POLITECNICO DI MILANO

A.A 2022-23

A NEW LEARNING
LANDSCAPE
IN CASALPUSTERLENGO

STRUCTURAL REPORT

DESING AND CONSTRUCTION STUDIO

Prof. Andrea Tartaglia, Prof. Giovanni Muciaccia
GROUP 5
 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION STUDIO
(A.Y. 2022-23)

Giovanni Muciaccia with Laura Corti and Francesco Lomurno

Andrea Tartaglia with Davide Cerati
Digital twin laboratory experience: Andrea Fossati

GROUP 5
Marina Alonso Martínez
Allen Mae Baldemor
Izabela Mera
Héctor Peña González
Fernanda Zambrano García
Table of content
1.Introduction............................................................................................................................................................................. 3

1.1. Project description ............................................................................................................................................................... 3

1.2. Structural design................................................................................................................................................................. 4

1.3. Schematic drawings............................................................................................................................................................ 5

2. References ............................................................................................................................................................................. 6

3. Material properties................................................................................................................................................................ 6

4. Design Method ..................................................................................................................................................................7-9

5. Load analysis ........................................................................................................................................................................10

5.1. Weight of structural elements (G1) .............................................................................................................................. 10-11

5.2. Weight of non-structural elements (G2) .................................................................................................................... 12-21

5.2.1. Roof ................................................................................................................................................................................ 12

5.2.2. Floor ......................................................................................................................................................................... 14-16

5.2.3. Ground Floor ............................................................................................................................................................ 17-18

5.2.4. Façade ........................................................................................................................................................................... 19

5.2.5. Balcony and shading façade .................................................................................................................................. 20-21

6. Structural analysis and verifications ............................................................................................................................ 22-34

7. Structural details ...........................................................................................................................................................34-36

7.1. Beams ................................................................................................................................................................................ 34

7.2. Column ............................................................................................................................................................................. 34

7.3. Foundations...................................................................................................................................................................... 35

7.4. Facade Technology .......................................................................................................................................................... 36

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Project description

The aim of this project was to meet all the requirements of a new structure that would host the potential estimated
flow of students of the future generations, who will be educated in the scientific and informational domain, and
offered housing in the proximity of Casalpusterlengo’s Istituto Istruzione Superiore "A.Cesaris" as part of its
extension. Considering the need of firstly connecting this area to the rest of the comune, we provided a compact
masterplan surrounding the overall campus, including its recreational areas and opening controlled accesses to the
most focal points of flow. The main entrance to the school was located in Viale Cadorna, as well as a secondary one
at the back of the facilities. More access is offered to the recreational ares as well which has been reevaluated and
designed with new pedestrian pathways to connect the whole site with one another.

The three main buildings were designed following the pre-existing axis of the ex-agrarian collection point,
maintaining almost 50% of one of the structures, renovating and repurposing it as a community gym on the western
side and a school canteen for the students of the Professional School. Adjacent to it, this volume is continued with
the new structure of the school with 15 new classrooms with flexible walls that can join two consecutive ones, making
them versatile and of larger capacity and 3 new laboratories. The school has a reception as well as common spaces
for students to meet, while the canteen is found in the building just next to it connected by a common corridor. At
last the third building is the student residence which has 51 rooms of two typologies (excluding the ones dedicated
for disabled standards): the shared one for the younger students, all of which have a common kitchen with each
other and the apartment typologies which connect these apartments to smaller and more private common kitchen
between fewer of them, for the older students. The flow of these two different age groups is controlled by the
reception as well as by the differentiated entrances to the eastern and western block. Common spaces are designed
as well so as to cater to all the functional and recreational needs of the students such as, washing machine rooms,
study rooms, gym and game room. The volumes were created in such a way so as to use the already paved and
developed area of the site, locating the longer sides of the building facing south and north for energy efficiency
reasons. The simple geometry of three buildings is made for the purpose of energy efficiency, while for the student
residence we designed internal courtyards in the south in order to make sunlight penetrate into more apartments
and corridors in order to offer more natural lighting and pleasant view. These glazed courtyards are continued in the
ground floor with greenery areas and trees so as to show a continuation with the exterior, which is the private
residence garden of the southern side, and the interior. The southern garden was thought as a private common space
dedicated to the residents only, thus made private with a perimeter wall, which also avoids views of the parking lot in
front of the area, and improves air quality and landscape with greenery and trees.

All apartments face south so as to have the best daylight, lighting and heat comfort, while all common facilities and
vertical/ horizontal connection cores are located north, requiring less lighting overall. The building envelope is then
wrapped by a cantilevered open-air balcony that runs along the whole perimeter of the residence, equipping also
each apartment with one private balcony, that is divided by the next one through handrails. Bike parking areas have
been place just outside in the northern area of the site, closest to the entrances as to promote bike use as well. The
parking lots requirements have been met, and placed in the already developed area of the lot, closest to the back
entrance from Viale Cadorna, and mitigating its heat island effect through permeable pavement, collected by
underground water tanks connected to the building’s irrigation systems, and by the trees that aim to shadow the
parking spots. Photovoltaic panels placed on the roofs of both the school and the student residence make the most
use of the sunlight as well as converting this gained energy into electrical power for the building’s functions.

