THE

BE I N G C H A PT E R S F R OM “
T H E S AC R E D T E NT H

WI T H A R E V I SE D B I B L I O G R A P H Y O N T I T H E -PAY I N G

A N D S Y S T E M AT I C A N D P R O P O RT I O N AT E G I V I NG

H E NRY L A N S D E L L, D D . .

C H LA
AP R E C LL E E LA C H E A H
IN OF H O D N O G B K T

A UT H R O OF
“ TH E S C R E E H H R U H S E R A “ R USS
A D T NT
”
T O G
,

IB I
”
,

I AN CE R L
NT A A S I A,

C H ESE C E R AL
, ,
"
IN NT A s l A, E TC.

“ A ll th e tith e o f th e la n d is th e L m ’
it i s h o ly u n to
o s L o rd - s x xv 30 th e ii
th e th e
. . . .

"
B r in g ye all t ith e s in to s to re h o u s e , a n d p ro v e til e n ow h e i e w ith , If ]

w ill n o t op e n y ou th e w in dow s of h ea ven , a n d p o u r yo u ou t a b les s ing, th a t th ere sh a ll n ot

b e roo m e n o ugh to rece ive it .
- MA L . iii To .

c
.

”
In a ll thy g ifts s h ow a ch ee r u l co u n t e n a n
f e , an d s e t a p a ft thy t i th e s w ith gladn es s
S
.

E CC L U x xx v 9 .

—MA TT
.

Ye t ith e min t an d a n is e an d e u mmin th es e ou

gh t ye t o h a v e do n e . . xx iii . 23 .

P UB L I SH E D UND E R T H E D I R E CT I O N O F T H E T RA CT CO M M I TT E E

S O C I E TY F O R P R O M OT I N G C H R I S T I A N KN O WL E D G E .

L O NDO N : N O R T H U M B E R L A N D A VE N U E , WC . .

B RI G H TO N 9 N : 12 , O RT H S TR E ET .

N EW Y O R K : E S GO R H AM
. .
, 28
5 , F O UR T H A V E N UE .

TO R O NT O : MU SS O N B O O K CO . W I NNI PEG : RU SS E L L , L AN G CO .

I 908
[A ll r igh ts rese rve d
 PR E F A C E

H E RE are hap p ily throughout t he wo rld

, , ,

man y persons of all c ount ries and in e v e ry

clim e w ho re cognise t h at it is a re l igious an d
moral ob ligat ion t o give ; and the pub l i ca t ion of
The S acr e d Ten t/z h as bro ught to t h e k nowledge
of t he A uthor th at as in pas t ages so now many
, , ,

earnest people not on l y approve but prac t ise t h e

“
p rin c iple of set t ing aside from t h eir incomes not
”
less than a ten t h for G o d .

S ome of these have suggested t h at i n asmuch

as t h e two volumes of The S acr e d Te n t/z are
not and c annot be wi t hin the re ac h of all it is
, , ,

ve ry desirable t h at t here shou ld be publis h ed apart ,

at least t h ose portions t h ereof wh i c h are directly

c on c erned wi t h H o ly S c rip t ure .

H en c e t h e appeara n c e of t h e following ch apters ,

t o w h i c h is added a revised edi t ion of t h e original

b i b l iography wi t h addi t ions u p to d ate T h at t h ese .

S c rip t u ral studies may h elp m any inquirers t o

perceive and k now wh at is t h e m ind an d wi l l
o f G o d respe c ting t h eir giving an d t h a t t h ey ma,
y
h ave grac e an d powe r fai t h fu ll y t o perfo rm t he
s ame is t he praye r a n d ferven t desire of the
,

A u t hor .

H E NR Y L A NS D E L L , D D . .

M O R D EN CO L LE G E, B LAC KH EATH , S E . .

1 90 8 .
 CO N T E NT S

P R E F A CE
CO N TE N T S or C H AP TE R S
C H AP TE R S I— X I I I
I ND EX O F T E XT S
G E N E R AL I N D E X
A B I BL I O GR APH Y ON T I TH E -P AYI N G

p at r i arc h a l
C H A PT E R I
CA I N A ND ABE L

O fi e rin g
’
mat e rial t h ings t o G o d, 7 .
-A n c ie n t 1 y o c n n e c te d w it h
failur i t it h p ayi g 7 — B ar i
e n e- n , . e ng of the S e pt u agi nt on

th r j t io f C ai s fi i g
e e ec n o n
’
o
’

er n , 8 ,
—S acrifi ce s of N o h
a ,

A br am a d J a o b ,
n c ,
I I 7
— 12

C H A PT E R II
A B RAM A ND jA C OB
A br am s t it h M
l h i e de k I 3 —T it h in g t rac e d t o B abyl o n ia
’
e to e c z ,
.
,

1 5 — E t e n t of A b r am s t it h e s 1 5 — J ac o b s vo w an d it s
’ ’
. x ,
.

c o n firmat io n o f t it h e p ayin g I 7
— S c ie n t ifi c de du c t io n fr o m
-
, .

t r ia r h l t it h i 8 — H y o t h e s is fo r rime v al o r igin o f
p a c a n g I p p , .

t it h e p ayin g 1 9 — Adam s so n s p r e s u mab ly t h e fir s t t it h e

- ’
, .

p ay e r s 1 9
— A b s e n c e O f w r it te n law an d s il e c e o f G e n e s is
,
.
,
n ,

n o O bj e c t io n t h e re t o 2 I — P agan t it h e p ayin g n ot l e arn t f

,
ro m
.
-

J e wi s h S ript ur s c e , 2x 1 3 — 22

mosatc
C H APT E R II I
SR A E L S TH R E E TI TH E S I
’

T it h p ayi g
e- p r n ss l y j
exo i d i t h P e
e t at u h 2 4
—Th e fir s t
en ne n e n e c ,
.

t it h a d O b s rv at io s t h r o
e, n 2 4 — G iv
e by G od t t h n e e n, . en o e

L v it s
e 5e— Th , s o d o r f st ival t ith it o bj t mod
2 , e ec n ,
e , e s ec , e

f p aym t a d p r so al b fi t t th fi 6 — Th
’

O en ,
n e n e ne o e o e re r, 2 . e

t h ird p oo
,
r s
or t i t h 3
— N t a s ub s t it u t f
’
,
s o d t it h
e, o . o e or ec n e,

a wits ss d by T ob it J os p h u s a d O t h r s M aimo id s t
ne e ,
e , n e n e o

th e o t rary o t wit h s ta di g 32 — Th t h ird t it h by

c n ,
n n n , . e e,

mod r o mp ar iso
e n c t ss iv 34 n, n o23 e xce e, -
36
3

200023 4
 C ON TE N TS

C H A PT E R IV
S GS M O A I C OF F E R I N
A ES P G

O th r fi d l aims
e xe I s r l it s ; o r rs gl a i gs fi t f it
c on ae e c ne ,
e n n ,
rs ru s,

th fires t b o r a d s v t h
n, y ar d b tno r s 37
— F re w ill O f
e fr en e e ,
. e e

i gs a d v o w s 4 —A
n n i om f i t h o u s a d bu s h l s
,
I . n nc e o s x n e

r du d
e ce fo ur t h aft r t it h i g 4 4 — M t h o d f t it h i g a d
one - e n ,
. e O n n

p r o f ss ioe b fo r G n d 45
— N at ur
e f v
e id fr o m toh , . e O e e n ce e

P t at u h a t t it h i g s ub s idiary i dir t a d frag

en e c s o n , , n ec ,
n

m t ry 4 7 — L w f t it h p yi g so m wh at s imil ar t t h at
en a , . a o e- a n e o

f t h S abb at h 4 9 —Adap t at io
O e f t it h p ayi g t t h Mos ai
,
. n O e- n o e c

law, 50 —
7 5‘
3

® ID t es t ame nt
C H A PTE R v

F R O /ll joSH UA TO S OL O M ON

Wo rk i n g O f t it h e l aw s dur i
r io ds 5 — I U d r J osh ua ng t wo pe ,
z . . n e

an d J u dg s 53 —T h l w s t ab l is h d u d r J os h u
e ,
.
53 e a e e n e a, .

L w l ss
a ss u d r J udg s 54 — R t ur s t J ho vah u d r
e ne n e e , . e n o e n e

J p h t h ah E li d S mu l 5 5 —I I U d r th mo r hi s
e , ,
an a e ,
. . n e e na c e ,
— S ul s o ff r i s f
’
s o il s 8 — D v id o i t d ki g
57 . a g p 5 e n o , . a an n e n ,

8 — A k br o u h t t J ru s l m d L v it s r o rg i d a e an z e
5 .
g r o e ,
an e e e ,
— D v id s u m u l t d o ff
’
r i s — S o l o mo s d di a ’
59 . a a g 59
acc e e n ,
. n e c

t io T mp l 6 — T it h s u d r
'
f th
n o a d hi e fi i g e e, n s o er n s, 1 . e n e

I s ra l s mo ar h s 6
e
’
n c , 5
—6 1 2 2

C H A PTE R VI
B E F OR E A ND A F TE R TH E CA P TI VI T Y

Wo rki g f t it h l aw s dur i g t w fur th r p rio ds I I I U d r

n o e- n o e e : . n e

Ju d h a d I s ra l 6 3 —R fo rmat io s u d r A a a d J h o
a n e , . e n n e s n e

s hap hat 64 — G ivi g i t h t im s f E l ij ah a d E l isha 64

,
. n n e e o n ,
.

C h ur h r p air s u d r J o ash —A mos I s ra l s t ith s

c e n e ,
on e
’
e ,

67 — H . k iah s r s t o rat io f P asso v r t it h p ayi g a d

ez e
’
e n o e , e- n , n

fi t f u it
rs 68
r T mp l r p air s a d O f
s, . f r i gs u d r J os iah
-
e e e n e n n e ,

7
— o I V
. Af t r t h C .
p t iv ity 7 1 —eO fi i g fr o m Cyru s e a , .
'
er n s ,
— R bu il di
7 I .
g a d pr s
e ts t T mp l u d r E ra 7
n n e en o e e n e z ,
2

M ala h i s r obb ry f w ithh oldi g t ith s 7 3 —N h miah s

.

“ ’ ” ’
c e or n e , . e e

O ff ri g a d t h p op l s oat h o r i g t ith s 7 3
e n ,
n e e e
’
c n ce n n e , .

T it h i g o rga i d 7 4
n R v i w f t it h i g fr o m J os h u a t
n ze ,
.
-
e e o n -
o

M a acl hi , 75 6 3- 7 7
 CO N TE N TS 5

B DOCl Q lDb fl I
‘

C H A PT E R V I I
'
TI TH I N G I N TH E A P O CR YP H A
PAG E S

Ap o ry p
c h l b oo k s ill u
a s r iv f J w is h t iq u it i s 7 8 — T o b i
t at e o e an e , . t

p y s t h r
a t i h s 79
— Ju di h d di t s s o il s f w
ee p t e , 79 . t e ca e o ar, .

Of f r i gs by D m t riu s H li d
e n Ki g S l u u s e d e , e o o ru s, n e e c ,
an

Ju d s M b u s 8 —Lib r l ity d t i h p yi g ur g d
a ac c a e ,
o . e a an t e- a n e

i Tob i n d E l s i s i u s 8 — S u mm ry f v id
t an cc e fr o m a t c ,
2 . a o e e n ce

A p o ryp h 8 5 8 — 86
c a, 7

C almub tc
C H A PTE R V I I I
TA L M UD I C TE A CH I N G ON TH E FI R ST AND
SE CON D TI TH E S
The T a l mud : Gema m , 8 7 — D i i i n an d t ransla
M zsh n a
’

an d . vso s
t i o s
n o f M z sh n a , 8 8 — B O O k V I I , on fi t t it h e , e g l at e w ha t
’

. . rs r u s
is t o b e t it h e d, an d w h e n , 88 —T it h in g app l ie d t o b in e . u s ss
r s
t an ac t i n , 8 9 —T it h in g c o s ook ru r s
e d f it , t an p l an t e d v e ge

t ab l e , an d an t -h ill , 9 1 —R l e c n ce n in g t h e e c n d t it h e ,
.

s s u s o r s o
.

