of nouwl edge

Theories

plato
aristoHe

Socates
descortes
tru
people dont uestion rationaity due +o
extreme faith

Some prautices dont make sense but they fee

hawing a ngid sttucture would help them.

8 men and elephants we're au blind as

and
earners aund we ony look at it from ou
Perspective
due to our igid structure.

1gnorant
dont want
a chang3
education systeem
contributes.

Confirmathon bias
mocratization of Knewledgea

CORE
THEME WNOWLEDGE AND THE KNOWER"

e
 alegory of the caves

means to imply Something else

rpres nt a larger Point about soüet
Soiety O
human nature hrough a
Simple story
Similar to metaphors 1ustrade an
idea
oy makKing a tomparison tt Something else
else

backstory
Socratic dialogue reorded by Greek phitosophe
Plato studet of Sourates n
Plato was one of he few people to orite
down Some oF his teauhings

the cowes
Imagines a goup OF peop'e Chain ed togcther

Inside ah underground coe as PHsoners.

behind the pRSoners there is a fAre and
blw the PHisoners aand fire are moving Pupp
and eal okjets.
The PHSoners are wnable tohgee anytn
ara
bchind hem asthey hawe been hained

stu obling in one diretion at the

coNe wad-htir whole ves hey
as thty looK at he wal before hmi.
believe he shadows of ohjtots
 Cast by the moving fhings ure rral
things.i
nur visible wortd is
Ther Whole worta'

the narrattve

happen iP one
4o leawe?
of
wDuld
e
goes Onto to

hey
Pond er uwhat

Prisoners
bclieve what
as
was
w
would
forced

ow would hey act

what woud they see 2,
just
the Sauo?

what wowd to thtn

happen 1 they teturnCct ue?
he narnotive assumes he
freed Priso ner
nerr
ooud retun and
try to ubrate ther
fellow
prisoners ,now
Knowin9 how muh
morc of he world erists, o tside of he cowe.

inits conuude
Socrates and Platos brother
greehat he other wowd reuy
prisoners
üKey
kGit
those Who ry to free them as they wotd
woudd
hot at to teovethe safety Ond
ond mO
co mforH
DF heir
known woHd

ng orbAnd youn neckK Short stO ry

meaning behind alcgOry of the c
CONes
Cawc
plato uses the asa Symbotic
f
of how human beings ive in the represe

e
suntottio
wortd
Contrasting reatity vs Our oterpres.
Inter
pretatio
2ideas refie Cled in story
he wortd inside thc COve, the
wortd
oudsid,-

depicts houw your fTucth is based on thase

wth
oifferent back grouds and Cperi ences.

false reality Shadows on he uwalU are

Constanty hanging here is no stabi üty

or tonsistenCy offered uo
no Knowleage of
3T hro shthar cowe
a worid Outsid e of
exists

Freed pnsoner wiu not be able to exist

asthey once did

the auegory ess d emon etrates

entialuy
conflücrs bl nteeestrknouoledge and beuef and
ibitrne

what happens to a been

person Dnce the yve
entighthed. t is Qn examination On the
nature of un
huumanity ond tear
we cont tvOK of the knou
O a
JUSt for ou Owe nn
CorVEnicnce
12 TDK KEY ONCEPTS

responsibi üty
certainty

objcctivity
widence

PersPective

Justification
Culture

values
interpretati on
powe
explanation

TERMINoLOGY:
Stope: Cplore the phi tos ophg of the foK
Problems and issues that the Aok

autempts to sowe

Perspectives: hdpideriey bias

Shous ho ot
not

,
Stagnan
Knootedge is

as cudture Chaunges sodo perspe

Pectives

on
Knowledge2

method and +oots what do ue

method and toos
use to Produce edge
buitdi ng frameuworKe
aics inauiry in a PoKs IS restriched and
imited by ehico onstraints

disSS one's micol responsibiüttes once

they nave aauircd khowledge

TOK ic ,
au about unowledge but reauy k abot

DEOple feeding Dur riosity with aürferen+

Puspectives.
the Sope Df Knowl cdge is vast

wledge is inturdep en d ent

it Is amost Impo6s Ible +o Seperate nowiedg3e
of one Kind from knouwledge of 0nother.
(wast, intrennecied, totective,cumul attve)