3
To end with, the purpose of this project is to offer new educational opportunities to future students who will seek to
pursue their schooling in the commune of Casalpusterlengo by strengthening and highlighting its social, economic
and cultural potential, while also being respectful of its surrounding environment, for becoming an important
informational and scientific student hub in the Province of Lodi.

1.2. Structural design

The project is mainly divided in three macrostructures: the gym, the school and the student housing. The chosen
building to be analyzed structurally is the Student Housing. The structural grid works in an alternating pattern with
a maximum of inter-axis distance of 5,9 m and spans through the 84 meters long volume. This structural grid is
organized by the positioning of the columns 30x30 cm in a grid of maximum of 6,4m and minimum of 2,7m.

Meanwhile, shear walls were also placed symmetrically in the cores of the vertical connections and
also throughout the northern and southern part of the plan, as well as the edges of the building. The building is
composed of three storeys all of which have a 3,7 meter height. All the floors are characterized by a 1.85 meter
cantilever corridor that also accommodates the shading system of the façade.

The roof consists on an accessible green structure with solar panels allowing smaller vegetation to grow.
The building technology is that of reinforced concrete with a slab of 26cm. The façade consists of a single chamber
ventilated façade with a plaster finishing.

The structure is made of RCC beams and columns, using C 25/30 concrete and B 450 C steel.

4
 1.3. Schematic drawings

Ground Floor, First Floor and Second Floor follow the same structural grid, which créate and shape the interior
spaces of the buildings.

5
2. REFERENCES

• D.M 14/01/2008 - Approval of the new technical standards for construction. • Ministerial Decree
17/01/2018 - Update of the «Technical standards for constructions».
• Eurocode 0: EN 1990 - 2002 + A1 - Basis of Structural Design Classification of actions according to
EN 1990.
• Eurocode 1: EN 1991 – 2002 - Actions On Structures
• D.M. 09/01/1996 – Technical standards for the calculation, execution and testing of reinforced concrete
structures, normal and prestressed and for metal structures (Norme tecniche per il calcolo, l’esecuzione
ed il collaudo delle strutture in cemento armato, normale e precompresso e per le strutture metalliche)

3. MATERIAL PROPERTIES

Reinforced concrete:
Strength classes of concrete. Fck=cylindrical resistance; Rck=cubic resistance
- C25/30

Class Fck (Mpa) Rck (Mpa) Quality

C8/10 8 10 Non-structural concrete
C12/15 12 15 Non-structural concrete
C16/20 16 20 Ordinary concrete
C20/25 20 25 Ordinary concrete
C25/30 25 30 Ordinary concrete
C28/35 28 35 Ordinary concrete
C30/37 30 37 Ordinary concrete
C32/40 32 40 Ordinary concrete
C35/45 35 45 Ordinary concrete
C40/50 40 50 Ordinary concrete
C45/55 45 55 Ordinary concrete

- B 450 C (hot rolled steel): characterized by a tensile strength not lower than 540 N/mm2; by a yield strength
not lower than 450 N/mm2 and by a total elongation at maximum load not lower than 7%;

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4. DESIGN METHOD

Load combinations, partial factor for loads and combination factors

• Classification of actions, taken from Code - Reference: D.M. 17/01/2018, page 37-38:
Representative values of permanent loads G
G1 = self-weight of all structural elements; and fully defined permanent loads carried.
G2 = self-weight of all non-structural elements. and permanent loads carried not fully defined.
Representative values of variable loads Q
The Qk characteristic value of a variable action is a defined value corresponding to a fraction equal to
95% of the maximum population, in relation to the period of reference of the variable action itself.

Gk the characteristic value of permanent actions;

Pk the characteristic value of the prestressing force;
Qk1 the characteristic value of the basic action of each combination;
Qki the characteristic values of the mutually independent variable actions; γg = 1.4 (1.0 if its contribution
increases safety);
γp = 0.9 (1.2 if its contribution decreases safety);
γq = 1.5 (0 if its contribution increases safety);
ψ0i = combination coefficient at the ultimate limit state to be determined on the basis of
statistical considerations;
ψ1i coefficient suitable for defining the values of the actions similar to the fractiles of order 0.95 of the
distributions of the instantaneous values;
ψ2i coefficient suitable for defining the almost permanent values of the variable actions which can be
assimilated to the average values of the distributions of instantaneous values.

• Partial safety factor

• Code - Reference: D.M. 09/01/1996 - Technical standards for the calculation, execution and testing of reinforced
concrete structures, normal and prestressed and for metal structures.

