Presentation on

“Building Construction and Elementary

Building Drawing”
Author
Prof. P. A. Deotale
Department of Civil Engineering

Wainganga College of Engineering &

Management
Dongargaon, Wardha Road, Nagpur – 440012

1
 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
IV-SEMESTER
Building Construction And
Elementary Building Drawing

UNIT NO.2
2
Brick Masonry and Stonework
 Brick masonry
• Masonry is used to indicate the art of building structures
in either stones or bricks .
• The former type is called the stone masonry
• The latter type is called the brick masonry
 Qualities of good bricks
• Brick should be of uniform in shape and should of standard
size of 19cmx9cmx9cm.
• Brick should give clear ringing sound when struck with
each other.
• Bricks when broken should show a bright homogenous and
compact structure free from voids.
• Bricks should have no cracks or flaws and fractured
surface should be free from holes, grit or lumps of lime etc.
• Brick should not absorb water more than 20 per cent by
weight for first class bricks and 22 per cent by weight for
second class bricks when soaked in cold water for a period
of 24 hours.
• Bricks should be sufficiently hard. No impression should
be left on brick surface when it is scratched with finger
nail.
• Brick should not break when dropped on flat hard ground
from a height of about one meter.
• Brick should have low thermal conductivity and it should
be sound proof.
• No bricks should have crushing strength below 55 kg/ cm
2.

• Bricks should be well burnt in kilns, cooper colored, free

from cracks, and with sharp and square edges.
•
Classification
Class I bricks
of bricks
– They shall have uniform color, shall be thoroughly burnt but not over burnt,
shall have plain rectangular faces with parallel sides and sharp straight
edges. They shall have fine compact and uniform texture, and emit a clear
ringing sound when struck. Water absorption capacity after 24 hours
immersion in cold water is 20 per cent by weight.
• Class II bricks
– They shall have uniform color and may be slightly over-burnt. The bricks
may be slightly distorted and have round edges. They shall have fine
compact and uniform texture and emit a clear ringing sound when struck
with each other. Water absorption capacity maximum after 2 hours
immersion in cold water is 22% by weight.
• Class III bricks
– They may be slightly under burnt and over burnt. They may be distorted and
have round edges. The defects in uniformity and shape shall not be such as
to cause difficulty in obtaining uniform course with their use. Water
absorption capacity after 24 hours immersion in cold water is 25 per cent by
weight.
 Tests on bricks as per I.S. codes
• Dimension test:
In this test, bricks used for construction purpose should
be of uniform shape and size with straight edges and of
same color. The standard dimension of class I brick is
19cmx9cmx9cm.
• Hardness test:
when the brick surface is scratched by finger nail it
should not leave any mark on the surface of bricks.
• Soundness test:
When two bricks facing at head to each other are
struck together they should produce metallic ringing
sound.
 Tests on bricks as per I.S. codes

• Toughness test
In this test when the bricks are dropped from a height of
90 to 120 cm on hard surface the brick should not be
break.
• Water absorption test
In this test when the bricks are immersed in cold water
for 24 hours and afterwards checked, the brick should
not absorb water more than 20 per cent of their weight
when dry.
 Tests on bricks as per I.S. codes
• Compressive Strength
The sample of bricks shall be taken at random according to their
designation, numbers, lots and number of samples. The sample brick
shall be thoroughly wetted, the frog filled with CM (1:3) cured for 24
hours under wet gunny bags and 3 days under water; on removal from
water, the test sample shall be wiped dry. The test sample shall be
placed between plywood sheets of 3mm thick in such a way that frog
project upward and brick correctly center in the machine. The length,
breadth of each brick, shall be measured correct to one mm. The load
shall be applied at the rate of 140 kg/sq.m. per minute. The strength
shall be worked out in kg/sq.m. as follows :
Compressive strength in kg/ cm2 = Max. load at failure
Area of bricks
1) Stretcher
2) Header
3) Bond
4) Course
5) Header course
6) Stretcher course
7) Bed
8) Face
 Technical terms used in masonry

9) Facing
10) Back
11) Backing
12) Hearting
13) Joint
14) Racking back
15) Perpend
16) Queen closer
Technical terms used in brick masonry
Technical terms used in brick masonry
Technical terms in brickwork
Beveled closer and mitered closer
Different bats
Plain and splayed jambs
Queen closer and king closer
Plain and splayed jambs
Weathering
Technical terms
Corbel
Thresholds
 Bonds in brickwork