9 2 — N ot t o b e e xch an ge d, n o r c in for it e c n e d c mm n ,
. o s r ko o o
9 3
— R e
. de m p t i n o f t h e e c n d t itoh e , 9 5
— S e c s o
n d t it h e in o .

r o
e l at i n t o e c it in g r
aic f m l a, 96 Mos o r u 8 7 —9 7

C H A PT E R IX
“
D E MA I , D O UB TF UL
”
TH E OR TI TH E

T h e D ema z,
’

or d o ub tfu l
o s diff r s t it he , 98
—I t s . e xe mp t i n , e e n ce ,

an d mi u r q u ir m s n teb ri g e h d e e nt , 9 8 — I ts . ea n on t e un e u

c at ed buyi g d s ll i g h g f o r p ym t f
,
on n an e n ,
e xc an e o c n, a en O

r d
e n t , an p t f h os p it l ityac ce
99
—F o ur it h s r o g
an c e o a , . t e ec

i d i h T l mu d
n ze d t h ir p p l i
n t e io ll l ss s
a ,
an e a c at n to a c a e ,
10 2 .

y l ws
—A t iq u i y f T l mu di b
n t d t h ir i flu
o a wh c e- a an e n e nc e en
,

C hr is t i i y p p r d 4 an t a ea e 9 8 — , 10 10 4

mew (test ament “

C H A PT E R x
CH R I ST S ’
A TTI T UD E A ND E XA M P L E AS TO T1 TH I N G

J ew s ,
C h r is t ru l d by G t il s 5 — T i h i g
in t h e t ime Of ,
e en e , 10 . t n

a mo g h R o m s S m r i s
n t e d P l s i J ws 6
an ,
a a t an , an a e t ne e , 10 .

E ss s S ddu s d P h r is s 7 — Th P h ris s
ene , a ce e , an a ee ,
IO . e a ee ,

t i h p y rs p
t e- a ell d h w dmi t d t m mb r s h ip
a r ex ce e n ce , an o a t e o e e ,

10 8 —V r i i s f P h r is s
. a d L o rd s
et e it u d t o w r ds
o a ee , an o ur
’
at t e a
th m 8 e Pr v l, 10 f t i h p yi g
.
-
d imp oss ib il ity f
e a e n ce o t e- a n ,
an O
6 C O N TE N T S
P A ES G

in dif
fe o 9 C hr ist
r e n ce h r
r g rd d
t e et u i ,
10 .
- n ot e a e as n n

s ru t d
t —H I
c e h i g r s p d d o s u l d by
,
”
[ IQ S t e ac n e e cte an c n te
th l r de — C h r is
ea ne r i d by P h ris s d
TI L t e n t e ta n e a ee an n ot
,

ac c u s d f wi hho l di g du s
e o —H i
p r s s ru pu l o u s
t n e , 1 12 . s a ent c

i l g l Ob s rv
n e s H i b h l f 3 — C h ris s o b s rv
a e an ce on s e a , I I . t
’
e an c e

o f h l w t d p ym e af mp l mo y I I 4 — O
an L o rd s
a e nt o te e ne , . ur
’

p r s u d i t ri r i
e , an
p p di ur ts
5 5
— 6
a t te e x e n t e, 1 1 IO I I

C H A PT E R X I
CH R I ST S ’
TE A CH I N G ON TI TH I N G A ND
B E N E F I CE N CE

C h ris s t
’
h
t e ac in g o n t it C h ris s h e- y
p a in g an d b e n e fi ce nce , I I 7 .
— t
’

ex h o r io s l ms v t at nr h r o 8 — Hi
to a gi in g, an d man n e t e e f, 11 . s

enc o ur g m lms giv i g i p ro p o r io

a e e nt d who l to a n , ts t n, an e

h r d ssea 9
—
teD u i io s ne f P h r is s
,
11 pl i d . en n c at n o a ee ex a ne ,

I z i —Hi o mm d tio f th r l rg giv rs 4

. s c en a n o ee a e e ,
12 .

S u mm ry f C h r is s t ah i g i r l io
o t i h p yi g t
’
e ac n n e at n to t e- a n ,

125 1 1 7 — 1 26

C H APTE R XI I

S TI A N GI VI N G E A R L Y CH R I

Commu ity fgoo ds a d mo y amo g t h fir s t dis ip l s 1 7

n O n ne n e c e ,
2 .

W h o l h art d ss f B ar abas a d frau d fA a ias 8

e e e ne o n , n o n n ,
12 .

A p os to l i o rga i at io f h arity 29 — A l ms fT ab ith a a d

c n z n o c ,
1 . O ,
n

f Co r l iu s 3 —P t r s r e lat io t rabb i i al t it h p ayi g ’

o ne , I o . e e n o n c e- n ,

I 3 I — G r ia J w s at A t io h s di g aim by B ar abas
. ec n e n c en n s n ,

I 3 —T it h 2p ayi g
. t r s i d d at fir s t Co u
e- il at J ru s al m
n no e c n e nc e e ,

— F ir s t miss io ari s j o i d t r m mb r th poo r

“ ”
33 I . n e en ne o e e e e ,

34
— P u l a t i g a al o r 34
I . m a c n 1 —
7 13 5 s ne , I 2

C H A PTE R XI II
ST . PA UL
’
S TE A CH I N G A ND PE R S O NA L E XA M P L E

P u l s i ju
a
’
o s b u r is i g h ur h fu d 36 — H i i
n n ct i n a o t a n a c c n ,
I . s n s t ruc

tio s nG l i s Co r i h i s
to d P h il ipp i s b o u gi i g
a at an ,
nt an ,
an an a t v n ,

— P ul s io f Mos i l ims C h ris i s 38

pp l i
’
I 37 . a a c at n O a c c a to t an , 1 .

—I h l ws o r i g i h brog d ? 3 S — P u l s
t e a c n ce n n t t e a at e I a
’

mm d i s ru io s t Co ri h i s
.

e xa e, an d E ph s i s
n t ct n o nt an an e an

c o r i g l ms givi g d h osp i l i y 4 —Th p rop r

n ce n n a n an ta t ,
I I . e e

r ip i s f C h ris i l ms giv i g 4 — P u l s w s d rd
ec ent o t an a n ,
I 2 . a
’
o n t an a

g M L R r os p ir fi l d f r v l io
as t o giv i — nf ,
I et e ct O e nt e e o e e at n

as i h p yi g
to t t e d b fi -
4 O a —D i l f G od s
n an ene ce n c e , I . en a o
’

l im t po r io f i o m q uiv l
c a o a s p iri u l r hy
t n o nc e e a ent to t a an a c ,

148 1 36 — 14 8
T H E T IT H E I N S C R I P T UR E

C H A PT E R I
GA I N A ND A B E L
Of r s J ov
fe in g t o e h ah , 7 ,
— C ain s
’
s in an c ie n t ly c o n n e c t e d w it h fail ur e

in t it h e -p a in g, 7 —
y . B ar i
e n g of th e Se pt u agin t o n th erj o
e e ct i n

f C i s O ff r i 8 — S ac rifi c e s of N o h b ram d Ja ob
’
o a n e n g, , a ,
A ,
an c ,
I I .

HE picture writings of E gypt th e cu nei form

-
,

tablets of B abylon ia an d early writers of ,

G reece and Rom e i nform u s that b efore th e B ible

was wri tten and apart th e refrom i t was an al m ost
, ,

u niversal practice among c iv ilised nation s for people

to pay tithes to their gods ; but none tell us wh en ,

or where th e practice began or wh o issued the law

, ,

for its observan c e .

O ur obj ect therefore i n th is v olum e i s to in

v e s t i at e
g wh at may be learned concerni ng tith e
paying fro m H oly S cripture and from J ewish ,

writings of th e period between th e O ld and N ew

Testaments .

I f we begi n by inquiring concern ing tith e paying -

from the b ook of G en esis we naturally turn first to ,

such passages as tell of th e offering of material

7
 TH E TI TH E IN SCR I P T UR E

th ings to J ehovah W e find at least six persons .

who made such offerings— namely Cain and A bel , ,

N oah A bram I s aac an d J acob ; and we proceed

, , ,

to as k what we learn from them as to patriarchal

or w h at is called pre -Mosaic tit h e paying - .

T he rej ec tion of Cain s offering was by very early ’

v
I Ad e rs u s
Christian writers conn ected with tith ing T ertulli an ’
.
,
J u dazos, n . 2.

for inst ance in the third century wrote that G o d

,

rej ected the sacrifice of Cain bec ause what he ,

offered h e did not rightly divide ; following herein

a L atin version of G enesis iv 7 m ade from the .
,

S eptuagint !
S ome perhaps would c all th is re ading
.

a meaning into t h e text rather than drawing one ,

out of it : but before we thus j udge let us see

what can be said i n its favour .

Concerning Cain and A bel our present H ebrew ,

2 G e n iv 3 -
. .
7 . text reads (as literally as I can translate it ) thus
2

A n d it me
t o p ass at t h e e n d o f da s
ca y C ain b r o ugh t
r
o f t h e f u it o f t h e g ro r
u n d a p e se n t t o J e h ovah A n d .

l
A b e h e a so l b ro h
ug t o f t h e first lin gs o f h is s h e e p an d o f
t h e ir fat A n d J e h o vah l o o k e d favo u r ab ly u p o n A b e l an d
.

up o n h is p r e se n t ; b u t u p o n C ain an d u p o n h is p r e se n t

Cl e me n t of Rom e a l so (Ep . ad Cori n t h . n . wh o l ive d in the

fir s t ce n t ury ,
an d I re n ze us, wh o wury fo ll ow i g (A d ro t e in t h e ce nt n v

bo th q u o t t h s v t h v rs o rdi g t
.

H ee res . bk i
h . v . c . e e e en e e acc n o

th e S e p t u gi
t r di g
a n I th fo ur th
ea t ury H il ry B is h o p
n . n f e ce n a , O

P i ti
o c p l i i g P s al m
e rs , e x an nv iii m i tai d t h t t h r iv i g f cx .
, a n ne a e e ce n o

t ith s we at ur l
as a n omm dm t from th b gi i g S g i
a c an en e e nn n . o, a a n,
i t h t w l fth t ury did H u go A bb o t f S t V i to r s a d P t r ’
n e e ce n ,
o . c , n e e

C m t
o ; w h il s t fi
e s or t ur i s l t r G r o t iu s w r o t
,
ve ce n u p o t h is t t e a e , e n ex

th t t h s
a se o rdi g t t h S pt u gi t wa t h t C i it h r did
e n e , acc n o e e a n , s, a a n e e

no t of f r th b st or l s th t h g v
e e e , l ss p rop or t io t h a t h
e e a e a e a e n n e

ten th
“
wh i h
, h o t i u s fro m th mos t i t g s wa th
c ,
” “
e c n n e , e an c e n a e s e

p r op o rt io d
”
t n G d ue o o .
 CA I N A N D A BE L
H e did not l oo k favou r ab ly
v e x e d C ain e x c e e d . A n d it
in gly an d h is c ou n t e n an c e fe ll
,
A n d J e h ovah s aid t o .

C ain Wh e r e fo r e did it v e x t h e e an d w h e r e fo r e did t hy

, ,

c ount e n an c e f all ? I f t h ou w il t do w e ll s h all n o t t h y face ,

b e l ift e d u p ? b ut if t h ou wil t n o t do we ll s in is c ou c h in g ,

at t h e doo r
”
.

B ut passing n ow to the S eptuagint or G reek , ,

translation of G e nesis th is s ixth verse runs as ,

follows
A nd t he L o rd G o d
s aid t o C ain Wh e r e fo r e dids t t h ou ,

b e come ve x e d an d wh e r e fo r e did t h y c oun t e n an c e fall ?

,

I f t h ou dids t r igh t ly o ffe r b u t dids t n o t r igh t ly div ide , ,

dids t t h ou n o t s in ? H o l d t hy p e ac e .