Actions Calculations
For the ultimate limit states (ULS) the following combinations will be adopted:

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 Category/ Variable Actions ψ0 ψ1 ψ2

Category A Buildings of Residential use 0.7 0.5 0.3

Wind 0.7 0.2 0

Snow (a quota > 1000 m s.l.m.) 0.7 0.2 0

Thermal Variations 0.6 0.5 0.0

ULTIMATE LIMIT STATES

- The equilibrium limit state as a rigid body: EQU
- The resistance limit state of the structure including the foundation elements: STR
- The resistance limit state of the soil: GEO

Coefficiente γF EQU A1 STR A2 GEO

Permanent Loads favorable γG1 0,9 1,0 1,0

unfavorable 1,1 1,3 1,0

Non-structural favorable γG2 0,0 0,0 0,0

Permanent Loads unfavorable 1,5 1,5 1,3

Variable Loads favorable γQ1 0,0 0,0 0,0

unfavorable 1,5 1,5 1,3

(1) In the event that the non-structural permanent loads (e.g. carried permanent loads) are fully defined, the
same coefficients valid for permanent actions can be adopted for them.

From the above table:

- γG1 partial coefficient of the self-weight of the structure, as well as of the self-weight of the soil and
water, when relevant;
- γG2 partial coefficient of the self-weights of the non-structural elements; - γQ1 partial coefficient of
variable actions.

For the serviceability limit states, rare, frequent and almost permanent combinations must be taken into
consideration with γg = γp = γq = 1, and applying suitable coefficients ψ0, ψ1, ψ2 to the characteristic values of the
variable actions.

8
In conventional form the combinations can be expressed as follows:

- Rare combinations (SLS):

- Frequent combinations (SLS):

- Almost permanent combinations (SLS):

9
5. LOAD ANALYSIS

5.1. Weight of structural elements (G1)

The starting point for the calculation of a structure is the pre-sizing of structural elements.

5.1.1. Slab
Simplified pre-sizing of slab of the student housing:
The height of the slab is a function of the span L (Lv= 640 cm) it has to cover.
H of slab = 1/30 Lmax
H of slab = 640 cm / 25 = 25,6 cm = 26 cm

From the table, we take the higher value closest to our calculation of H of slab.
s = concrete deck thickness (cm), h=depth of the hollow block (cm)
Minimum Slab height in centimeters Hh+s = H20+6
Weight of Slab = 3.42 kN/m2

Element Norm Minimum size required (cm) Chosen size (cm)

h slab h ≥ L/30 h ≥ 12cm 25.66 cm 26 cm

h hollow tile h ≥ 12 cm 12 cm 20 cm

s screed s ≥ 4 cm 4 cm 6 cm

i joist spacing i ≤ 15s i ≤ 75 50 cm

length of joist b
0 ≥ 1/8i 8 cm 10 cm
0≥ 8 cm
b

bp hollow tile b
p≤ 52 cm bp ≤ 52 cm 40 cm

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 5.1.2. Beam
The height of the slab is a function of the interaxis distance span L (L = 445,5 cm) it has to cover.
H of beam = 1/20 Lmax
H of beam = 445,5 cm / 20 = 22 cm
We engineer it at 30 cm

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 5.2. Weight of non-structural elements (G2)

5.2.1. Roof
Permanent - Dead load calculations (G) kN/m2
G: permanent actions divided in:
Gk1 permanent structural;
Gk2 permanent non-structural.

Material Action Thickness (mm) Density Weight Weight

(kN/m3) (kg/m2) (kN/m2)

Solar Panel Gk2 - - 2,29 0,229

Urbanscape® Sedum-mix blanket Gk2 20 - 23 (wet) 2,3

Urbanscape® Green Roll Gk2 40 11 (dry) 4,20 0,42

Urbanscape® Geotextile 110 Gk2 0,65 - 0,11 0,011

Gravel Gk2 50 - 0,74

Urbanscape® Solar Baseplate Gk2 60 5,2 0,52

Urbanscape® Geotextile 500- REC Gk2 2,5 - 0,5 0,05

Urbanscape® Root Membrane Gk2 5 - 0,5 0,05

Waterproof Membrane Gk2 0,44 - 0,27 0,027

Screed Gk2 60 19,6 18 1,8

Brick and concrete floor Gk1 260 11,66 - 3,42

False ceiling board Gk2 25 1,5 - 0,06

False ceiling hanger wire Gk2 375 - 0,09 0,009

Total 898,59

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Gk1 = 3,42 kN/m2
Gk2 = 6,216 kN/m2

Variable - Live load calculations (Q) kN/m2

- Snow actions on Roof, taken from Code - Reference: D.M. 17/01/2018, page 58:
Zone 1 - Mediterranea, Lodi:
qsk = 1,5 kN/m2 as ≤ 200m

Area Qk (kN/m2 ) snow in Lodi YG partial safety factor for variable actions

Roof 1.5 1.5

- Occupancy load, taken from Table 6.10, EN 1991-1-1, page 29:

Category Qk ( kN/m2 ) Qk (kN)

uniformly distributed load concentrated load

C: environments 3.00 3.00

susceptible to crowding

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 5.2.2. Floor
Permanent - Dead load calculations (G) kN/m2
G: permanent actions divided in:
Gk1 permanent structural;
Gk2 permanent non-structural.