Stretcher and header bond

English bond
English bond
English bond
Flemish bond
Flemish bond
Garden wall bond
Raking bond
Dutch bond
 PRINCIPLES OF CONSTRUCTION
• Brick should be of uniform in shape and should of
standard size. Bricks should be well burnt in kilns,
cooper colored, free from cracks, and with sharp and
square edges. Brick should give clear ringing sound
when struck with each other. Bricks should have no
cracks or flaws and fractured surface should be free from
holes, grit or lumps of lime etc. No impression should be
left on brick surface when it is scratched with finger nail.
Brick should not break when dropped from a height of 90
to 120 cm. on the ground. Brick should not absorb water
more than 20 per cent by weight when soaked in cold
water for a period of 24 hours.
 PRINCIPLES OF CONSTRUCTION

• The brick should be thoroughly soaked in clear water

before use for suitable period so that the water just
penetrates to the full depth if the brick. This not only helps
in removing the dirt, dust and another soluble salts (which
causes efflorescence) from bricks, but also reduces their
tendency of suction if water from wet mortar.
• The bricks should be laid on full bed of mortar. They
should be slightly passed in to the bed mortar while lying
so as to ensure proper adhesion. All the courses should be
laid horizontal and all the vertical joints should be truly
vertical.
 PRINCIPLES OF CONSTRUCTION

• All the joints should be properly flushed and filled with mortar
the no cavity is left in between.
• In case of two brick thick walls or having more thickness, the
joints should be grouted at every course in addition to
bedding and flushing with mortar.
• No brick bats should be used I the work excepts when it is
absolutely necessary for obtaining the specified bond.
• Brick work is generally laid in English bond. In all cases it
should be ensured that the proper bond should be
maintained throughout the work.
 PRINCIPLES OF CONSTRUCTION
• Only specified quality of motor should be used in the
brickwork and great care should be taken to ensure that
uniform mortar joints is obtained in the construction.
Thickness of joint should not exceed 13mm in any case.
• Unless brick on edge is specified, the bricks must be laid on
their proper beds with their frogs pointing upwards.
• The courses of bricks at the plinth, window sill, floor roof
level and at the top of parapet wall should be invariably laid
with brick on edge.
• The progress of work in raising masonry should be carried
up in uniform layers at one level. It should be ensured that
no part of the wall should preferably be rise more than 100
cm. The walls should be raised truly vertical.
 PRINCIPLES OF CONSTRUCTION
• The buttresses, counter forts etc should be built up
course by course maintaining proper bond with the
main wall and should not be added or joggled
afterwards.
• Iron fixtures like pipes, hold pasts of doors and
windows etc. which are to be fixed in the brick wall
should be embedded in cement mortar or cement
concrete.
• The face joints are generally raked to a minimum depth
of 10 to 15 mm, when the mortar in the joints is still
green. This is required to be done to provide proper key
for the plastering and pointing.
 PRINCIPLES OF CONSTRUCTION
• Plastering should be done after about 28 days of
completion of brick masonry. This permits adequate
time for the shrinkage of masonry.
• In works where plastering and pointing is not desired,
the mortar joints should be struck, flush and finished at
the time of lying.
• All the finished masonry work should be kept wet for at
least seven days.
• When it is desired to increase e the length of the wall
under construction at a future date the wall is stopped
with a toothed end. This is necessary to ensure
continuous bonding between the old and the new work.
 PRINCIPLES OF CONSTRUCTION
• It is found that with an average winter summer temperature
differences of about 1000 F, a brick masonry wall expands
by about 10mm in every 30m length of wall. Hence it is
desirable to provide minimum of 18mm wide expansion
joints after every 30 to 45 m length of wall.
• When timber floor or roof is required to be supported on
masonry walls the ends of the timber joists (supporting the
floor or roof) should rest on corbels or brackets as far as
possible. In cases where the ends of Tiber joists have to be
built in to the wall itself, it is necessary to apply suitable
preservative treatment to the embedded portion of the
joists and in addition some space should be left around
them to minimize chances of attack by termite and to
ensure free circulation of air
 PRINCIPLES OF CONSTRUCTION
• The bearing of R.C.C. floor or roof slab resting on brick
masonry walls should not be less than the effective depth
of the slab or 10 cm whichever is more.
• As a general practice, quoin brick should be headers and
stretchers laid in alternate courses and bond is developed
by placing a quoin closer next to the queen header.
• Half brick partition wall should be reinforced with suitable
reinforcement placed at every third or fourth course of the
brick work. The reinforcement may be in the form of mild
steel bars, flat bar hoops, iron, expanded mesh or steel
fabric etc.
 PARAPETS
• It is a low wall built around a flat roof to act as a
protective solid balustrade for the users of the terrace
(flat roof). In pitched roof parapet wall is provided to
conceal the gutter at caves level and for imparting an
architectural effect to the structure.
 COPING
• Coping is a covering placed on the exposed top of an
external wall. It is essentially provided to prevent the
seepage of water through the joints of the topmost
courses of the wall. It may be of concrete, stone, brick or
terra-cotta.
 SILLS
• It is a horizontal member of brick, stone, concrete, or
wood provided to give support for the vertical members
of a window. It is also employed for the purpose of
shedding off rain water from the face of wall immediately
below the window opening.
 CORBEL