Th is G reek v ers ion be i t remembered was made , ,

about three hu ndred years b efore th e C hristian era ,

from a H ebrew copy that m ust hav e been more

than a thousand years older than th e oldest H ebrew
m anuscript w e possess now Th is translation .
‘

m oreover was perfectly fam iliar to the writers of

,

th e N ew Testa ment A n d if we may reverently .

picture th e auth or o f th e E pistle to the H eb rews

glancing over h is G reek B ible before penn ing h is
chapter o f O ld T e st ame n t worth ies we should
'
‘

remember that h e had before h i m th ese v ery words

’
concern ing C ai n s n ot d ivid ing righ tly wh en h e ,

wrote B y faith A bel offered unto G o d a m ore

,

”
abund a nt sacrifice (Whetio v a fiv cr fa v ) than Cai n 1
I H . .
eb . x i 4
. .

V arious suggestions of course are offered to sh ow , ,

Pro f sso r C h y (E y l p dia B hl a I 6 2 A rt i l e C i )

e e ne nc c o e z
' '

zc , . 0, c ,
a n
”

t r a s l at s t h s i t h v e r s t h u s W hy a t t h o u w r o t h ? a d w h y i t h y
“
n e e x e r n s

c o u t a fall
n en S ur ly if t h o u do s t w ll t h o u a s t l ift up t h y
n ce en e , e e , c n

h ad a d if t h o u do s t t w ll t h y i mu s t au s it t fall ; fr o m
e ,
n e no e ,
s n c e o

irr it at i g w o r ds ab s ta i
n a d t h o u t ak h d t t hys l f
n, n e ee o e .
”
 TH E TI TH E IN S CR I P T UR E
in wh at consisted the sin of C ain but be that as ,

”
it may A bel is said to have offered by fait h
,
“
.

N ow fa i t h has referen c e to obedience w h i c h implies ,

t h at a prev ious c ommand had been made k nown .

W here no law has been given there can be no

transgression ; an d u nless directions had been com
mu n icat e d to t h ese two worshippers as to the
amount or proportion of their property to bring ,

eind if eit h er was at liber t y to offer as mu c h or as

little as he pleased then it is not easy to see why ,

Cain should by imp l ication be blamed for b ringing

less ; the occasion being I ta k e it a farmer and a , ,

grazier ea c h bringing th e fi rs t fruit s of his increase ,

not so mu c h as a propitia t ory sacrifice (fo r we

are not told they had sinned ) but rather as a ,

present or t han ko ffe rin g t o G o d in to k en of H is

—
l ords h ip over them j ust as we may read was
-
’

done from t h e e arl iest times i n E gypt and wh i c h ,

illustrates an almost un ivers ally ac c epted belief i n

th e an c ient world whe t her paga n or o t herwise , ,

n amely t h at it was n o t lawful to eat of t h e new

’
fruit u n t il G od s portion h ad been divided off from
L
the re st ]
vo urit
A fa hat h e bro u gh t o b l oo d B ut n e it h e r i
e on e is t n .
,
n

r y rs did
aft e a e a , I s ra l it e farme r br i g b l oo d w h e n h e p re s e n t d
n e n , e

h is fi t f uit s t o J e h o vah as c o mma de d i D e u t r o o my

rs r
,
vi 1 — 1 1
n n e n xx .
.

Th e H br e w w o rd c o mmo ly u s e d f r a s ac r ifi ce w it h b l oo d ri g;
e n o ,

(Z b ch ) do e s o t o cc ur i t h p ass age u de r c o s ide rat io

e e ,
n n e for b o t h n n n

C ai s fru it s a d A be l s fi t li g a e calle d by th e s ame word any;

n
’
n
’
rs n s r ,

a p r s
e ent .

s o s
T I n ill u t rat i n o f t h i I may b e rve t h at wh e n o n t h e L w e r os o
s
A mur, in E a t e r n S ib e r ia, I f u n d am n g t h e G ilyak s- a p e p l e o o o
o s
q u ite un t u ch e d by We t e rn ide a —th e p rac t ic e of t ak in g me o f s so
th e b l oo s s o
d o f t h e fir t al m n c au gh t dur in g t h e e a n an d ap p lyin g s so ,

o
it to t h e m u th of a ru de ly c arve d god, e at e d u p n a fi h b ac k, a
’
s o s s
 CA I N A N D A BE L

Thus far it will be observed n o altar has been

, ,

’
men tion ed nor is it said that A bel s fi rs t lin gs were
,

burnt I t is not u ntil long afterwards that we fi nd

.

a sacrific ial distinction mentioned b etween clean

beasts and u nclean ; an d then it is we h ave on m
1 en V 11 2.

record the buildi ng of an altar on wh ich clean

an imals an d clean birds were consumed by fi re .

I n th e case of N oah s sacrifice with wh ich we ’

learn J ehovah was pleased we hav e anoth er ,

instance of th e presentation of a material offeri ng

t o G o d with the added accompan imen ts mentioned
,

of an altar fi re an d a disti nction betwee n clean

, ,

and u nclea n an imals .

A bout th ree h u nd red years later we read that

A b ram twice built an altarf an d h e called on the s e en x ii . 7
-8
.

name of J ehovah w h o appeared to h im A t M am re ,

.

A bram did th e same and later when i n q uiring of 3 G

’
, ,
en . x iii . 1 8.

J ehovah he was expressly com manded to sacrifice

,

a h eifer a S he goat an d a ram each of th em three

,
-
, ,

years old as well as a turtledov e an d a young

,

p igeon ‘
W e have yet anoth er instan ce of A b raham t
. u . xv. 9 .

bu ilding an altar when about to sacrifice h is son ,

for whom however h e ultimately substituted a

, ,

ram
W e read likewise of the patriarch I saac that h e
, , ,

5
bu il t an al tar at B eersh eba ; and the sam e may be

spe ci me n Of w ic h h ,
w ith f e r s h b l oo d t h r o e e n, I w as bl
a e to s ur
ec e .

’
( Lan sde ll s Th r oug h S iberi a 3 rd e dit i n p , o ,
. 60 6 , A l so at

s
J e ru al e m, in 1 890 I me t t h e R e v h ar l e, . C s T . W il so n, for man y
s s
ye ar r e ide n t in P al e t in e , wh o t e ll me t hats r s the A rab s w an de in g
far f t h J o r da a d f r a h f miss io s tatio s fu lly
‘

e as t o e tn n ou O e c O n n ,

r og i
ec n ze a d h b it u ally p r a t is
n a t h du ty f givi g fi tf uit
c e f t h ir
e O n rs r s o e

i r e ase
nc .
 TH E TI TH E IN S CR I P T UR E

1 Ge n . xxx iii . 20 . said of J ac ob at S h alem

, wh ilst at B ethel we are
told t h at J a c ob at first set up a pill a r and poured
,

s e e n -x x x iii . 1 8- oil t he re o n f whi c h act i n a fter years he repeated ,

gEj
’
P ' X X X V-I :
adding to t h e oil a d rin k offering ?

I f now w e review the data thus far selected we ,

see the first recorded ac t of the first two Of E ve s ’

sons manifesting a sense of dependence on or ,

obligation to the deity by presenting to J ehovah

, ,

the fi rs t fruit s of their in c rease ; and we see men

of succ eeding generations offering to G o d of the
choicest of c lean beasts of clean birds and fruits
, ,

of the ground as well as a drin k offering and

,

oil ; thus fully establishing in c onnection with

,

abundant i nformation from pagan l iterature t hat in ,

all ages in the ancient world men have though t it

,

their duty to offer a portion of th eir substance to

th e d ivine B eing .
 C H A PT E R II

ABRAM A ND jA CO B

A bram s t it h
’
e to M
l h i e de k I 3 T it h in g t race d t o B abyl o n ia I 5
e c z ,
.
-
, .

E t e n t o f A br am s t it h e s 1 5 — J ac o b s vo w an d it s con fi rma
’ ’
x , .

t io n O f tith e p ayin g I 7 — S c ie n t ific de du ct io n fr o m p at riar c h al

-
, .

t it h in g 1 8 —H yp o t h e s is fo r p r ime v al o r igin o f t it h e p ayin g 1 9

,
.
-
, .

A dam s so n s p re s umab ly t h e fir s t t it h e p aye r s 1 9 — A b s e n ce o f

’
-
, .

w rit t e n law an d s il e n c e o f G e n e s is n o o bj e c t io n t h r e t o 2 1
, ,
e ,
.

P agan t it h e p ayin g n ot l e arn t fro m J e wis h S c rip t ure s 2 I

-
, .

E n ow pass to th e example of A bra m of ,

whom w e read that th e propo rt ion of h is

spoils that he devoted was a tenth Return in g from , .

th e slaugh ter of th e ki ngs with spoil s of war h e was ,

m et n ear J erusale m by a kingly priest M elch izedek , ,

w h o brough t to A bram b read and wi n e wh o blessed ,

A b ram w h o praised G o d for victory v ouch safed

, ,

and to whom A bram offered a tenth of all .

H ere th en we h av e an instan ce of tithe paying

, ,
-

wh ich occurred (according to Ussher s ch ronology

’

wh ich is here followed th roughout ) about 1 900 B C . .

,

and th is has ordi nari ly been regarded as the earliest

reco rded i nstan c e of th e payment of tith e .

B ut recen t dis c ov eries transm itted to us by ,

students of cu neiform l iterature h ave thrown a ,

flood of n e w ligh t upon the land of Canaan before

it was peopled by th e I sraelites P rofessor S ayce .
,

I 3
 TH E TI TH E I N S CR I P T UR E

tracing the m igration of A bram from Ur of the

’

Chaldees says in his P at r iarchal P alest z ne z

,
l

Ur lay on t h e w e st e r n s ide o f t h e E u p hr ate s in S out h e r n

B abyl o n ia wh e r e t h e mo u n ds o f M ugh e ir mar k t h e sit e o f
,

t h e gr e at t e mp l e t h at h ad b e e n r e ar e d t o t h e w o r s h ip o f
t h e M oo n go d l o n g b e fo r e t h e day s o f t h e H e b r e w p at r iar c h
- .

H e r e A b r am h ad marr ie d an d fr o m h e n ce h e h ad go n e
,

fo r t h w it h h is fat h e r t o s e e k a n e w h o me T h e ir fi r s t .

r e st in g p l ace h ad b e e n H arr an in M e so p o t amia

- H arr an .

s i n ifi e d
g
‘
r o ad in t h e o ld l an guage o f C h al dae a an d fo r
’
,

man y age s t h e ar mie s an d me r c h an ts o f B ab yl o n ia h ad

h al t e d t h e r e wh e n mak in g t h e ir w ay t o war ds t h e M e dit e r
ran e an . L ik e Ur it w as de dic ate d t o t h e w o r s h ip o f
,

S in t h e M oo n god ; an d it s t e mp l e r ivall e d in fame a n d

,
-

an t i u it y t h at o f t h e B ab yl o n ian c it y an d h ad
q ,p r o b ab ly
b e e n fo un de d by a B ab yl o n ian k in g .

“
A t H arr an t h e r e fo r e A b r am w o u l d st ill h ave b e e n
, ,

wit h in t he l imit s o f B abyl on ian in fl ue n c e an d c u l t u r e ifn o t ,

o f B ab yl o n ian o ve r n me n t as w e ll H e w o ul d h ave f o un d
g .

t h e r e t h e s ame r e l igio n as t h at w h ic h h e h ad l e f t be h in d
h im in h is n at iv e c it y .

E ve n in C an aan A b r am w as n o t b e y o n d t h e r e ach o f
B abyl o n ian in fl ue n c e . B ab yl o n ian ar mie s h ad alr e ady
p e n e t r at e d t o t h e S h o r e s o f t h e M e dit e rr an e an P al e s t in e ,

h ad b e e n in c l ude d w it h in t h e bo un ds o f a B ab yl o n ian
“

e mp ir e,
an d B ab yl o n ian c u l t u r e an d r e l igio n h ad s p r e ad

wide ly amo n g t h e C an aan it ish t r ib e s T h e c un e ifo r m .

sy s t e m o f w r it in g h ad made it s w ay t o S yr ia an d B ab y ,

l o n ian l it e r at u r e h ad fo ll o we d in it s w ak e C e n t ur ie s h ad .

alr eady p asse d S in ce S ar go n o f A k k ad h ad made h imse l f

mas t e r o f t he M e dit e rr an e an c o ast an d h is so n Nar am S in

,
-

h ad le d h is fo r ce s t o t h e p e n in su l a o f S in ai
”
.