Material Action Thickness Density Weight Weight

(mm) (kN/m3) (kg/m2) (kN/m2)

Flooring GK2 5 - 9,68 0,968

Adhesive (SikaBond®- 150 Premium Floor) GK2 3 12 - 0,0024

Screed - heating GK2 50 0,2 18 1,8

system

Vapor barrier GK2 6 - 0,685 0,0685

Screed GK2 60 19,6 18 1,8

Brick and concrete Gk1 260 11,66 - 3,42

floor

False ceiling board GK2 25 1,5 - 0,06

False ceiling hanger wire GK2 375 - 0,09 0,009

Total 784 mm

Gk1 = 3,42 kN/m2

Gk2 = 4,7079 kN/m2

The total amount of Gk2 should be done also considering a given value g2 that takes account of the distributed internal
walls.

The self-weight of the internal partitions can be considered as a permanent uniformly distributed load gk2 defined
considering the self-weight per length unit G2 in this way:

internal partitions with 4.00 < G2 ≤ 5.00 kN/m2 : gk2 = 2.0 kN/m2 , taken from Code - Reference: 17/01/2018, page 42:

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 Calculation for Interior Walls
INTERNAL WALL 1

Material Action Thickness (mm) Density (kN/m3) Weight (kN/m2)

Finishing - 2

Plasterboard GK2 9,5 - 0,61

Plasterboard GK2 9,5 - 0,61

Deep Flange ‘U’ Channel - 1 - -

I stud - 21,5 - -

Insulation GK2 25 0,16

I stud - 21.5 - -

Deep Flange ‘U’ Channel - 1 - -

Plasterboard GK2 9,5 - 0,61

Plasterboard GK2 9,5 - 0,61

Finishing - 2 -

Total Gk2 112 2,6

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INTERNAL WALL 2- for the bathrooms

Material Action Thickness (mm) Density (kN/m3) Weight (kN/m2)

Finishing - 2

Plasterboard GK2 9,5 0,61

Plasterboard GK2 9,5 0,61

Deep Flange ‘U’ Channel - 1 - -

I stud - 21,5 - -

Insulation GK2 25 0,16

I stud - 21.5 - -

Deep Flange ‘U’ Channel - 1

Aquapanel cement board (Knauf GKBI) GK2 12,5 68 0,85

Aquapanel cement board (Knauf GKBI) GK2 12,5 68 0,85

Knauf cement based Tile Adhesive - 5

Tile - - - -

Total Gk2 121 3,08

G2 = ( total Gk2 x net interfloor distance ) = 4,2 kN/m2 x 3,7m = 15,54 kN/m2
as 4.00 < G2 ≤ 5.00 kN/m2 :
gk2 = 2 kN/m2 (considered as an equally distributed load)
GK1 = 3,42 kN/m2
GK2 = 15,54 kN/m2 + 2 kN/m2 = 17,54 kN/m2

Variable - Live load calculations (Q) kN/m2

- Occupancy load, taken from Table 6.10, EN 1991-1-1, page 29:

Category qk (kN/m2) uniformly QK (kN) concentrated load

distributed load

C: Environments susceptible to crowding 3.00 3.00

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 5.2.3. Ground Floor

Permanent - Dead load calculations (G) kN/m2

G: permanent actions divided in:
Gk1 permanent structural;
Gk2 permanent non-structural.

Material Action Thickness (mm) Density (kN/m3) Weight (kN/m2)

Flooring Gk2 10 9,68 2,1

Screed - heating system Gk2 200 0,2 1,8

Reinforced concrete base Gk1 100 25 2,21

Insulation XPS Gk2 200 38 0,684

Vapor Barrier Gk2 6 - 0,0685

Reinforced concrete Gk1 100 25 2,21

Igloo System Gk1 350 - 0,07

Reinforced concrete base Gk1 100 25 2,21

Pad Footing RC Foundation - - - -

Reinforced lean concrete - - - -

Total 1066

Distributed internal walls gk2 = 2 kN/m2

GK1 = 2,21kN/m2 + 2,21kN/m2 + 2,21kN/m2 = 6,63 kN/m2

GK2 = 4,7225 kN/m2 + 2 kN/m2 = 5,7225 kN/m2

17
Variable - Live load calculations (Q) kN/m2
- Occupancy load, taken from Table 6.10, EN 1991-1-1, page 29:

qk (kN/m2) QK (kN) concentrated

Category uniformly load
distributed load

C: Environments susceptible 3.00 3.00

to crowding

18
 5.2.4. Façade

Permanent - Dead load calculations (G) kN/m2

Material Action Thickness Density Weight

(mm) (kN/m3) (kN/m2)

Gyproc Finish Plasters - 5 mm - -

Aquapanel Render System - 6 mm - -

Aquapanel Cement Board Gk2 15 mm - 0,85

Waterproof Membrane - 1,5 mm - -

Anchoring system/ technical installations cavity - 100 mm - -

(not ventilated)

Rock Wool with thermal Gk2 100 mm 100 0,02

conductivity of 0.041 W/mK

Kanuf Diamant Gypsum Panel Gk2 15 mm - 0,61

Knauf Insulation Vapor Barrier - 1,5 mm - -

Knauf Diamant Gypsum Panel Gk2 15 mm - 0,61

Gyproc Finish Plasters - 5mm - -

Total Gk2 249 mm 2,09

Total Load = Gk2 x net interfloor distance = 2,09 kN/m2 x 3.7 m = 7.733 kN/m

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 5.2.5. Balcony and shading façade

Permanent - Dead load calculations (G) kN/m2

G: permanent actions divided in:
Gk1 permanent structural;
Gk2 permanent non-structural.

