1.

How long and at what level does the World Health Organization recommends
that children and young people exercise (4 marks)
a. 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical exercise every day
2. What subject has become progressively marginalized at school and why? (4
marks).
a. Physical education has become more marginalized because school
districts place a higher importance on subjects such as math or english
due to standardized testing and funding to schools that do better on them
3. What does structured PA (AKA deliberate play and practice) do for the brain?
(2 point for 4 marks)
a. Leads to improved circulation and therefore oxygen supply to brain
b. Improved cognitive function from movement skill development and high
levels of challenge/ difficulty
4. What has longitudinal evidence found regarding high level of movement skills
in early childhood? (2 marks)
a. High levels of movement skills in early childhood predicts having higher
cognitive development and academic achievement
5. List the 7 Executive Functioning skills are developed during physical activity
that has a cognitive component? (2 marks each = 14)
a. Decision making
b. Planning
c. Problem solving
d. Attending
e. Perceiving
f. Acting
g. Coordination actions
6. Based on the linear theories of motor skill learning, identify and define the 3
observable stages of learning for children when they move through
progressive repetition of a skill. (3 marks each for 9 marks)
a. Cognitive- learner uses cognitive skills to understand the demands of the
goal directed movement
b. Associative- the learner is able to understand the goal and then work to
practice it so that it does not require as much attention demands when the
do it
c. Autonomous- the movement is practiced enough that they can perform it
accurately without a lot of thought needed
7. The effectiveness of the learning is dependent of the PE environment that the
teacher can create. What are the 3 environment manipulations that were
identified (2 marks each for 6 marks) and what would they accomplish? (4
marks)
 a. Physical changes of the surface the activity is on- creates cognitive
difficulties
b. Changing the location and where the activity is taking place- increase or
decreases noise
c. Changing the size of the environment or increasing distractions
8. What are the 4 main linear pedagogy teaching principles? (2 mark each for 8
marks)
a. For each skill, there is a correct and optimal movement pattern for it
b. In the cognitive stage the movements can be broken down and simplified
c. You must try to reduce movement variability as it makes it more difficult to
achieve the skill
d. The greater amount of focus attention, the greater the performance
outcomes
9. Based on the non-linear theory of motor skill learning, learning is not linear,
nor is it driven by a peripheral agent (top-down approach). How does learning
occur? (2 points for 4 marks)
a. Learning occurs through sudden and abrupt transitions
b. Also occurs through self organizing behavior that evolve through dynamic
interactions between system elements
10. What two models are proposed to support the teacher in implementing
non-linear pedagogy? (2 marks each for 4 marks)
a. Understanding and recognizing where the learner is at with a skill
b. Being able to reduce noise or increase noise to the system to improve the
skills and to match the learners functional capacities
11. Identify and define the 3 observable levels of Newell’s model of movement
learning? (2 marks each for 6 marks)
a. Coordination- children are often rigid and awkward but learn to improve
coordination problems
b. Control- movements become more fluid as they understand their body
better
c. Skill- children are able to use more complex movement patterns to
achieve a goal
12. Identify and define the STEP framework? (8 marks)
a. Space- increase or decrease to make task harder
b. Task- modify to make it easier or harder
c. Equipment- use different equipment to add constraints or to make it easier
d. People- change the number of people there to make the ability to focus on
the task easier or more difficult
13. How does non-linear pedagogy line up with TGFU? (3 different points for 2
marks each 6 marks)
a. Both teaching methods place a large focus on the individual skills and
needs and can change the difficulty based on their skill level
b. The activities can be modified to plave a focus on certain skills
c. They both use the cognitive, associative and autonomous model of
understanding movement skills