N ow if B abylonian culture and rel igion had thus

spread to the Canaanites it suggests a reason w h y
,

t h e colony of P hoenicians from T y re w h o founded ,

Carth age (say about 900 B C ) were tithe -payers . .

 A BR A M AND [ A 0 03

and if M elch izedek may be regarded as a C an aan itish

priest then it would be as natural for h i m i n h is
,

royal an d pri estly character to expect t ithes from

A bram as it was for A b ram to pay them H e nce .

1
th e professor allud ing to th is i nciden t says
, _
,

T h is O f fe r in g o f t it h e s w as n o n e w t h in g I n h is .

B ab yl o n ian h om e A b r am must h av e b e e n fam il iar wit h

t h e p r ac t ice . T h e c un e ifo r m ins c r ip t ions o f B ab yl on ia
c ont ain f r e qu e n t r e fe r e n c es t o it I t w e nt b ac k t o t he
.

p re S e m it ic age o f C h al dae a an d t h e gr e at t e m p l e s o f
-
,

B ab yl on ia we r e l ar ge ly su p p ort e d b y t he ce n t o r t it h e
w h ic h w as l e v ie d u p on p r in c e an d p e as ant al ik e T h at .

t h e god s h ou l d r e c e ive a t e n t h o f t h e go od t h in gs wh ic h ,

it was b e l ie v e d h e h ad b e s towe d u p on m an k in d was n o t

,

c on s ide r e d t o b e as k in g t o o mu c h T h e r e are m an y t ab l e ts
.

in t h e B r it is h M u se um wh ic h are r e ce ip ts fo r t h e p aym e n t
o ft h e t it h e t o t h e gr e at t e m p l e o f t h e s u n go d at S ip p ara -
,

in t h e t im e o f Ne b u c h adn e z z ar an d h is su cc e sso r s F r om .

o n e o f t h e m we l e ar n t h at B e ls h az z ar e ve n at t h e ve ry ,

mom e n t w h e n t h e B ab yl o n ian e mp ir e w as fall in g from h is

fat h e r s h an ds n e v e r t h e l e ss fo u n d an o p p o r t un it y fo r p ay in g
’

t h e t it h e due fr om h is sis t e r
”
.

A q uestion may here be asked as to th e extent of

’
A bram s t ith es : were they a tenth of all h is S poils
only and so given v ol untarily an d spec ially o n th is
,

particular occasion or were they a tenth of all h is

,

i ncom e and som eth ing paid as a due ?

N either the H eb re w of G en esis nor th e G reek o f
“ ”
th e E pis t l e to t h e H ebrews l i m its th e wo rd al l
t o t h e spoils . I n H eb rews v ii 4 th e writer argues .

that Melch izede k was greater than A bram because

A bram paid ti t hes to h im N ow wh en a man pays
.
,

a tribute or d ue w e loo k upon t h e receiver as being

, ,

for the mom ent superior to th e giver ; and th e

,
 TH E TI TH E I N S CR I P T UR E

writer of the epistle adds that without c ontradi c tion

the person less in dignity is blessed by the person
who is greater in dignity H ence we c onclude t h at .

the tenth p aid by A bram was not merely an o ffering ,

whi c h the p at riar ch was at liberty to render or t o

wi t hhold as he ple ased b u t a p ayment of obligation
, .

T his too appears t he more li k ely bec ause A bram

, ,

by righ t of conquest might have c laimed all t h at he

c aptured from C h edorlaomer T he k ing of S odom . ,

recogn izing t h is invites him to ta k e t h e goods to

,

1 Ge n . x iv . 2 1 . h imsel f B ut A bram declines to ta k e anyth ing for

.
’

himself t hough as a conqueror h e seems to have

, , ,
’
recognized th at he had no j urisdiction over G od s
t enth ; and wh ilst surrendering his own cl aim t o

nine ten t hs of th e spoil he acted as though h e c ould

-
,

not surrend er G od s ! ’
.

I t seems moreover exceedingly probable that

, ,

t h e priestly ac ts wh i c h M el c h izede k performed for

A bram were simply su c h as th is priest k ing would -

from t ime to time perform for any Can aanitish

chief return ing from a vi c t orious expedition as also ,

perhaps when h is people p aid their t i t hes on ordinary

o c casions A n d since A bram often was dwelling
.

within a day s j ourney of S alem (t hat is J erusalem )

’
, ,

w e need not at all conclude that th is w as either th e

first or the l ast occasion on wh ich A bram paid a
tenth of h is in c rease to M el c h izede k I f the patriarch .

did so annually it would be only in k eeping with the

,

practi c e of h is B abylon ian ancestors and what we ,

k now was aft erwards c onceded by the Car t haginians

to be due to their P hoenician priesthood .

Comp ar G ld d th G p l p 4
e o an e os e ,
. 2 .
 TH E TI THE IN S CR I P T UR E
tin n ed throughout h is lifetime and was not framed ,

for the occasion or the j ourney only , .

T he se c ond feature i n J acob s tenth differing from ’

’
that of his grandfather is that no part of J acob s tithe , ,

is mentioned as paid for the use of a priestho od .

W e read no more of M el c hizedek or of h is suc

’
cessor ; but all the same G od s claim is not rem i tted
, ,

’
or abated and J acob s tithe -paying is presented to
,

us as an act of homage to G od .

H o w then do these facts bear upon what may b e

, ,

ig
s ge d T e n th , called the scientifi c aspect of the question P
T he prevalence of tithe paying amongst ancient -

nations quite apart so far as we see from the

, , ,

B ible has if possible to be accounted for I f it

, , , .

was originally left to every man to give fo r religious

purposes merely according to his own inclina t ion
that is as much or as little as he pleas ed— then how
,

should so many peoples h ave hit upon a tenth for

’
G od s portion rather than a fifth or a fifteenth or
, , ,

any other ? D oes not the un iversality of th is pro

portion point to a time when t h e anc e stors of those
nations lived together and so derived the custom ,

from a common source ?

N 0 profane auth or and no account or tradition ,

known to us in any country professes to give that ,

origin nor does the B ible do so in express terms

, .

Can we then frame any hypo t hesis that would

, ,

account for the fa c ts before us ?

M ost men presum ably will allow that sacrifi c e
, ,

was not a human inven t ion but a divi n e i n s titut ion ,

appointed by G o d A n d if G o d app oi nt ed also that

.

some th ings were acceptable to H im as cl ean and

“ ”
,
 A BR A M A ND jA CO B

oth e rs not so is it reasonabl e to suppose that H e

,

would hav e omitted directions about th e quan ti ty or ,

proportion i n whi ch such th ings should be offered ?

I f th en we may v enture th e hypothesis that G o d
, ,

from th e begin ning taught A dam that it was th e

duty of man to render a portion of h is i ncrease to h is
M aker an d that that portion was t o be not less than
,

a t e n th then we S hall see tha t th e facts recorded

,

i n G enesis not only do not con tradict such a sup

position b u t c orroborate an d strength en it
, .

Th e S e ptuagint v ersion then would S h ow an , ,

i n stan ce of covetousness i n the person of Cain as ,

d oe s th e A cts of the A postles i n th e persons of

A n anias an d S apph ira each pretend ing to o ffer
,

more than was real ly giv en each attempting to ,

deceiv e t h e A l m igh ty and thus i n N ew Testamen t

, ,

’ Ac v
language lying to th e H oly G h os t
, .
ts .
3 .

’
I n accord with th is th eory also A bel s full er s acri
, ,

fi c e was accep ted ; an d so sacri fi ce an d tith e -paying

may b e p re su me d to hav e contin ued al l along the
’

cen turies t o th e days of N o ah Then when h is .

,

descendants b uilt C ities in B abylon ia and a fterwards

became scat tered th ey would naturally t ak e with
,

them among other prim eval customs and tradition s

, .

the o ffering of sacri fi ce an d tith e-payi ng A n d thu s .

would be accou nted for only a fe w centuries later

, ,

the existence o f th es e customs as recorded i n

cu neifo rm lit eratu re o n the tablets we posses s as ,

well as th e i nformation given us about tithe paying -

in t he literatures of E gy pt G reec e an d Rom e , , .

I t is not preten ded that th is hypothe sis must be

true or t hat n o o th e r c an b e adva n ce d ; b ut m e a n
,
 TH E TI T HE I N S CR I P T UR E

while I am among those who thin k that it meets the

facts of the case but who hold themselves ready to ,

examine another theory if fort hco min gfl ‘

I t may be obj ected of c ourse that we do not read , ,

i n G enesis of a law for the payment of a tenth ; wh ich

is no proof however that no such law had been , ,

given seeing there existed various laws in primeval

,

times of wh ich we have no written evidence now .

D o any for i nstance doubt that there was from the

, , ,

beginning a law against murder for breaking of

, ,

which Cain was punished ; or against adultery in ,

k eeping with which J udah said of Tamar Bring “

,

1 ”
her forth and let her be burnt ? S imilarly it is ,

possible that tithe paying may have been among the -

“ ”
commandments and the statutes and t he laws
of G o d which A braham is praised for k eeping but ,

’
3 Ge n .
which have not come down to us in writing .

O r again if it be urged that tithes are not even

, ,

mentioned until the days of A bram and so were

'
till then unknown it is easy to point to person s ,

and things which we feel sure must have existed

long before th ey are mentioned in the order of
events recorded i n G enesis .

Aft r t h is hap t r was w rit t e my at te t io wa call d t

e c e n, n n s e o

Prof sso r C h y e s art icl s o C ai a d A braham i th E y

e e n
’
e n n
”
n n e nc

(v o l i 2 3 wh i h w o u l d mak t h e ac o u t s f
’

l p dia B hl
’

c o e z z ca . . . c e c n o

t h s t w p r so s f l at r o r igi by s e v ral
e e o e n t uri s t h a i g
o e rally n e ce n e n s ene

r iv d But t his doe s t gr at ly aff t t h mai p urp os e f my

e ce e . no e ec e n o

ar gu m t Mor ov r if Prof sso r P tri i righ t i t lli g u s t hat

en . e e , e e e s n e n

fr o m t h r t fo ur t h o u s a d y ar s
ee o mo r b fo r C h ris t ia ity ap p ar d
n e or e e e n e e ,

th a
e i t E gyp t ia s r p u diat d b fo r t h ju dgm t f O s iris s i s
nc en n e e ,
e e e en o ,
n

s uch a u t ti g sh o rt th rat io s f th t mp l s dimi ish i g t h

“
s c n
“
e n o e e e ,
”
n n e

off ri gs f th go ds a d s t al i g th ir p rop rty th t h s to ry f

e n o e
”
n e n e e ,
en e o

C ai as i te rp re t d from t h e re adi g fth e S e pt uagi t ha a s t riki g

n, n e n o n , s n

re se mb lance th e re t o a d i t he re by re de re d mo r credible
,
n s n e .
 A BR A M A N D jA C O B

M elch izedek for instance is th e fi rs t man i n th e

, ,

B ible called a priest ; A mraph el of S h inar is the fi rst

‘

man called a k ing an d A bram th e fi rst called a I G i

’
, e n. x v .

prophet B ut wh en these th ree lived m en had been

.
,

on th e earth fo r a great many years ; and are we

to suppose that manki nd had liv ed centu ry after
cen tu ry with out pri ests ki ngs and prophets ?
, ,

A gain N oah is th e fi rst who is expressly cal led a

,

righ teous man and A b ram is th e fi rst who i s said

”
,

“ ”
to have believed in G od ; yet we kno w that
before these A bel and E n och were both righ teous
, ,

and also believed i n G od O nce more th e h u man

.

race had been on the earth according to th e received

,

ch ron ology about a th ou sa nd years before we read

,

’
of musical instru m ents ; and i t was a thousand years z G iv e n. . A .

later still when A braham weighed S hekels of silver

as paym ent B ut h e would be a bold man wh o
.

would a ffi rm th at before these dates respectively , ,

mank ind possessed n eith er music nor mon ey !