Material Action Thickness Density Weight Weight

(mm) (kN/m3) (kg/m2) (kN/m2)

Flooring Gk2 5 - 9,68 0,968

Adhesive (SikaBond®- 150 Premium Floor) Gk2 3 12 - 0,0024

Screed Gk2 60 19,6 18 1,8

Waterproof Membrane Gk2 6 - 0,685 0,0685

Slab hollow Brick System Gk1 260 11,66 - 3,42

Plaster Gk2 10 - - -

Total 344

Gk1 = 3,42 kN/m2

Gk2 = 2,84 kN/m2

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Variable - Live load calculations (Q) kN/m2
- Occupancy load, taken from Table 6.10, EN 1991-1-1, page 29:

Category qk (kN/m2) uniformly QK (kN) concentrated load

distributed load

C: Environments susceptible to crowding 3.00 3.00

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6. STRCTURAL ANALYSIS AND VERIFICATIONS

BEAM CALCULATION (Simply Supported)

Span = 6,4 m
Inter-axis distance = 4,455 m
_AREA OF INFLUENCE = 6,4*(4.95+3,96)/2 = 28,512 m2

We calculate the weight of each single element of the floor per square metre: I multiply its specific weight in kN/m3
by its own volume and divide it by one square meter.

Permanent Structural Loads (Qs) Gk1 = 3,42 kN/m2

Permanent non-structural Loads (Qp) = 4,6989 kN/m2
I add to the permanent load the incidence of partitions (1 kN/m2 ) and the incidence of systems (0,5 kN/m2 ) that I
don't calculate since the internal distribution of non-structural elements can change during the life of a building.
Qp = 4,6989 kN/m2 + 1 kN/m2 + 0,5 kN/m2 ) = 6,1989 kN/m2
Permanent non-structural Loads (Qp) = 6,1989 kN/m2

Accidental Loads (Qa) = 2kN/m2 (residential use building),

Accidental Loads (Qa) = 3kN/m2 (high concentration spaces), we take the higher value of the two.

Security Coefficients
Qu= (qs*γG1+ qp*γG2 qa*γG3) = (3,42*1,3+6,1989 *1,5+3*1,5) * 4,455 (interaxis span) =

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(4,446+9,29835+4,5)*4,455 = 81,2785 kN/m

At this point I can calculate the maximum moment M acting on the beam having the linear load Qu, the light covering
my beam and knowing that the maximum moment of a supported beam is ql2/8.
Mmax = qu x l2/8= 81,2785 kN/m x (6,4)2 /8= 416,14 kNm

_BEAM PROJECT

Fyd = fyk/ys
Fyd = 450/1,15 = 391,30 N/mm2

Fcd = acc(fck/yC)
Fcd = 0,85 x (25 N/mm2/1,5)
Fcd = 14,16 N/mm2

_HOMOGENEITY COEFFICIENT n = 15
Beta = fcd/(fcd+(fvd/n)) =14,16 /(14,16 +(391,30/15)) = 0,3518
r = √2/fcd(1-(Beta/3)) x Beta = 6,22

For finding Hmin

b = 30 cm
Hu = r √Mmax/b = 6,22√ 416,14 /30 = 23,1 cm

δ = 5 cm
Hmin = hu + δ = 23,1 + 5 cm = 28,1 cm

We engineer it at 30 cm

_VERIFICATION
(0,30 x 0,30 x 1) m3/m2 x 25 kN/m3 = 2,25 kN/m2

Multiplication by security coefficient 1,3

2,25 kN/m2 x 1,3 = 2,925 kN/m2

Sum with Qu = 107,642+ 2,925 = 110,567kN/m2 = 110,57 kN/m2

To verify the sizing just calculated, it is necessary to recalculate the loads, adding the own weight of the beam,
calculated based on the section. The specific weight of reinforced concrete is 25 kN/m3.