• It is the extension of one

or more courses of brick
or stone from the face of
the wall. The projection
of course, which is
generally ornamental in
shape, serves as a
support for wall plate
etc.
 CAVITY WALLS
• Cavity wall consists of two walls with a 5cm to 8cm cavity
between them. The outer wall also known as outer leaf
consists of 10cm. (half brick) thick wall and the inner wall
is sufficiently thick and strong to carry the imposed load
safely. The minimum thickness of the inner wall is
restricted to 10 cm. The provision of a continuous cavity
in the wall efficiently prevents the transmission of
dampness to the inner wall.
Cavity wall
Cavity wall
 Reasons of providing a cavity or a hollow
space in a wall
• Prevention of dampness: due to provision of cavity wall in a wall there is a
considerable decrease in the penetration of dampness from outside to inside
of the building.
• Heat Insulation: The air in the cavity acts as a non conductor of heat and
hence uniform temperature is maintained in the building.
• Sound insulation: External noise is not allowed to enter inside the building
by adopting cavity wall construction.
• Load on foundation: Due to less solid thickness of wall, the loads on
foundation are considerably reduced.
• Efflorescence: The construction of a cavity wall results in the reduction of
nuisance of efflorescence to a great extent.
• Economical: In addition to above mentioned advantages, it is found that the
construction cost of a cavity wall is about 20 per cent less than the
construction cost of a corresponding solid wall.
 Partition wall
• A dividing or a
screen wall which is
constructed inside
the enclosed area is
known as partition
wall and it can be
constructed either
on the ground floor
or upper floors.
Partition wall
 Requirements of partition wall
• It should be strong enough to carry its own dead weight
• It should be capable of resisting impact developed due to
the use of the building.
• It should act as a sound barrier when it divides a room in
to two units.
• It should possess enough strength to support some wall
fixtures, sinks, wash basin etc.
• It should have the capacity to support suitable decorative
surface.
• It should be light, thin, fire resistant and easy to
construct.
 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
IV-SEMESTER
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION AND
MATERIALS
UNIT NO.3

1 Stone Masonry
 Common building stones in India
Sr. Stone Classificatio Qualities Uses Localities
No. n
1 Basalt Igneous Hard and tough, difficult to work, its sp. Gr. Is 3 Road metal, for Maharashtra, Bihar,
and trap and compressive strength varies from 150 to rubble masonry, Gujrat,
185 N/mm2. Its weight varies from 18 to 29 foundation work etc. Bengal and M.P.
KN/m3.
2 Chalk Sedimentary Pure white limestone; soft and easy to form In preparing glazier’s Maharashtra,
powder. putty; as coloring Rajasthan, Punjab,
material in Gujrat, Andaman,
manufacture of iIands, Bengal , Bihar
Portland cement A.P. Himachal
Pradesh , M.P. & U.P.

3 Gneiss Metamorphic Splits in to thin slabs; easy to work, Its sp. Gr. Is Street paving, rough Madras, Mysore ,
2.69 and compressive strength is 206N/mm2 stone masonry work Bihar, A.P.
etc. Maharashtra, Bengal,
Kerala , and Gujrat.

4 Granite Igneous Hard, durable and available in different colors, Steps, sills, facing Kashmir, Madras,
highly resistant to natural forces , can take nice work, walls , bridge Mysore , Punjab
polish, Its sp. gr. Varies from 2.6 to2.7 piers, columns, road Bihar, U.P. M.P.
compressive strength varies from 75 to 127 metal, ballast etc. It is Maharashtra, Bengal,
N/mm2. Its weight is about 26 to 27 KN/m3. unsuitable for carving Kerala , and Gujrat.
Assam
Sr. Stone Classification Qualities Uses Localities
No
.
5 Kankar Sedimentary Impure limestone Road metal, North and central
manufacture India
of hydraulic
lime etc.