The mere om is sion th erefore of th e definite
, ,

m ention of a law concern ing tith e -giv i ng i n the less ,

than a dozen chapters given to us i n G enesis co n

cern ing th e early h istory of th e wo rld is no proof ,

or presumption whatever that such a law d id n ot

exist.

A s another obj ection to our hypoth es is i t has ,

been suggested th at th e pagan nation s of anti q u ity

may hav e learned th e practice of tithe paying from -

the J ews B ut can th is suggestion be supported b y

.

one tittle of evidence ? Can a s ingle pas sage be

adduced from any G reek o r Roman class ic to con
fi rm such an id ea ? I s there th e remotest reas o n
27 TH E TI T HE IN SCR I P T UR E

to sup pose that the G reeks before t he T rojan war ,

or the Romans i n the days of Romulus k new ,

anyth ing about the J ews or even if they did that, , ,

they though t of them otherwise than with contempt ?

N or does the suggestion much help us that the
P h oenicians of Tyre might have learned tithe -giv ing
from A bram before they colonized Carthage be c ause ,

it has been all but demonstrated that tithes were

paid in Babylonia before A bram was born so that ,

for the origin of the practice we are sent further

bac k seem ingly than 2000 B C
, , . .

I n face therefore of the overwhelming probability

, ,

that a tenth was th e proportion of increase originally

required by G o d from man I for one prefer to bel ieve
, , ,

that sacrifice and tithe paying existed and continued

-

from the beginning and as men dispersed were taken

, , ,

throughout the ancien t world .

H o w far the practice afterwards became modified

among p agan nations it is not my purpose to in
quire here but rather to follow up tith e -paying as
,

brought out of B abylonia by A bram as observed ,

by h is grandson J acob and afterwards adopted ,

amongst J acob s descendants the children of I srael

’
, .
 C H A PT E R III
I SR A E LS ’
TH R E E TI TH E S

y r ss y j o i d i th P tat u h 24 — T h fir s t
T it h e -pa in g e xp e l en ne n e en e c , . e

o s r o s th r o 24 G iv by G d t th L vit s
t it h e , an d b e vati n e e n, .
- en o o e e e ,

2 5 — Th. s o d f s t ival t ith it o bj t mod f p aym t

e ec n ,
or e ,
e s ec , e o en ,

a d pe r so al be fi t t th O ff r r 6 — T h t h ird or p oo r s ’
n n ne o e e e ,
2 . e , ,

t it h 3
—
e, N t a s u b s t it u t f
o . s o d t ithe a wit ss d by
o e or ec n ,
s ne e

T o b it J os p h u s a d o t h r s ; M aimo id s t t h
, e ,
o tr ary t
n e n e o e c n ,
no

wi t h s tan di g 3 —Th t h ir d t it h
n ,
b y mod r o mp aris
2 . e t e, e n c on , n o

e x e s iv
c 34s e, .

E
hav e now reach ed a h igh er platform ,

wh ich suggests a ch ange of v enue or at , ,

all even ts the l oo king at our subj ect from a d ifferen t

,

sta ndpoi nt .

Th us far w e hav e he ard of the custom of tithe

paying th rough out the ancient world an d hav e ,

argued from th e un iversality of th e observ ance

, ,

that t here was probably som e pri mi tive law wh ich

enj oined it W h at that law was wh o enj oi ned
.
,

it or when neither s ecular l iterature nor ancient

, ,

m onu m ents i nform us ; nor does th e boo k of

G enesis make these poi nts clear to demonstration .

I f however we may assu me that G o d di rected

, ,

from the fi rs t that a tenth of man s increase would ’

be a fitt ing proportion to render to H i mself as th e ,

great Lord of all th en n ot only do we find nothing , ,

23
 TH E TI T HE I N S CR I P T UR E

in G enesis to confli c t with a theory of th is kind ,

but on th e contrary we see several passages

, ,

connected with p at riarchal religion that seem to

confirm suc h an idea and to ma k e the assumption ,

highly probable .

W hen moreover we come to other boo k s

, ,

of the P entateuch we are brough t face to face ,

wi t h written laws which distinctly deal with tith e

payments not indeed as a new institution but as
, ,

regulated and adapted to a new form of government

on wh ich was based the J ewish poli ty .

1
I ch . xx vn .
30-
33 . Thus we read i n Leviticus
“
A n d all t h e t it h e o f t h e l an d w h e t h e r o f t he se e d o f
,

t h e l an d o r o f t h e fr u it o f t h e t r e e is t h e L o r d s : it is
’
, ,

h o ly un t o t h e L o r d A n d if a man w ill r e de e m augh t o f

.

h is t it h e h e sh all add u n t o it t h e fi ft h p ar t t h e r e o f A n d
, .

all t h e t it h e o f t h e h e r d o r t h e fl o c k w h at so e v e r p asse t h
,

un de r t h e ro d t h e t e n t h sh all b e h o ly u nt o t h e L o r d
, He .

s h all n o t se ar c h wh e t h e r it b e goo d o r b ad n e it h e r sh all ,

h e c h an ge it : an d if h e C h an ge it at all t h e n b o t h it an d ,

t h at fo r w h ic h it is Ch an ge d s h all b e h o ly ; it sh all n o t b e
r e de e me d .

F rom this passage we learn

That a tenth of the produce of the land whether ,

of seed or fruit was c laimed by G o d and was to be

, ,

regarded as holy (or set apart ) for H im

That if the offerer wis h ed to retain this tenth of
seed or frui t he might do so by paying its value
, ,

and adding thereto one -fift h .

T hat every tenth calf and lamb also (that is ,

increase of the herd or floc k ) was to be set apart

for J ehovah .

That th is form O f animal ti t he m ight not be

 THE TI TH E IN S CR I P T (I R E
T hat from th is tithing no produce of land or ,

increase of herd or fl oc k is excepted , .

That the offerer had no voice in its dispo sal .

That though it was called a heave offering t he ,

o fferer did not receive any of it back again .

T hat this tithe was not an amount that might

b e diminished or an alms that the owner might
,

re n der or not as he pleased but a d ivine clai m the

, ,

withholding of which was regarded by G o d as

’
1 Mal . 8 .
dishonesty .

I t may further be noted concern ing this first

tith e that the Levites to who m it was given by
’

G o d were required by H im to render a tenth of what

,

they received as a heave o ffering to J ehovah and ,

2 N um . x viii .

to pay it to A aron th e priest ”

.

“
Wh e n ye t ak e o f t h e c h il dr e n o f I sr ae l t h e tith e wh ich
I h av e give n yo u fr o m t h e m fo r you r in h e r it an c e t h e n ye ,

S h all o f
fe r up a h e av e o ffe rin g o f it for t h e L o r d a t it h e ,

o f t h e t it h e A n d y o u r h e av e o ffe r in g sh all b e r e c k o n e d
.

u n t o yo u as t h o u gh it w e r e t h e c o rn o f t h e t hr e sh in g-floo r
, ,

an d as t h e f u l n e ss o f t h e w in e p r e ss T h us ye al so sh all
.

o ffe r a h e ave o ffe r ing u n t o t h e L o r d o f all y ou r t it h e s ,

w h ic h ye r e c e ive o f t h e ch il dr e n o f I s r ae l ; an d th e r e o f ye
sh all give t h e L o r d s h e ave o ffe r in g t o A ar on t h e p r ie s t
’
.

W e now proceed to a second tithe wh ich reads ,

8 Den t . xiv . 22-7 .

thus
T h ou h al t su r e ly t ith e all t he in c r e as e o f t hy se e d
s ,

th at wh ich co me t h fo r t h o f t h e fi e l d y e ar b y y e ar A n d .

th o u sh al t e at b e fo r e t h e L o r d t hy G o d in t he p l ac e w hic h
,

H e sh all c h oose t o c au se H is n ame t o dwe l l t h e r e t h e ,

t it h e o f t h y co r n o f t hy w in e an d o f t h in e o il an d th e
, , ,

fi rst lin gs o f t hy h e r d an d o f t hy fl oc k ; t h at t h ou mayes t

l e ar n t o fe ar t h e L o r d t hy Go d al ways A n d if t h e way .
 I SR A E LS
’
HR E E
T TI T HE S
be t o o l on g for t h e e so t h at t h ou art not ab l e t o carry it
, ,

b e c ause t h e p l ace is t o o far fr om t h e e wh ic h t he L ord th y ,

G od s h all c h oose t o s e t H is n am e t h e r e w h e n t he L o r d ,

th y G o d s h all b l e ss t h e e : t h e n s h al t t h ou tu rn it into
mo n e y an d b in d up t he mon e y in t h in e h an d an d s h al t
, ,

g o unto t h e p l ace w h ic h t h e L o rd t h y G o d s h all c h oos e

an d t h ou s h al t be stow t h e mon e y f o r w h atsoe ve r t h y sou l

de sire t h for ox e n o r for s h e e p o r fo r win e o r fo r st r o n g

, , , ,

drin k o r fo r w h atso e ve r t hy sou l as k e t h o f t h e e : an d t h ou

,

s h al t e at t h e r e b e fore t h e L ord thy G o d an d t h ou s h al t ,

re j o ic e th ou an d th y h ous eh o l d : an d t h e L e vit e t h at is
,

with in th y gate s .

Concern ing th e secon d tith e w e seem to l earn ,

That it consisted of the yearly i ncreas e of th e

land .

That it was to be eaten by the offerer h is h ouse ,

h o ld and th e L ev ite w ith fi rs t lin gs of herd an d

, ,

fl o ck but only at th e appointed place of worsh ip

, .

Th e obj ect o f th is was that I srael m igh t always

fear J ehovah .

Th is tith e m igh t be conv erted at hom e i nto

m on ey to be expen ded at th e cap ital for sacri fi ces
,

an d fe asti n g .

Th e tith e -payer was to eat an d rej oice be fore

G od .

The due paymen t of th is second tith e in volved

a s tay of at least a week each at th e P assover and
th e F east of Tab ernacles as well as a short er ,

pe riod at th e F east of W eeks ’

.

I t w ill help us b etter to unders tand th is second ,

or fes tival tithe as it is som etimes called if w e

, ,

con sider th e en d it was to serve A ll th e males i n .

I srael (with their fam ilies if they chose ) w e re to ,

 TH E TI TH E IN S CR I P T UR E
assemble at the sanctuary three times a year for
’
i
1 D e u t -x h e 7 the worsh ip of G o d .

A n d t h it h e r ye h all b r in g y u r b u r n t o ffe r in gs an d
s o ,

y o u r sac r ifi ce s, an d y o u r t it h e s an d t h e h e ave o ffe r in gs

,

o f y o u r h an d an d y o u r v o ws an d y o u r f
, ,
re e w ill o ffe r in gs ,

an d t h e fi rst lin gs o f y o u r h e r d an d o f y o ur fl oc k : an d

t h e r e ye S h all e at b e fo r e t h e L o r d y o u r G o d an d ye s h all ,

r e j o ice in all t h at ye p ut your h an d unto ye an d yo u r ,

h o use h o l ds .
”

The primary end therefore of the festivals was

, ,

to fos t er religious principles and to furnish a tim e

and place for social O bservances an d the o fferi ng of
sacrifi c es all being done in re c ogn ition of G od s
,
’

bounty and as acts of fealty and worship to H im

, .

N ow in all nations the main idea of a sacrifice has

, ,

been that o f a meal o ffered to a deity ?

I n some
i
H

Eg,
t
x3 2 .
° ' m
cases the meal was made over entirely to the god
but more commonly the sa c rifice was a feast of ,

which the god and the worshippers were supposed

to partak e together I n other words the o ffering
.
,

rendered whether animal or vegetable was some

, ,

t imes wholly burnt at others was consu med p artly ,

by fire and partly by the priest or once more part , ,

was burnt part was ta k en by the priest and a

, ,

part returned to the o fferer .

S o if an I sraelite sinned h is appointed way to

, ,

I v e n e s s was by sacrifice ; and if he had vows

to redeem or than k sgivings to ma k e all involved

, ,

the presenta t ion of sacrifice B ut th is and other .

sacrifices were not to be offered in j ust any place

the wors h ipper chose but must be ta k en t o th e
”
,

ecclesiastical capital such as was afterwards estab

,
 I SR AE L S ’
T HR E E TI T HE S
lishe d at th e resti ng-places of th e A rk as in S h iloh , ,

an d i n J erusalem .