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_BEAM

0,3 m * 0,3 m * 25 kN/ m3= 2,25 kN/m2

Permanent Structural Loads (Qs) Gk1 = 3,42 kN/m2

_totale qs = 3,42 kN/m2 + 2,25 kN/m2 = 5,67 kN/m2

Permanent non-structural Loads(Qp) = 6,1989 kN/m2

Accidental Loads (Qa) = 3kN/m2 (residential use building)

_TOTAL LOADS = 5,67 kN/m2 + 6,1989 kN/m2 + 3 kN/m2 = 14,8689 kN/m2 = 14,867 kN/m2

_SECURITY COEFFICIENTS

To increase sizing safety, each load must be multiplied by a safety factor (slightly greater than 1) and these
are: γs = 1,3 γp = 1,5 γA= 1,5

_ total loads (with safety coefficient) = 21,16935 kN/m2= 21,17 kN/m2

_distributed load calculation:

q = (5,67 * 1,3 + 6,1989 *1,5+ 3 *1,5) * i = 21,17 kN/m2 * 4,455 m =

q = 94,31 kN/m

_Maximum Moment Calculation:

Mmax = (94,31 kN/m * (6,4)2 m2 )/8 =

Mmax = 482,879 kN * m

_ hu beam calculation (since the resistance parameter has not changed)

Hu = r √Mmax/b = 6,22√482,879 kN * m/30 =

hu= 24,9 cm

_ Adding the coefficient δ to obtain the height H

24
H = 24,9 cm + 5 cm = 29,9 cm = 30 cm

Therefore, is needed a beam with a height of 30 cm.

CONCLUSION

From the two different sizing it was possible to ascertain how by adding the own weight of the beam, there
was a very incisive increase in the height of the beam: it goes from a useful height of 28,1 cm to a value of
29,9 superior of 1.8 cm.

This is due to the high value of the specific weight of the reinforced concrete, which influences the sizing
when the beam is also considered with its weight.

STEEL AREA

Concrete cover c = 30mm

Iron Brackets Diameter = 8mm

Longitudinal Iron Rod Diameter = 16 mm

Useful Height = h = H-h’ = 300-(30+8+16/2) = 254 mm

fyd=450/1,15=391 N/mm2

As = (482,87 x 10 6)/(0,9x254x391) = 5,402.28 mm2 = 54 cm2

8ф16, As = 54 cm2

Considering that a 16 mm iron has an area of about 200mm2 therefore, in favour of safety we decide to put 5 16
mm irons with a total area of 1000mm2, we calculate the resisting moment:

The effective resisting moment Mrd=0,9x428x1000x391/(1000x1000) = 150.613 kNm

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 Predimensioning Positive Moment Predimensioning Negative Moment

Realizing that the positive resisting moment (53,45 kNm), is considerably smaller than the one expected (approx.
150 kNm), we re-dimension the Longitudinal Steel Rebar Diameter until we have the closest resisting moment to
the one we calculated.

After Reinforcement Verification

Positive Moment

Increasing the diameter, the Longitudinal Steel Rebar from 18 to 24 mm to the upper part, and the lower part and
increasing the number of bars, opting for 4 ф24 steel rebars at the upper part of the beam, and 4 ф24 iron rods at
the bottom part of the beam, we conclude a positive resisting moment of 151,3 kNm, which is greater than our initial
calculated value 150.6 kNm by 0,05 %.

MRd ≥ Med

26
BEAM CALCULATION (Cantilever)

Span = 1,85
Inter-axis Distance = 5,9

_AREA OF INFLUENCE = (6,4+5,4)/2*1,85 = 10,915 m2

Calculating the weight of each single element of the floor per square metre: I multiply its specific weight in kN/m3
by its own volume and divide it by one square meter.

Permanent Structural Loads (Qs) Gk1 = 3,42 kN/m2

Permanent non-structural Loads (Qp) = 4,6989 kN/m2

I add to the permanent load the incidence of partitions (1 kN/m2 ) and the incidence of systems (0,5 kN/m2 ) that I
don't calculate since the internal distribution of non-structural elements can change during the life of a building.

Qp = 4,6989 kN/m2 + 1 kN/m2 + 0,5 kN/m2 ) = 6,1989 kN/m2

Permanent non-structural Loads (Qp) = 6,1989 kN/m2

Accidental Loads (Qa) = 2kN/m2 (residential use building),

Accidental Loads (Qa) = 3kN/m2 (high concentration spaces), we take the higher value of the two.

Security Coefficients
Qu= (qs*γG1+ qp*γG2 qa*γG3) = (3,42*1,3+6,1989 *1,5+3*1,5) * 5,9 (interasse) =
(4,446+9,29835+4,5)*5,9 = 107,642 kN/m

At this point I can calculate the maximum moment M acting on the beam having the linear load Qu, the light covering
my beam which is 1,85 (the arm) and knowing that the maximum moment of a supported beam is ql2/8.
Mmax = qu x l2/2 = 107,642 kN/m x (1,85)2 /2= 184.202 kNm

27
_BEAM PROJECT
Fyd = fyk/ys
Fyd = 450/1,15 = 391,30 N/mm2

Fcd = acc(fck/yC)
Fcd = 0,85 x (25 N/mm2/1,5)
Fcd = 14,16 N/mm2

_HOMOGENEITY COEFFICIENT n = 15
Beta = fcd/(fcd+(fvd/n)) =14,16 / (14,16 +(391,30/15)) = 0,3518
r = √2/fcd(1-(Beta/3)) x Beta = 6,22