6 Laterite Metamorphic Porous and spongy structure, easily Building stone Bihar, Orissa , Mysore,
quarried in blocks, contain high , road metal M.P. Maharashtra,
percentage of oxide of iron; available in rough stone Kerala , A.P. and
different colors. Its compressive masonry work Madras.
strength varies from 1.8 to 3.1 N/mm2. etc.
7 Limestone Sedimentary Consist of carbonate of lime, easy to Floors, steps, Maharashtra,
work, Its sp. gr. varies from 2.00 to 2.75 walls, road Rajasthan, Punjab,
and compressive strength is 54N/mm2. metal Gujarat, Andaman,
,manufacture Islands, Bengal, Bihar,
of lime in blast A.P. Himachal Pradesh,
furnaces.etc. M.P. and U.P.
8 Marble Metamorphic Can take good polish and available in Flooring Rajasthan,
different colors. Its sp.gr. Is 2.65 and facing work, Maharashtra, Gujarat,
compressive strength is 71 N/mm2 columns, A.P., Mysore, M.P. and
steps, U.P.
ornamental
work etc.
Sr. Stone Classificati Qualities Uses Localities
No. on
9 Murum Metamorphic Decomposed laterite, deep brown Blindage for Same as laterite
or red in color. metal roads , for
fancy path and
garden walls
10 Quartzite Metamorphic Hard brittle crystalline and compact, Retaining walls, Bengal, A.P. Himachal
difficult to work and dress. road metal, Pradesh, Madras, U.P.
concrete Mysore , Gujarat, Punjab
aggregate and Rajasthan
pitching, rubble
masonry , facing
of buildings etc.
11 Sandston Sedimentary Consists of quartz and other Steps facing A.P. M.P. Punjab,
e minerals, easy to work and dress, work, columns, Rajasthan, Maharashtra,
and available In different colors, Its flooring walls , Gujarat, Andaman islands
sp. gr. Varies form 2.65 to 2.95and road metal , Bengal, Bihar, Himachal
compressive strength is 64 N/mm2 ornamental Pradesh, Kashmir, Madras
Its weight is about 20to 22kn/m3. carving etc. and U.P.

12 Slate Metamorphic Black colur and splits along natural Roofing work, U.P. M.P. Bihar Madras,
beddign planes non absorbant Its sp. sills , damp proof Rajasthan, and Mysore.
gr. Is 2.89 and compressive strength courses , etc.
varies from 75 to 207 N/mm2.
 Cutting and dressing of stones

• The exposed stone surface are dressed in to suitable

shapes to suit the requirements of the work.
• The process of taking out stones from natural rock beds
is known as quarrying.
• The term quarry is used to indicate the exposed surface
of the rock.
• The quarrying operations may either be carried out by
hand tools or with the help of explosives.
Tools used in dressing of stones
Tools used in dressing of stones
Easy and economical way to carry out the dressing of stones
at the quarry because of the following facts
• The local workers are well trained and experienced in the art of
dressing.
• The freshly quarried stones contain some moisture known as the
quarry sap and the stones in this state are quite soft for the dressing
job.
• The irregular and rough portions of the stones are removed which
decreases the weight of the stones and it also facilitates easy
transportation of the stones.
• It is possible to sort out stones for different works, if quarry dressing
is practiced.
• The natural bed surface of stones can be made prominent during
the quarry dressing.
Different types of surface finishes
 Stages of dressing
• Sizing: Irregular blocks of stones are reduced to desired
dimensions.

• Shaping: It involves removing the sharp projections and other

broad irregularities from edges, corners and surfaces.

• Planning: In this process stones are cleared off from all the
irregularities from the surface

• Finishing: It is carried out in specially dressed stones only

• Polishing: stones which are capable of yielding extremely
pleasing patterns e.g. Marble and granite
 Selection of stones
Parameters considered in selection of a good construction stone
Being cheap, hard, durable and naturally good looking, stones are often used in construction
but keeping in view the variable properties of stones of different types, there must be some
criteria for the selection of stones for construction. The criteria is based upon the following
parameters.
1. Chemical composition of stone