S pea k ing generally th e J ewish sacri fi ces partook ,

m ore or less of th e n ature of expiatio n (for s in

com m itted ) of ded ication (when seeking a favour )
, ,

or of thanksgiv ing ( for favou r received ) ; and

according to the inten tion of th e offerer was th e
kind of sacri fi ce p resented .

I n th e cas e of th e burn t offering proper th e priest ,

took th e ski n but all else was consumed by ,

I n th e case of th e sin o ffering the trespass o ffering , ,

and th e m eat (or m eal ) offering that wh ich was not ,

.

burn t was for the offi ciating priest or th e p riests ,

gen erally wh ilst i n the case of th e peace offering ihljz g

, ,
d' m
th e b reast and righ t S houlder only belonged to the
priests and the remai nder m igh t be consum ed by
,

the offerer !
.

Thus th e I srael ite would hav e the o p p or

t un it y of eating and rej oicing b efore G o d an d ,

feas ting with h is household ; and th e second or ,

festival tithe was i nten ded to furnish th e m eans

, ,

for doi ng th is .

Furthermore if th e fi rst a nd second tith es be ,

comp ared it will b e s een by way of distinction

, , ,

that whereas th e offerer had n o voice whatever i n

I r e s dis t i t io s w r p r t i lly b ro u gh t
me mbe r h ow th e e nc n e e ac ca

hom t e o J ip ur w h r
my min d in I n dia at th d ily s rifi I a ,
e e , at e a ac ce ,

sa w go t d
a p i t d b fo r
a H i du l r
e ca ta eTh h d w pl
e d e a n a ta . e ea as ac e

on th l t r ur i s w r dr w
e a a , c d h tag d w n s u pp s d e e a n , an t e o as o e to
be l f t p rt k f th m l i so m mys rio u s w y A g i i
e t o a a e o e ea n e te a . a n, n

Clu
a c I pp ro h d h
t ta, as mp l
a f K li I w
ac m e rryi g
t e te e o a ,
sa a an ca n

th h e dl ss
ea r s f go wh i h h h d ju s o ff r d i s rifi
e c a ca e o a at , c e a t e e n ac ce ,

th h e d h vi g b
ea k by t h p ri s
a n d th o ff r r b i g t
e en ta en e e t , an e e e e n a
l ib ty t di s p s f th
er o r s b pl
o e o d e ca c a e as e ease .
 TH E TI T HE IN S CRI P T UR E

the disposal of the first tithe the disposal of the ,

second tith e was largely i n h is own han ds ; and

that whereas the o fferer did not receive again any
portion for h imself of the first tithe he m ight ,

re ceive in some cases the greater part of the second

tithe for his own use or purposes as well as for , ,

the enj oyment of others .

W e now come to a th ird tithe : 1

“
A t t he e n d o f e ve ry t hre e y e ar s t h o u sh al t b r in g fo r t h
all t h e t it h e o f t h in e in c r e ase in t h e s ame y e ar an d s h al t ,

lay it up w it h in t h y gate s ; an d t h e L e vit e b e c ause h e ,

h at h n o p o r t ion no r in h e r it an ce w it h t h e e an d t he st r an ge r
, ,

an d t h e f at h e rl e ss an d t h e wido w w h ich are w it h in t h y

, ,

g a t e,
s s h all co m e an
,
d sh all e at a n d b e s at is fi e d ; t h at t he

L o r d t hy G o d may b l e ss t h e e in all t h e wo r k of t h in e h and

wh ic h th o u doe st .
”

T his seems to teach that

’
A tenth of every third year s increase was to be
laid up at home .

This tenth was to be shared by the local L evite ,

th e stranger the fath erless and the widow

, , .

T he obj ect o f this tithe was that J ehovah migh t ,

bless t h e wor k of the tithe-payer s hands ’

.

S ome th in k th is was no t a third tithe but a ,

triennial substitute for the second tithe so that in ,

the t h ird and again the sixth years (as well as the
, ,

sevent h year w h en the land was not to be culti

,

v at e d) t h e I s rael ite would not take the second or

, ,

fes tival tithe to the sanctuary but wo uld dispose of

, ,

it among the poor at home .

P erhaps th is view may have been i n part suggested

by the S eptuagint w h ich varie s the pu nctuation
, ,

and reads : A fter three years thou s halt bring

 I SR AE L S ’
T HR E E TI T HE S
forth all t h e ti th e of th i ne i n crease I n th at ye ar .

”
thou shal t lay it up i n thy c ities 1pm i 7 . . x v. 2 .

S elden an d M i chaelis also argue i n t h e same

direction say ing that a th ird tithe would be an
,

excess iv e d emand upon th e i ncome o f a m an who

had already expen ded two tenth s of h is i ncre as e
- ” “
mm
m
.

’
P eake l ikewise says : I t may be urg e d that it is fi
“
;
f

not probab le that a double tribute should be exacted

”
from the crops A n d again : “
N or is it probable
.

that a tax of n e arly one -fift h of th e whol e produ c e

3 n "

S hould be I m os ed o n th e farm ers

3 A I rt
p .

O n th e oth er hand as oppo sed to th ese con E ARTH? ,

B i bl I p 8 e, 7 0

i t may be observed
o 0 . .

e c t u re s
j ,

That th e H ebrew text n owhere says explicitly

that th e th ird ti t he sho uld be substitut ed for the
seco nd .

Th e inj un ction is several ti mes rep eated that

ev e ry m al e should go up to th e festivals yearly ;
but neit he r t he th i rd sixth seven th o r any oth er , , ,

year is e x ce p t e dxl '

I s upp o rt of t his Op i ion may b e q u ote d th words f M ai

n n e o

mo ide : O th e t hi rd a d s i t h y ar s fr o m t h s abbat i al year

n
“
s n n x e e c ,

aft e r t h e y h ave s ep ar at e d t h fir s t t it h th y s e p arat e f o m wh at e e, e r

re mai s an o th r t it he a d give it t th p oo r a d it i c alle d t h

n e ,
n o e ,
n s e

p oo r s t i’
t h e ; a d o t t h os t w
n o ye ar s i t
nh s c o d t
on ith b u t th e e s e e n e,

p o o r s t i’
t h e —G il l on D e u t i 2 8 ; M aimo ide s [I l h t M at tanot
.
”
. x v . n ,
'

z c o

A nayinz, c 6, e ct 4 . s
S e e als S fi eahe r s Commen taryI o n D e ut xiv
. . o ’
. .

28 9, an d M c Clin t ock an d S t
- ng
’
yclop e di a, v o l x p 4 33 ro s C . . . .

l S me ( an d
'‘
o fes D i e
4
Pro so r
am n g t h e m) h a e p p se d t h at, rv r o v su o 4 I n t e rna t onal i
as t h e lan d w as n o t t o b e sv
w n in th e o u gfifi f fm
e e n t h ye a , n o t it h e w ld so r fi
l
.

M ok vo
b e p aid ( c c l in t c an d S t n g, l x p so r m
B ut if ,
h ow w e e ro . . .
“ a n y, P : ‘ 63 :

v s r y r v u ss o u
th e L e it e du in g t h at e a t o l i e , n l e a d bl e or tre bl e tit h e w as
t b p id i t h s i h y
o e a r ? A d h is h l w h d l r dy p r o v id d
n e xt ea n t t e a a a ea e

for I f y s h ll
.
y Wh h ll w
e t th s v h y r ? b hold
a sa ,
at s a e ea e e e nt ea e

w sh ll
e t w a g h noi i r s
so Th I w ill o mm d
,
n or at er n our nc e a e . en c an

My bl i g up o y i h i t h y r d i h l l b ri g fo rt h fr it
e ss n n ou n t e sx ea , an t s a n u

for t hree years ”

,
e tc .
( Le v . xxv . 20
 TH E TI T HE IN S CR I P T UR E
B esides not going up to the festivals on the
,

th ird sixth and seventh years would be attended

, ,

with a further and practical di fficulty : for if a man

had sin ned after returning say from the last feast , ,

of the fifth year he w o uldfl u n de r normal circum,

stances be deprived o f the O pportunity of o ffering

,

a sacrifice of expiation at the sanctuary until after

an interval of two years .

M oreover we have at least three witnesses of

,

prom inent ran k for the third tithe being an addition

to and not a substitute for the second tithe T he
, , .

author of T obit for instance when stating h o w he

, ,

wal k ed i n the ways of truth and righteousness not ,

’
withstanding the falling away of h is father s family
’
from G od s command to sacrifice at J erusalem ,

makes his Subj ect say

I l ne we nt oft e n t o J e ru sal e m at t he fe asts as it
a o ,

h at h b e e n o r daine d u n t o all I s r ae l b y an e ve rl ast in g de c re e ,

havin g t h e first fruit s an d t he te n th s o f min e in c r e ase an d ,

t h at w h ic h was fi r st sh o r n ; an d I gav e t h e m at t h e al t ar
t o t h e p r ie s ts t h e so ns o f A ar o n
,
Th e t e n t h p ar t o f all .

min e in cr e ase I g ave t o th e son s o f L e vi wh o min ist e r e d ,

at J e r usal e m : an d t h e se c o n d t e n t h p art I so l d away an d ,

we n t an d sp e n t it e ach y e ar at J e r usal e m : an d t he t h ir d
,

I gave unt o t h e m fo r wh o m it w as me e t as D e bo r ah my ,

fat h e r s mo t h e r h ad co mman de d me
’
1 ”
.

T he foregoing quotation is the revised E nglish

version from the Vatican codex but the reading of
the S inaitic codex is still more noteworthy .

r s l h s ss
I t an at e t i p a age as f w ollo s
“
v
H a in g t h e fi rstfruit s, an d t h e fir stb o r n an d th e t it h e s of cat t le
firs s h r sh I p ro
,
an d t h e t e a ing o f t h e e ep, c e e de d to J e rus ale m an d ,

I gav th m t t h p ri s t s
e e o e e , th e so s
n of Aa ro n , at r
th e al ta ; an d th e
 TH E TI T HE IN S CR I P T UR E
o th e r fo r t h e sac r ifi c e s
h e r e ve ry t h ird ye ar
,
an d ye t an o t

fo r t h e p o o r : 4 3 8d in t he po un d h e an yh o w gave t o G o d
. .
,

n o t as o ur c us t o m is u n de rr at in g p r o p e r t y f
, ,
o r t he p o o r

r at e b ut a go od 45 8d in t he p o und o n t he ave r age of t he

,
. .

t h re e y e ar s
1 Pearson , 1
S yst e mat ic B e ne
:

fi cc nc e , p. I I .

I n fact I can find n o authority in favour of th is

,

supposed trienn ial substitution of the third tithe for

the second until the twelft h century when M ai , ,

mo n ide s says that the th ird and sixth years second

’

tithe was shared between the poor and the Levites ,

{ D m— P w ti e that there was no th ird tithe ”

B ut even then
m
e a
. .

VI . d4 , q u ot e in

igggefg we have a c ontemporary rabbi of the same century

l
g
( A ben E zra ) who says :
“
T his was a third tithe ,

”
$ 3 ?n
5
and did not excuse th e second tithe .

T he reader therefore will j udge c oncerning th e , ,

plain statement of the law supported by what we ,

h ave seen was thought right by the author of the

boo k of Tobit in perhaps the th ird century before
Christ and also at the time of J osephus (two or three
centuries later and when tithe paying was still ,
-

together with the testimony of J erome

who l i ved i n P a lest i ne four cen t ur i es later and
106 .

( ,

may be presumed to have k nown how h is contem

o rarie s at least among the S amaritans were paying
p , ,

t his is not more li k ely to b e

t heir tithes
) wheth er all ,

true than a statement such as that of M aimon ides ,

who though buried in P alestine yet flourished in

, ,

S pai n but not u ntil a thousand years after the

,

J ewish nation had b een dispersed .