For finding Hmin

Supposing we have a squared section
Hu = √ (r √Mmax) = √ (6,22√184.202) = 9.185 cm = 10 cm
δ = 5 cm
Hmin = hu + δ = 10 cm + 5 cm = 15 cm

_VERIFICATION
(0,15 x 0,15 x 1) m3/m2 x 25 kN/m3 = 0.5625 kN/m2

Multiplication by security coefficient 1,3

0.5625 kN/m2 x 1,3 = 0.73125 kN/m2

Sum with Qu = 107,642+ 0.73125 = 108.37325 kN/m2 = 108,37 kN/m2

To verify the sizing just calculated, it is necessary to recalculate the loads, adding the own weight of the beam,
calculated based on the section. The specific weight of reinforced concrete is 25 kN/m3.

BEAM
0,15 m * 0,15 m * 25 kN/ m3= 0.5625 kN/m2 (viene usato il valore al mq perché non c’è grande differenza
con quello che si avrebbe al ml)
Permanent Structural Loads (Qs) Gk1 = 3,42 kN/m2
_totale qs = 3,42 kN/m2 + 2,25 kN/m2 = 5,67 kN/m2

Permanent non-structural Loads (Qp) = 6,1989 kN/m2

Accidental Loads (Qa) = 3kN/m2 (residential use building)

_TOTAL LOADS = 5,67 kN/m2 + 6,1989 kN/m2 + 3 kN/m2 = 14,8689 kN/m2 = 14,867 kN/m2

_SECURITY COEFFICIENTS

28
To increase sizing safety, each load is multiplied by a safety factor (slightly greater than 1) and these are:
γs = 1,3 γp = 1,5 γA= 1,5
_ total loads (with safety coefficient) = 21,16935 kN/m2 = 21,17 kN/m2
_distributed load calculation:
q = (5,67 * 1,3 + 6,1989 *1,5+ 3 *1,5) * i = 21,17 kN/m2 * 5,9 m =
q = 124,899 kN/m

_Maximum Moment Calculation:

Mmax = (124,899 kN/m * (1,85)2 m2)/2 =
Mmax = 213.73341375 kN * m = 213.73 kN * m
_ hu beam calculation (since the resistance parameter has not changed)
Hu = √( r √Mmax) = √(6,22√ 213.73 kN * m) =
hu= 9,5359 cm = 9,6 cm = 10 cm
_ Adding the coefficient δ to obtain the height H.
H = 10 cm + 5 cm = 15 cm
Therefore, is needed a beam with a minimum height of 15 cm.

STEEL AREA
Concrete cover c = 30mm
Steel Brackets Diameter = 8mm
Longitudinal Steel Rebar Diameter = 16 mm
Useful Height = h = H-h’ = 150-(30+8+16/2) = 123 mm
fyd=450/1,15 = 391N/mm2
As = (213.73 x 10 6)/(0,9x123x391) = 4,937.886 mm2 = 49,38 cm2
8ф16, As = 49,38 cm2

Considering that a 16 mm steel rebar has an area of about 200mm2 therefore, in favor of safety we decide to put 5
16 mm steel rebars with a total area of 1000mm2, we calculate the resisting moment:

The effective resisting moment Mrd=0,9x213.73x1000x391/(1000x1000) = 75.211587 kNm

29
 Predimensioning Predimensioning
Negative Moment for Cantilever Positive Moment for Cantilever

From the verification on the VcaSlu we note that the necessary positive resistant moment of our cantilever beam
(11,31 kNm) is way lower than the one we need (75.211587 kNm) and that a section of 15 cm by 15 cm causes a
fragile rupture thus we engineered the section of 25 by 25 and changed its reinforcement with 4 ф20 mm steel
rebars on the upper part and 2 ф20 mm steel rebars on the lower part.

30
This way we achieve we a positive resisting moment of the cantilever beam of 79,61 kNm kNm, which is greater than
our initial calculated value 75.2 kNm by 0.05 %.

MRd ≥ Med

COLUMN CALCULATION

_Tributary Area = ((6,4 +5,4)/2) * ((3,96 + 4,95)/2) = 5,9 * 4.275 = 25.2225 m2 = 25 m2

To find N I take some data from the previous step, and I find the load due to the self-weight of the beams Qbeam
which is calculated.

sectional area x specific weight of the material x length of the beam in the area of influence of the column

Main Beam = (0,30 x 0,30) m2 x 25 KN/m3 = 2,25 KN/m

Qbeam= (2,25 x 5,9) + (2,25 x 4,275) = 13,275 + 9.61875 kN = 22.89375 kN = 23 kN

Permanent Structural Loads (Qs) Gk1 = 3,42 kN/m2

Permanent non-structural Loads (Qp) = 4,7 kN/m2
Accidental Loads (Qa) = 3kN/m2 (areas of high concentration)
ground and first floor

31
Slab Load = 3,42 kN/m2* 25 m2 = 85.5 kN/m2
Qbeam= (2,25 x 5,9) + (2,25 x 4,275) = 13,275 + 9.61875 kN = 22.89375 kN = 23 kN

