ESTIMATION AND COSTING

1. BRICKS
2. FLOORING ( CEMENT CONCRETE AND TILES )

-NEELAKSHI SINGH
-GEN-II
-SEM-VI
1. BRICKS
Bricks are a regular size rectangular unit. Bricks are made of clay. They are usually used for most of the building works.

CLASSIFICATION OF BRICKS BASED ON QUALITY

First Class Brick: The size is standard. The color of these bricks is uniform yellow or red. It is well burnt, regular texture, uniform
shape. The absorption capacity is less than 10%. Crushing strength is, 280kg/cm2 (mean) where it is 245 kg/cm2 (minimum)

Second Class Brick: The size is standard, color is uniform yellow or red. It is well burnt, slightly over burnt is acceptable. It has
a regular shape; efflorescence is not appreciable. The absorption capacity is more than 10% but less than 15%. Crushing
strength is 175kg/cm2(mean) where the minimum is 154 kg/cm2

Third Class Brick: The shape and size are not regular. The color is soft and light red colored. It is under burnt, slightly over
burnt is acceptable. It has extensive efflorescence. The texture is non-uniform. The absorption capacity is more than 15% but
less than 20%. The crushing strength is 140kg/cm2(mean) where the minimum crushing strength is 105kg/cm2.
BRICKS CAN ALSO BE CLASSIFIED IN SEVERAL DIFFERENT ASPECTS :
1.Quality
2.Building Process
3.Manufacturing Method
4.Raw Material
5.Using Location
6. Weather-resisting Capability
7.Purpose of Using
8.Shape
9.Region
VISUAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BRICK

•Good bricks should be burnt thoroughly so that they become hard and durable.
•Satisfactory burning of the bricks is ascertained by hard ringing sound when two bricks are struck together.
•The bricks should have smooth and rectangular shapes with sharp corners and uniform colors.
•The bricks should be free from cracks, chips, warp age, large particles of lime and organic matters.

WATER ABSORPTION OF BRICK

Average water absorption of bricks after 24 hours of immersion in cold water should not be more
than 20% of its own dry weight.

RAW MATERIALS FOR BRICK

It is reasonable uniformity of composition in the soil. Mechanical composition of the soil may
preferably confirm the following requirements.
•Clay 20 to 35 %
•Silt 20 to 35%
•Sand 35 to 45 %
SUPERSTRUCTURE : BRICKS
First Class Building: First class brickwork with 1:6 cement mortar. Lintels over doors and windows shall be of RCC.

Second Class Building: Second class brickwork in lime mortar. Lintels over doors and windows shall be of RB.

Third Class Building: Second class brickwork in mud mortar. Doors and window openings provided with arches of second
class brickwork in lime mortar or wooden planks

Fourth Class Building: Sun-dried or kutcha bricks in mud mortar. Doors and window openings provided with arches of
second class brickwork in lime mortar or wooden plank
2. FLOORING ( CEMENT CONCRETE AND TILES )
Flooring is the general term for a permanent covering of a floor, or for the work of installing such a floor covering. Floor
covering is a term to generically describe any finish material applied over a floor structure to provide a walking surface

CEMENT CONCRETE FLOORING

It is commonly used both in residential as well as public buildings.
The method of laying cement concrete flooring on ground floor of a building
can be broadly divided in the following steps.

i) Preparation of sub-base.
ii) Laying of base concrete.
iii) Laying the topping
First Class Building: 2.5cm cement concrete over 7.5cm lime concrete.

Second Class Building: 2.5cm cement concrete over 7.5cm lime concrete. Verandah floor shall be of brick tile over
lime concrete.

Third Class Building: Brick on edge floor over well rammed earth.

Fourth Class Building: Kutcha floor or earthen floor finished with cow-dung lapping.
TILES
Tiles are usually thin, square or rectangular coverings manufactured from hard-wearing material such as ceramic,
stone, metal, baked clay, or even glass
Tiles can be classified based on various parameters. Some of them are:
1.Based on Usage
2.Based on Manufacturing
3.Based on Type

1.Based on Usage
•Wall tiles
•Roof tiles
•Floor tiles
•Paver tiles
2. Based on Manufacturing
•Extruded Tiles (Shaping A) – Tiles whose body is shaped in the plastic state in an extruder, the column
obtained being cut into tiles of predetermined length.
• Split Tiles (Split Pattern) – Formed as double tiles that are separated after firing to obtain single tiles.
They can be glazed or unglazed and have characteristic parallel ridges on the back.
• Quarry Tiles – Tiles that are cut in succession from a single extruded column and are either pressed or
not pressed and are sometimes glazed.
•Pressed Tiles (Shaping B) – Tiles formed from a body reduced to powder or small grains and shaped in
moulds at high pressure. They may be glazed or unglazed.
•Cast Tiles (Shaping C) – The body is cast into mould or on to a porous refractory batt that absorbs the water.
They can be glazed or unglazed.

3. Based on type
1. Ceramic Tiles 2. Vitrified tiles 3. Porcelain tiles 4. Mosaic tiles
THANK YOU