A s for the obj ec t ion that a t hird tithe would be

an excessive demand upon income the late S ir ,

Monier W illiams P rofessor of S ans k rit at Oxfo rd , ,

 I SR A E LS
’
HR E E
T TI T HE S
hav ing referred m e to passages of S anskrit law ,

especially th e code of M anu th e oldest compend ium ,

of th e laws of the B rah man s poi nted out that the ,

usual propo rt ion of p roduce taken by th e k i ng was

a sixth part (as we hav e seen was th e case i n
but that i n times of necessity h e m igh t {3:3w
ta k e on e fourth of th e crop
-
”
i fiiffidiil
l
.
s
’ '

W’dm w é“
W e may remember als o that i n the ti me of th e ,
s '

Maccabees th e inhab itants of J udea seem to hav e

,

been taxed to the exten t of on e -th ird of th eir seed

” b m
and half of th ei r fruit .

i sf
x acca .

For m odern illustrations I would observe that o n ,

my fi rst v is it to B okhara i n 1 8 8 2 I asked about , ,

taxes an d received w idely divergen t answers i n

,

differen t parts of th e Khanate A t o n e place th ey .

said that out of ten batmans of har vest th ey paid

eigh t (or fou r fi ft hs) for taxes ; an d at another fou r
-
,

( or a half) ; and that as a matter of fact th e hehs , ,

’
‘ 6 t II
took m ore and m ore and as m uch as they pl eased
, .
1

A gain i n 1 8 9 4 wh en travelli ng th rough m ost

, ,

th e large town s of I taly I was tol d more th an on c e ,

that th e taxes th en being lev ied upon the p eople

am ounted to at least 20 per cen t of their i ncomes . .

G iven th en a conscien tio u s I talian paying 20 per

, ,

cent of h is income to th e S tate and as expected

.
, ,

“
by the Cou nc il of Trent anoth er t ithe o r I O per gz f m , ,
s on o

cent to h is church and th es e d emands u n ited

.
, , , ,

would be a heav ier claim upon i ncom e th an th e

th ree tith es of th e law M oreover i f J osephus .
,

coul d enj oi n th e J ews to pay three tith es for th ei r

own religion wh en they were paying also tax es
,

t o th e R oma n s much m ore m i gh t th e M osai c law

,
36 TH E TI TH E IN S CR I P T UR E

require three tithes under the th eocracy especially ,

a s th e payment of t h ese procured to the I sraeli t e

not a few of the j udici al educational and soci al

, ,

benefi t s for wh ich other nations now p ay taxes .

I t would seem th en that th e M osaic law enj oined

, ,

upon t he I sraelite t o pay yearly in conne ct ion with

,

his religion two tenths and at the end of th ree

,
-
, ,

ye ars a third tenth of h is inc ome

, , .
 C H A PT E R I V

M O SA I C OF F E R I N G S

r s sr or r s
O t h e fi xed c l aim on I ae l it e ; c n e s , gl e an ing , fi rstfruit s, th e s
rs b r
fi t o n , an d e e t h s vn y r
e a deors
b , 37
t - F e e wi
ll ffe in g
. r O r s
an d vo sw , 4
. I -
A n in com e o f s iou s
x th a nd b h el e d ce d us s r u
on e f- o urt h ft
a e r t it h in g,
—M e t h od o f t it h in g an d p fe i n r o ss o
or . v ro
b e f e G od, 4 5 — Nat e of e ide n ce f m th e e n t at e ch as
ur P u
su s
t o t it h in g, ry r r
b idia , in di e ct , an d f agme n t a , 4 7 - L aw o f ry .

y so
t it h e -p a in g s
me wh at imilar t o t h at of t h e S abbat h , 4 9 .

o y
A dap t at i n of t it h e -p a in g t o t h e M s o aic law, 50 .

ESIDES three t ithes properly so-cal led th e , ,

P entateuch imposed other fi xed claims both ,

an n ual and occasional Thus the I s rael ite was

.

com manded
Wh e n ye r e ap t he h arve st of y ou r l an d t h ou s h al t n o t ,

w holly r e ap t he co r n e r s o f t hy fi e l d n e it h e r s h al t t h ou ,

gat h e r t h e gl e an in g o f t hy h arv e st A n d t h ou s h al t n o t.

gl e an t hy v in e y ar d n e it h e r s h al t t h ou gat h e r t he fall e n
,

fr u it o f th y v in e y ard ; t h ou s h a l t l e ave t h e m fo r t he p o or
” 1L e v . xix -1 0
o r t h e stran ge r
1 9
an d f
. .

A gai n
Wh e n t h ou re ap e st t h in e h arve st in t hy fi e l d an d h as t ,

fo r got a s h e af in t h e fi e l d t h ou s h al t no t go again t o fe t c h
,

it : it s h all b e fo r t h e st ran ge r fo r t h e fat h e rl e ss an d fo r

’

, ,

t h e widow : t h at t h e L o rd t hy G o d may b l e ss t h e e in all

t h e wo rk o f t h in e h an ds Wh e n t h ou b e ate st t h in e o l ive
.

tre e t h ou s h all n o t go ov e r t h e bou gh s again

, Wh e n .

t h ou ga th e re s t t he grap e s o f t hy v ine y ar d t h ou s h al t n o t ,

37
 TH E TI T HE IN S CR I P T UR E

g l e an it aft e r t h ee ; it sh all b e f o r t h e s t r an ge r f
o r t h e ,

fat h e rl e ss an d fo r t h e w ido w 1 ”
.
,

F rom the foregoing we learn that at the time ,

of fruit gathering the owner was to leave for the

-
,

needy fallen fruit overloo k ed olives and small

, , ,

bunches of grapes ; wh ilst in the harvest field he

was not to care for forgotten b u ndles nor gleanings
( that is ears ,of corn dropped from the ha nds of the
reaper ) ; and the corners of h is fields he was not
even to cut .

H o w large th e corners thus left were to be the ,

M osaic law does not specify ; but as a matter of

practice we learn in later years from a c hapter
, ,

on the corner in th e M zsh n a that they do not

'
“
,

” ”

igg
f
il
§ § gg
i leavex
less than a sixtieth part of the whole .

A nother annual claim upon th e I sraelite was that

of his fi rs t fru it s ; and although th e law again does , ,

n ot define th e amount of th e o ffering it is in st ru c ,

tive to notice how Maimonides asks concerning the

quantity to be brough t W hat measure do the wise ,

”
men set ? wh ich h e answers saying A good eye , ,

[ or a bountiful man ] brings one of forty a m iddling

on e [one that is neither liberal nor n iggardly] brings
one of fifty [or the fiftieth part] ; and an evil one
[a c ovetous man
] one o f S ixty
[or the sixtieth part ]
3 G m E d but °n never
xo
less than A nother authori ty
“ ii 9
,
. 2 .

referr i ng to t h e M zsh n a and I ts chapter on fi rst frui t s

O 0 0 O

hS M C li
ee names one fift ie t h of the produce
c n - 4
k dS g
.
'
t oc an t ron s

2511 53“
19
0
9 B ut besides the fi rs t fru it s to be off ered annually ,

the law enj oined certain charges to be paid occa

s io n ally T hus .

S an c tify unto M e all t h e fi r s tb o r n wh atsoe ve r op e ne th ,

th e womb amon g t h e c h il dr e n o f I srae l bot h o f man an d ,

o f b e as t ; it is M in e
”
.

A gain
“
Th e fi r st bo r n o f t hy sons s h al t t h ou give unto M e .

L ik e wis e s h al t t h ou do wit h t h in e ox e n an d w it h t hy ,

sh ee p : se ve n day s it s h all b e wit h it s dam o n t he e igh t h

day t h ou s h al t give it M e 1 .
”

Th e fi rstborn of m an was to be redeemed by

paym en t of fi ve shekel s ; and the fi rs t lin gs of
!

u nclean an i mals were to b e redeem ed also Th e .

fi rs t lin g h o w ever of a cow a sh eep or a goat

, , , ,

m igh t not be redeemed ; bu t it was brought to th e

altar and th e flesh after being o ffered to G o d
, , ,

”
became th e property of th e p riest 3612
?
” .
a

A n other fi xed charge w as made at th e tim e of th e

census in th e wilderness to th e am ount of half a
S hekel Th e rich were not to give m ore nor th e
.
,

’
poor less A lso th e law prescribed th at when th e fi
.
d xe
1 1 -1 4 .
xx x.

I sraelite sh ould plant a fru it t ree th e fruit for th ree ,

years w as to b e regarded as u nclean and not to ,

be eaten ; wh ilst i n th e fou rth year the fruit was

‘
to be set apart for givi ng praise to J ehovah .

T h is is s til l o b s e rv e d app ar t ly amo g mo d r J ws i ,

en ,
n e n e n

L e mb r g M r I s ra l S u l igh t a e rabb i f my a q u ai ta c
e . . e n ,
n x- o c n n e

(a d w h w a ki d
n o o u gh t r ad o v r w hat I h av h e r aft r
s n en o e e e e e

writt e ab u t T almu di t a hi g t it h s ) w rit s t h u s

“
n o c At t he c n on e ,
e : e

b e gi i g f th mo t h I w a i vit d t b p r s t at a u iqu e
nn n o e n s n e o e e en n

ce r e mo y t h r d mi g f th e fir s t b o r ; a d h o t i u s i ”
n ,
e e ee n o n n e c n n e ,
n

s h o rt a fo ll o w s Th p ar t s p r s t th h il d t th h (o r
, s : e en e en e c o e co en

p rie s t ) wh t ak s it i h i ar ms a d t h
, o e as k s t h m w h e t h r t h y
n s ,
n en e e e

Wis h h im t k p t h c h il d o r w h t h r t h y w o u l d r at h r r d m
o ee e ,
e e e e e ee

it fo t h e
r m ffi h k l s (ab o u t tw l v s h ill i gs ) Th e p ar t s
su o ve S e e e e n . en ,

o f o ur s e t ak t h e l att r al t r at iv
c ,
e a d p ay do w the r d mp t io e n e, n n e e e n

mo e y : w h e r up o th p r i s t p r o o u
n e s h i b l ss i g up o t h h ild
n e e n n ce s e n n e c ,

a d h a ds it b a k t it p ar t s (j w h M i i ary I t ll lg ce
'

n n c o s en e zs ss on n e i en r,

M arch 1 90 3 P , .
 M oreover th e seventh year was to be a ye ar of
,

release when every creditor was to refrain from

,

enforcing re -payment for t hat wh ich h e had len t

t o h is neighbour :

B e w ar e t h at t h e r e b e no t a b ase t h o u gh t in t h in e h e art
say in g T h e se ve n t h y e ar t h e y e ar o f r e l e ase is at h an d
, , ,

an d t h in e e ye b e e vil again st t h y p o o r b r o t h e r an d t h ou ,

iv e h im n o u h t : an d h e c ry u n t o th e L o r d again s t th e e
g g ,

an d it b e s in u n t o t h e e
1 ”
1 De ut . xv . 1 -z , 9
. .

S uch then were th e fixed deductions annual

, , ,

or occas ional laid by t h e M osaic law upon an

,

I sraelite s increase t he dis ch arge of wh ich was a

’
,

duty and t h e wi t hholding a S in .

B esides the foregoing it was enj oined for th e ,

F e ast of W ee k s
“
T h o u sh al t k e e p t h e fe ast o f w e e k s u n t o t h e L o r d t hy
G o d w it h a t r ib ut e o f a fr e e w ill o ffe r in g o f t h in e h an d ,

w h ic h t h ou sh al t give ac co r din g as t h e L o r d t h y G o d
,

b l e sse t h t h e e an d t h o u sh al t r ej o ice b e fo re t h e Lord t hy

G od t h o u an d t hy so n an d t hy dau gh t e r an d t h y man
, , , ,

se r van t an d t h y maidse r vant an d t h e L e v it e t h at is w it h in

, ,

t h y gat e s an d t h e s t r an ge r an d t h e fat h e rl e ss an d t h e
, , ,

w ido w t h at are in t h e mids t o f t h e e in t he p l ac e w h ic h

, ,

t h e L o r d t h y G o d sh all c h o o se t o c aus e H is n ame t o dwe ll

” 2
8 D en t . x vi. 1 0
t h e re .

XI .

T he nature and amount of the freewill offering is

here left to the liberal ity of the giver ; and t his
seems to be th e on l y one of the feas t s held at t he
metropolis to wh ich t he stranger fatherless and , ,
‘

widow are expressly named as persons t o b e inv ited .