Pillar Load = 4,24m* 25kN/m3 *0,9m2= 95,4 kN

Pg = 210.74 kN
Pgd = 210,74 kN * 1,5 = 316,11
Pq = 3*25 m= 75
Pqd = 75 * 1,5 = 112,5 kN
P1,2d = 316,11 +75 = 391,11 kN

second floor

Slab Load = 3,42 kN/m2* 25 m2 = 85,5 kN/m2

Qbeam= (2,25 x 5,9) + (2,25 x 4,275) = 13,275 +9.61875 kN = 22.89375 kN = 23 kN
Pillar Load = 4,24m* 25kN/m3 *0,9m2= 95,4 kN

Pg = 210,74 kN
Pgd = 210,74 kN * 1,5 = 316,11
Pq = 1,5*25 m= 37,5
Pqd = 37,5 * 1,5 = 56,25 kN
P1,2d = 316,11+ 56,25= 372.36 kN

Ptot = 391,11 kN + 372.36 kN

= 763.47 kN

_MATERIALS CHOSEN

CLS C25/30 = fcd = 0,85*25/1,5 = 14,16 N/mm2

Steel B 450 C = fyd = 450/1,15 = 391,30 N/mm2

_GEOMETRY DEFINITION

n = fyd / fcd* = 27.63

β = As / Ac = 0,01
Ac = NEd / (fcd*(1+nβ)) = 763.47 * 103 N / 14,16*(1+27,63*0,01) = 42,245.08mm2 = 422 cm2

L= √422 cm2 = 20,55 cm

Minimum dimension = 25 cm

As = β x Ac = 0,01 x 422 = 4,22 cm2

32
_VERIFICATIONS
fck = 25 N/mm2
fcd = 25/1,6 = 15,625 N/mm2
fyk = 450 N/mm2
fyd = 450/1,15 = 391,30 N/mm2
fc* = 0.75αfcd = 12,4625 N/mm2

Ac = 30x30 = 900 cm2

Concrete cover of 3 cm
Maximum tie spacing (Interferro) must be between 25 – 30 cm, so 4 longitudinal steel bars are adequate.

As 4ф18 = 1017 cm2

Stirrups Spacing = 12 x 18 = 216 mm

Stirrups ф8/216

Using the lower value between 216 (12 x ф bars) and 250 mm of the longitudinal steel bars, we opt for a length of
216 mm.

FOUNDATIONS CALCULATIONS

We consider the pressure on soil:

σsoil= 200 kPa = 2 kg/cm2 = 0,2 MPa.

Minimum area required considering one single pillar:

A min = F tot / σsoil
A min(foundation) = N x 1,1 / σ = 773,97 KN x 1,1 / 0,2 = 4,26 m2
√4,26 m2= 200 cm square shape foundation

The required length of footing is calculated by using the formula,

𝐷𝐷 – 𝑏𝑏 (𝐷𝐷 − 𝑏𝑏)2
𝐿𝐿𝑓𝑓 = + �� + 𝐴𝐴𝑓𝑓 �
2 4

Lf= length of footing, D= depth of column, b= Width of column & Af= area of footing
We have D=b=300mm

√4,26 m2= 200 cm square shape foundation

Lf= 2 m

33
Depth of footing from the column
=Cx=cy- ( Lf-D)/2 = (2000mm – 300mm) /2
=850mm= 0,85m
Total width of footing
Bf=b+ 2Cx = 300 + 850*2
=2000 mm = 2 m

Area provided for footing = Lf x Bf = 2 m x 2 m

7. STRUCTURAL DETAILS

7.1. Beams

Simply Supported Cantilever

7.2. Column

7.3. Foundation

34
7.3 Foundations

85 85

35
7.4 Facade Technology

36
 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08
37.75
5.39 5.39 5.39 5.39 5.39 5.39 5.39

5.24

B
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
45.76
4.02 4.02 4.02 4.02 4.02 4.02 4.02 4.02 5.89 5.89 1.80
5.14
A
1.85

B
C 20.74

3.45

5.14

3.45
D

C
19.10
5.24
2.80

D
1.30
E
E
5.39 5.39 5.39 5.39 5.39 5.39 5.39
37.75

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 4.40

F
1.85

4.02 4.02 4.02 4.02 4.02 4.02 4.02 4.02 5.89 5.89 1.80
45.76

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
84.01
1.75 4.56 4.99 4.23 4.99 4.56 4.23 4.99 4.56 6.35 5.40 6.40 3.53 6.40 3.53 6.40 5.40 1.75

A A
1.85 1.85

B B

4.46 4.46

C C

2.90 2.90

D D
19.97 19.97

4.95 4.95

E E

3.96 3.96

F F
1.85 1.85

G G

1.75 4.56 4.99 4.23 4.99 4.56 4.23 4.99 4.56 6.35 5.40 6.40 3.53 6.40 3.53 6.40 5.40 1.75
84.01

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

0 1 5 10 15 20