2. Hardness

3. Durability

4. Resistance to fire

5. Bio-Deterioration

6. Appearance

7. Susceptibility to being quarried in large sizes

 Selection of stones
1. Chemical composition of stones:
Using/selecting a stone for construction, its chemical properties and
composition must be tested and verified because different elements and
compounds in stones have different properties. For instance,
Magnesium in Limestone causes it to be more stronger and is called
Dolomite. Feldspar, in large quantities in stone is a source of weakness
because CO2 dissolves Potassium, Sodium, and even Calcium in the
Feldspar leaving pure white clay behind.
Presence of Mica, even less than 2-3% makes stone unsuitable for
building purposes. Stones with silicates as cementing materials are
resistant to weathering.
 2. Strongness and hardness:
The more compact grained and heavier a stone, the more stronger it is. A
crystalline stone is superior to a non-crystalline texture. The specific gravity of
good stone should be above 2.7.
Stones used for road metal, paving blocks, floor slabs and railway ballast have
to withstand mainly abrasion or wear and tear. Stone wall subjected to
vibrations of machinery and moving loads should necessarily possess
toughness. Strongness and hardness itself depend on some factors:
Factors affecting strength, hardness and toughness
a.Hardness or softness of the components
b.Proportions of the hard and soft minerals
c.Size and shape of the minerals
d.Cohesion
e.Porosity
f.Density
g.Cementing material
3) Resistance to heat:
Resistance to heat means that the stone must have a very low
amount of expansion due to large increase in temperature. Siliceous
materials are good at areas where resistance to fire is required.
4) Bio-deterioration:
Certain trees and creepers thrust their roots in the joints of stones
and have both mechanical and chemical adverse effects. Special
microbes can grow on the surface and in minute fissures, their
by-products cause flaking and discoloration.
5) Appearance:
The aesthetic aspect that is color, appearance and show of stones
must also be considered when being used in a project. Appearance
depends on the color and the ease with which the stone can be dressed,
rubbed or polished.
Types of stone masonry
Rubble Masonry
Coursed rubble masonry
Random Rubble Masonry
Uncoursed random rubble masonry
Types of Random rubble masonry
Ashlar masonry
Ashlar fine masonry
Types of ashlar masonry
 Principles of construction
• Stone used in a good masonry should be well seasoned, hard,
tough, compact, grained and uniform in texture and should be free
from defects like cracks, flaws, cavities and patches of soft or loose
material.

• Stone masonry may be constructed in lime or cement mortar above

plinth level, but in damp proof construction or water logged site or in
basement, hydraulic lime or cement mortar with surkhi should be
used in foundation and up to plinth level.

• In stone masonry construction all stones should be laid upon their

natural bed(corbels are exception), so that pressure on each stone
is at right angle to its laminations. Natural bed of stone is the term
applied to the original position occupied by the stone during its
formations.
 Cont…
• Proper bond should be maintained throughout the
masonry.
• The facing and backing of the wall should be well bound
by through stones. They should be laid staggered in the
successive courses and kept apart with their centre to
center distance not exceeding 1.5 m.
• Quoins used to form the jambs for door or window
opening should be of the full height of the course. The
breadth of quoin should be at least 11/2 times the depth of
the course and its length should be at least twice its
depth.
 Cont…
• As far as possible all connected walls in the structure
should be raised up uniformly and regularly. If breaks are
unavoidable and one part of the wall has to be kept
behind the wall should be raked back at an angle of 450
or less. This is necessary to allow connection between
the old work and new work.
• Toothing should not be allowed in stone masonry,
• The hearting of the masonry should be properly packed
with chips and mortar to avoid hollows being left.
• The joints should not be too smooth to lose friction. The
bed joints should not be dressed hollow
 Cont…
• The vertical joints should be staggered as far as
possible.
• The vertical surfaces should be constructed truly vertical
and checked with plumb rule. Similarly the battered
surfaces should be checked with a wooden template and
plumb for the correctness of the slope.
• Stones to be used in the work should be well wetted
before use.
• The masonry should not be subjected to tensile stresses.
 Cont…

• When it is desired to construct over old or dry surface, it

should be well cleaned and wetted before starting new
construction.
• The exposed joints in stone masonry should be properly
pointed. This is done by raking the exposed joints to a
depth of 2cm. and filling them with cement or lime
mortar.
• The entire work should be cured well i.e. it should be well
wetted for at least two weeks.
 Joints in stone masonry
Butt joint

This joint is formed by placing two stones side by side

 Rebated or lapped joint

This joint is usually provided for stones laid on

slopes to prevent the movement of one stone
over the other by sliding
 Table joint or bed joint

Its function is similar to that of rebated joint or lapped joint

 Cramped joint

The function of joint is to prevent the tendency y of joint to be pulled apart

 Plug joint

Plug joint is an alternative to cramp joint and consist of plug holes

 Dowel joint

This type of joint ensures stability of the

components against displacement or sliding
 Rusticated or rebated joint

This type of joint is frequently used in plinths or masonry in lower

storey of building to give the structure massive appearance
THANK YOU