3 Kinds of nowng
Knowing from direct perSonal Cpen enw
Knowing how +o do Something tsKLU)

nowing hat something is So (information lideas)

are here Hmes uonere re 1mpertar

SRius nm ore

than inforrmaten and fa

cas
e Skius, taught ,vaattd in differen wo
rom nformati on ouhdl ideaSs
ure Some Sius cssetial +u indurg reliabte
informotton und und erstandirg
gaing Conceptual
How do prspcctives affect Our knowledqe ?
through a protesS coninmation bias

noHce aund accept uOhattver

accords uit oubeliefs
in mokeS
bias +
hudtr+o
haxc On open mind
uilt

Sdecionofinformation aund ideas

whatet S
this prspecdiKe
otr oost fo people h
who hol
what faos,idcas. 1ssues,actios cvs.cuo they tonside
no5t cindpc and ex.on2

valucs
ou, Coun f a aroub from oha
FigwE out, yalucs
h os Lhaport0.nt
SUec
doPopleho hetd this,perspectire press beuies
eo Choices ase bes n pracHcal derms
ohat

.motionS
o eno
peo pte holdina this perspectivo seem to be
OJeovt 1 affaid or ang
isDEhre motional
werds coLo na n theirn no

Souces of
wherc
into
Knouotedge
oe pepple who noid
d
+hisrspective gain
heir
matton_eA itrelevant SSue
do tne trust a pauttuar
lead er, exper
rganisQttons
Ohat media do he foltous
does heir SoLurt D
Ond e ptiens e
informa-ion,
tnote be a CharaGid
 assumptions abot the uay hings are affect
of

assumptions thywiu thu auso

u be. hey
about ho
expecaHions
So ti ons to Probiems.
Propasea
affect hat are basic values, wer
asswmpttons
pLuutuCKpress ed
1 not oha+ is fa, Such as
ass umptions abDLt peppic
acneralisattonS h.2.

for acHon
impications
o proprosed acti ons ariSe as rea soneble consequcncos
ldettiCdZ
ofal her omponentsp perspetivr

Cunnitations ef Knol edge

 vis morols
ethics Sanarypocls
your ouwn princaplesnait
what
6ouety
teus you
what is right
orwrong s

ey concept
of PowER"

Kant's apP OaCh to thics: deortology

the morality of an action is deterined based
on the easons for owr attions

categorical imprative
determine the moral vaticcty for
a partiuwar actiou
"
untondiitional law

at ony attording to that marim by which

you can at the Same time wiu hat itF

Showd beuome a wniversall Law

iS 4he ue
Orprinipalon intenton of our acts
wwiun upu uohot ore we doing and uhy
at

natural,pbserable
oUndation of wortd
Kant's
Sustem:
a Ustinchion lbtoe un what we Can nce
Ond ha e cannot, we can Ony have knooledge
olbout
uohat uoe coun
perdence

Supursensile objects
God Soul
ataliturnan hcory
fmoraity marim ise happ
hcory ptidnPPy
advocoates actions that foster happiness

.oppose actions that cause Ipeaurm

unholpinese hor
provides an answer to what a prson Oua

intentionaity 3010
he fact or uaity of being done on
pwpose
Or with itent

vel
norance
&PS one Point of viea
touwands
ptiality
Pa.
bias in repre6entation
each AOK hac
bias
meia

TOK maunifesting intohereo

Otid

Hypes 0f bias:

hindsignt bias history

in-group bias hauo effecr

Londitons joursuf
your Persception
o Change

the dunning Krugen eFfecttimits CuurtosHY

Confima tion bias
to be
Pcople perciewe a concept
Simple just becausc their
Knowledge may be si mpte or
acin9
 TechnoogJ
and
Knouledge

ethicol ConcernS

Cybtr terrorisrn
fiter bubbles
lack of priva ty

idea of conSent 1s uesionabi

is4ens to Conversaions

si
a platform for information and ideas asid g
appication of sueriAc knowledge in pracrica

Scenai.

Prvolucti cn
C CAuSiti Ce
olisslinatien
 and knouotedge:
Language

lost in tra
words and enotionsgetin9 ranSlathong
rmera jigour
ka +ukda -plCce of iver

masterchef-brihg your prottens"

associat ed wrth meat in west

india dal, sprouts. þeans

ouhink a certoin uway Ohd tanguage aids hat

oloes languoge chape your thouh

orhougt shapes 1anguage

wnot larguage do you thin in"

.language Power
USirg larg uag e to manipulate masses

pirohah community -Use direcions different

 0F Knouwledge:
Thornes

Dicarte theory:
ungwistie nOarm ChomSKy
cartaSOh
e is innae born with
texbabits)
it*

Languag
Structure Cf any
thegrarmmaticas languageis

univirsoa

why are you bettor than machines:

ithink herefore am
theability 10 commhicate and Cuprecs
wt tanguage

Vniversal Grammar:
grommotical structure ic wniverso

Cample:Cnphasi s on ltters in a word)

uni versal grounar is oCALre

Peculocion Mod dl (Schunam)

Second
tangua3
diring in Knowledge CNOT production)

Sociol
foctors pSychotogicot fouore

ntergroctive vis instrurmen1a'

ALLirn
Ckng A re
earning bi4s and pitces of information
acents Cowrwi cati On
y purp osc of