conserve and protect the architectural heritage of Harar
continue, with initiatives focused on restoration and adaptive reuse of
historic buildings, as well as sustainable urban planning to maintain
the city's unique character.

5. Significances and Influences on establishments

of Harari’s Architecture
The architecture of Harar holds immense cultural and religious significance, serving
as an undying tribute to the city’s rich heritage. This unique architecture is a tangible
reflection of Harar’s multicultural past, with its structures showcasing an
amalgamation of African, Islamic, Indian, and European influences.

Harar's architecture is heavily influenced by its Islamic heritage, with the city's layout
and buildings reflecting traditional Islamic design principles. The narrow alleyways
and intricately designed buildings create a unique and atmospheric environment that
is characteristic of Islamic architecture.

The city's 82 mosques, some of which date back to the 10th century, are central to
its architectural landscape and reflect the importance of Islamic religious and cultural
life in Harar. These mosques has feature of traditional Islamic architectural elements

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such as domes, minarets, and intricate geometric patterns. In addition to mosques,

Harar's architecture also includes traditional houses and shrines that showcase
Islamic design influences. These buildings often feature ornate carvings, decorative
windows, and vibrant colors, all of which are characteristic of Islamic architecture.

Generally, Harar's architecture is a reflection of its Islamic heritage, with a focus on

traditional design principles and religious significance. This unique architectural
landscape adds to the city's cultural identity and makes it a fascinating destination for
those interested in exploring Islamic architecture in Ethiopia.

6. Architectural Characteristics, Features and

Materials usage of Harar

Harar’s architecture showcases its multiethnic heritage, blending Indian and

European influences. The city’s traditional Harari house, built around a central
courtyard, reflects its values and beliefs. The city’s diverse architecture,
including finely carved wooden details and vibrant hues, transforms it into a
real-life architectural monument.

6.1. Characteristics and Features

 Narrow alleyways: The city's layout includes narrow, winding alleyways

that create a maze-like environment, typical of Islamic urban design.

 Intricately designed buildings: Harar's buildings are adorned with

intricate designs, carvings, and decorative elements that reflect the
influence of Islamic architecture.

 Mosques: The city is home to 82 mosques, many of which feature

traditional Islamic architectural elements such as domes, minarets, and
geometric patterns.

 Traditional houses: The architecture of Harar includes traditional houses

that showcase Islamic design influences, with ornate carvings, decorative
windows, and vibrant colors.
 Shrines: The city's architectural landscape also includes shrines that
feature Islamic design elements and serve as important religious and
cultural sites.
 Religious significance: The architecture of Harar reflects the importance
of Islamic religious and cultural life in the city, with mosques and other
religious buildings playing a central role in the architectural landscape.

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 Cultural identity: The unique architectural landscape of Harar adds to the

city's cultural identity and makes it a fascinating destination for those
interested in exploring Islamic architecture in Ethiopia.

6.2. Materials Usage

The construction of buildings in Harar, Ethiopia, employs various local materials that
contribute to the city’s unique architectural style. The use of these resources reflects
the city’s adaptation to its environment and the creative ingenuity of its inhabitants.
Harari Stone, locally sourced wood, and Adobe are used in Harari construction for
intricate doors, windows, balconies, and secondary structures. Clay is used for
roofing, flooring, and plastering, promoting sustainability and addressing the local
climate and residents’ needs.

7. Notable Buildings and Structures of Harar

Architecture
Harar, Ethiopia, is known for its significant architectural landmarks that mirror the
city’s rich history and diverse cultural influences.

Some of the most famous buildings include:

i. The Jugol Wall: It is also known as Harar Jegol, is an old fortress that has
long served as the city’s defense. It is a crucial component of Harar’s
architectural environment. Its historical relevance as a defensive structure
and its distinctive construction methods, which capture the style of the era,
contribute to its architectural significance.

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ii. Traditional Harari houses: They are a noticeable part of the cityscape of
Harar. They are typically rounded and centred around a shared courtyard.
Their distinctive ornamentation and design, which reflects Harari’s cultural
values and artistic expression, are what give them architectural significance.

iii. The Arthur Rimbaud House: It is a structure with a variety of architectural

styles that bears the poet’s name. It serves as a museum today, illustrating
the history of Harar. Its distinctive design features, which highlight the Indian
influences on Harar’s architecture, are directly related to its architectural
value.

- Outside of the house - Inside of the house

iv. The Grand Jami Mosque: It is a marvel of Islamic architecture and one of
the most significant religious buildings in Harar. Its exquisite domes, thin
minarets, and complex ornamental details make it a noteworthy example of
Islamic architecture in Ethiopia and contribute to its architectural value.

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v. Medhane Alem Cathedral: One of the biggest and most spectacular

Orthodox churches in Ethiopia is the Medhane Alem Cathedral, a significant
Christian monument in Harar. Its distinctive Ethiopian Christian architectural
style, with its circular shape, conical roof, and bright murals, is what gives the
building its architectural significance.

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8. Conclusions
In general, Harar is a city with a rich architectural heritage that reflects its diverse
cultural influences, from Islamic to Ethiopian and beyond. The unique walled city,
with its narrow alleyways and traditional houses, is a testament to the city's long
history and the preservation of its traditional architecture. The city's mosques,
shrines, and other religious buildings also showcase the blending of different
architectural styles and influences. Overall, Harar's architecture is a reflection of its
vibrant and multicultural past, making it a truly unique and fascinating destination for
visitors. The city's architectural beauty offers a glimpse into its history, with each
building telling a story of the various cultural influences that have shaped Harar over
the centuries. From the intricate designs of the mosques to the colorful facades of
the traditional houses, every corner of Harar is a testament to its rich and diverse
architectural legacy. Visitors to Harar can immerse themselves in the city's history
and culture simply by strolling through its streets and taking in the stunning
architectural marvels that have stood the test of time. Whether it's the grandeur of
the Jami Mosque or the simplicity of the traditional Harari houses, the city's
architecture is a living testament to its multicultural past, making it a must-visit
destination for anyone interested in history, culture, and architectural beauty.

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9. References

 Ahmed, Hussein (1998) “Recent Islamic Periodicals in Ethiopia (1996-1998)”.

Northeast African Studies 5, pp. 7-21.
 CIRPS/State HPNR (2003) Cultural Heritage of Harar. Mosques, Islamic Holy
Graves, and Traditional Harari Houses. A Comprehensive Map,Brüssel:
European Commission.
 Zachariah, Ahmad (2003) “Some Remarks on the Shrines of Harar”. In:
Bertrand Hirsch/Manfred Krupp (eds.) Saints, Biographies and History in
Africa, Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, pp. 19-29.
 Different Google websites.

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