B ut th e law contempla t ed ot h er offerings also t he ,

bringing of whic h was not obligatory but which G o d ,

expressed H is willingness to accept from any of H is

 THE TI THE I N S CR I P T UR E
wi ll su er ly r e quir e it o f th e e : an d it wo ul d b e sin in t h e e .

B ut ift h o u sh al t fo r b e ar t o vo w it sh all b e n o sin in t h e e

, .

T h at w h ic h is go n e o ut o f t h y l ip s t h o u sh al t ob se rv e
an d do ; acco r din g as t h o u h as t vo w e d u n t o t h e L o r d thy

G o d a fr e e will o f
, fe r in g wh ic h t h o u h ast p r o mise d w it h
,

1 De nt . xx iii .
t hy mo ut h .
” 1

” 3 .

A nother general rule that might be practised ,

every day and everywhere was : ,

“
I f t h e r e b e wit h t h e e a po o r man o n e o f t hy b r e t hr e n
, ,

wit hin any o f t h y gate s in thy l an d w h ic h th e L o r d t hy

G o d give t h t h e e t h ou sh al t n o t h ar de n t h in e h e art n or
, ,

sh u t t h in e h an d f rom thy p oo r b ro t h e r : b ut t h o u sh al t
s u r e ly o p e n t h in e h an d un t o h im an d s h al t su r e ly l e n d
,

h im su f fi c ie n t fo r h is n e e d in t h at w h ic h h e w an t e t h
T h o u sh al t s u r e ly give h iman d t h in e h e ar t sh all n o t b e
,

g e v e d wh e n t h o u give st u n t o h im b e caus e t h at fo r t h is
r i :

th in g t he L o r d t hy G o d sh all b l e ss t he e in all t h y wo r k ,

an d in all t h at t h o u p u tt e st t h in e h an d u n t o
”
c m xv
. .
-
7 8, .

t o.

S uch then were the tithes and offerings of the

, ,

M osaic law I n some cases the amount or pro

.

portion due was definitely stated ; i n others it was

“

not stated with precision — as for instance with , ,

the second and th ird tithes it is not stated whether

each tithe was to be a tenth of the whole or a
tenth of the remainder after the previous tithe or
t ith es had been deducted H ence to reduce to
.
,

fi gures what an I sraelite was called upon an nually

to pay and encouraged to give is not easy
, , ,

especially in relation to such m atters as the first

l ings and tithes of cattle and h is own firstborn son , ,

to say nothing of the fruit of young trees for fou r

years as well as debts not enforced in the seventh
,

year .

I f however we may suppose the case of a man

, , .
 M OSA I C OF FE R I N GS 43

whose entire i ncom e for a year cons isted of a stand

i ng crop of ephah s of wh eat th is total would ,

be reduced probably by h is t ith es and offerings

, , ,

somewh at as follows

S T A ND I NG C R O P OF E PH A H S .

K th e Tit h in th e
re main de r . wh o e .

60 C orn e rs l
, g e an in gs, fo rgo t t e n s h e ave s 3
3 5 1 00

( L x ix 9 ; D e ut xx iv
1 00 e v . . . . 19 )
40 F irst fr u its ( D e ut . xxv i . 1 -1 0 )
1
1 7,
I SO
1 50

T h e L o rd s T it h e xxvii
’
-
2 10 ( L e v . .
30)
57 5
10 T he F e st iv al T it h e ( D e ut . x iv. 22
)
5 17
The Poo r s Tit h e ( D e ut )
’
x iv
1
30 . . 28 3 7, 200
I SS
re main de r . T o b e de du c t e d

'

O t he r P ossz hle D edu ct ion s .

A freewill o ffering at th e F east of W eeks ( D eut .

xv i .

A n imals i n paym ent of v ows or th i ngs devoted

( L ev xxv i i. .
9,
Rem issio n of deb ts i n y ear of rel e as e .

Redemption of fi rstb orn .

Than k o ffe rin gs generally .

F rom the foregoing i t w ill b e seen that if th e

standing crop amou nts to ephah s or bush els , ,

an estimated 3 15 must b e left i n th e corners or ,

as glean ings or forgotten sh eaves for the poor

, , .

T hen of th e remaini ng
, bush els an estimated ,
44 TH E TI TH E I N S CR I P T UR E
1
74 5 more is to be O ffered as fi rst fru it s F rom the .

’
bushels left t h e Lord s tithe for the Levites is
,

to be ta k en wh ich reduces th e inga t hering to

, 5
bushels ; and w h en from th is the festival tith e is :

ta k en it leaves to t he owner
, b ushels F rom .

this must be deducted ( or a third of the trienn ial

tithe ) by which the net remainder is reduced to
,

bushels or three-fourth s of th e original

,

whole .

Out of th is remainder however there m ight , ,

have to be prov ided the redemption for a firstborn

so n ,or once in seven years the rem ission of
, ,

de t and from t h e same source ac c ording to the

°

owner s liberality would com e a freewill offering ,

at the F east of Wee k s ; and on o t her occasi o ns

, , ,

animals for the paymen t of vows or devoted t h ings ,

and t han ko ffe rin gs generally , .

5 0 then on the principle of tith ing the remainder

, , ,

a liberal I sraelite s ou t goings would amount to at

’
,

least a fourth of h is i ncome O n the other hand

, .
,

if each i t em is cha rged upon t he whole then

it will be seen that t h ere would remain after the ,

payment of fixed cl aims only A dded to ,

t his the consumption of time for several wee k s for

, ,

the observance of festivals would be considerable ; ,

and if 3 5 0 bushels more may be regarded as an

equivalent for t his loss as well as for redemption ,

of t h e firs t born remitted debts for vows and, ,

freewill offerings t h en a man s outgoings would

,
’

amount on this principle to a th ird of h is entire

, ,

harvest .

P erhaps there fore we are j ustified in supposing

, ,
 MOSA I C O FFE RI N GS

that th e M osaic law re q uired th e I srael ite to set

apa rt i n som e way or other con nected with h is
,

rel igion from on e fourth to a th ird of h is in come

,
- .

O r to put it i n anoth er away : a conscientious

,

man wishful to act up to h is duty m igh t begin by

, ,

setting apart a ten th of h is i ncome for th e L ord s ’

tith e H e woul d reg ard h is firs tborn and th e fi rs t

.

li ngs of h is cattle as belonging to th e Lord Th e .

fru it of young trees for three years h e would not

eat and o n th e fourth year would set apart the
,

fru it for G o d wh ilst every seventh year h e wou ld

,

n ot claim money from h is debto rs A t the tim e .

of every harv es t h e would leave for th e poor th e

corners of h is fi eld th e gleani ngs and forgotten
,

sh eaves as wel l as fallen fruit and ov erlooked

,

ol ives an d grapes H e would th en set asid e a

.

second tenth for expen ses con nected w ith going

up to the sanctuary tak ing with h im a freewill
,

offeri ng at th e F east of W eeks and possibly an i mals ,

for paym ent of vows or t han ko ffe rin gs o r th ings

, ,

devoted i n add itio n to h is firs t fruit s Th ese fi rst

, .

fruits h e would pu t i n a basket and com ing to , ,

“
th e p ri es t would say to h i m : I profess th is day
,

u nto th e L ord thy G od that I am come u nto th e ,

lan d wh ich th e L ord s ware u nto our fath ers for

1D e ut . x xvi. 3
to giv e
Upon th is th e priest would tak e th e basket and
set i t down before th e al t ar an d th e offerer th en ,

”D m m fi 5
would solem nly say before G od z °

A S yr ian r e ady t o p e r is h was my fat h e r an d h e w e nt ,

down into E gyp t an d soj ou rn e d t h e r e fe w in num be r ;

, ,

an d h e b e c ame t h e r e a n at ion gre at m igh t y an d p o p u l ous

'

, , ,
 TH E TI TH E IN S CR I P T (I R E

an d y t n s e vil e n t r e at e d us an d affl ic te d us an d
t h e E g p ia , ,

l aid Upo n us h ar d b o n dage : an d w e c r ie d u n t o t h e L o r d ,

t h e G o d o f o ur fat h e r s an d t h e L o r d h e ar d o ur vo ice an d
, ,

s aw o u r af fl ic t io n an d o ur t o il an d o ur o p p r essio n : an d
, ,

t h e L o r d b r o ugh t u s fo r t h o ut o f E gy p t w it h a migh t y
h an d an d w it h an o u t st re t ch e d arm an d wit h gr e at
, ,

t e rr ib l e n e ss an d w it h s ign s an d wit h w o n de r s : an d H e
, ,

h ath b r o ugh t us in t o t h is p l ace an d h at h give n us t h is ,

l an d a l an d fl owin g w it h mil k an d h o ne y A nd n o w
,
.
,

b e h o l d I h ave b r o ugh t t h e fi r st o f t h e fr uit o f t he gr o und

, ,

w h ic h T h o u O L o r d h ast give n me
”
, , .

The fi rst fru it s thus dedicated th e offerer would ,

worsh ip before J ehovah i n gratitude and acknow ,

ledgment of all the good given to h im h is family , ,

1 De n t . vi
xx .
the Levite an d the stranger ,
’
.

This beautiful form was provided for yearly use ,

wh ilst every third year a th ird tenth hav ing been ,

set apart for the local poor our pious I sraelite ,

would solemnly declare before G o d

I h av e p ut away t h e h all ow e d t h in gs o u t o f min e h o use
“
,

an d al so h ave give n t h e m un t o t h e L e v it e an d un t o t h e ,

s t r an ge r t o t h e f
,
at h e rl e ss an d t o t h e w idow acco r din g t o
, ,

all Th y co mman dme n t w h ic h T h o u h as t c o mman de d me I

h ave n o t t r an sgr e sse d an y o f Thy co mman dme n t s n e it h e r ,

h ave I fo r go t te n t h e m : I h ave n o t e at e n th e r e o f in my
mo u r n in g n e it h e r h ave I p ut away t h e r e of b e in g un c l e an
, , ,

n o r give n t h e r e o ff o r t h e de ad : I h ave h e ar k e n e d t o t h e

vo ice o f t h e L o r d my G o d I h ave don e acco r din g t o all ,

t h at T h ou h ast co mman de d me Lo o k do wn fr o m T h y .

h o ly h ab it at io n fro m h e ave n an d b l e ss Thy p e o p l e

, ,

I s r ae l an d t he gr o un d w h ic h T h o u h ast give n us as
, ,

T h o u s w ar e s t un t o o ur fat h e r s a l an d fl ow in g wit h mil k ,

an d h o n e y
”
.

H av ing now collected various pieces of in for

mat io n concernin g M os aic tit hes and o fferin gs we ,
 MO SA I C O FFE R I N GS

do well to notice th e nature of th e evidence thus

b rought together P rofessor D river i n h is com
.
,

m en tary o n D e ut e ro n o my would hav e us to bel iev e 1 p

’
,
.
m .

“
that th e data at our d isposal do not enable us to
”
write a history of th e H eb rew tith e B ut th is i s .

no su ffi cient reason wh y we sh ould not make th e

m ost of the i n formatio n we hav e rememberi ng , ,

h owever that th e ev idence is not primary direct

, , ,

and complete so mu ch as subsidiary indirect and

, , ,

fragmen tary .

W e hav e not for i nstance th rough out th e

, ,

P entateuch so much as a singl e chapter or even ,

a long paragraph dealing with tith e as a whole

, .

W e h av e had to collect ou r i nformation mainly

from th ree short passages i n L ev iticus N u mbers , ,

and D euteronomy th ese passages being th ere

,

introduced not so much for their own sakes as

for th eir bearing upon other t h i ngs .

Thus th e fi rst auth oritative stat em ent ( i n th e

generally received order o f the books ) of th e great
foundation pri nciple that a tenth of the p roduce of
the land an d of beasts belongs to J eh ovah is not ,

ushered in as we m igh t expect wi th the sole m n

, ,

preamble T he L ord said un to M oses S p eak u nto

, ,

th e ch ildren of I srael etc ; b ut we see th is great

,
”
.

truth sp eci fi cally m ention ed for th e fi rst tim e at th e

end of L ev iticus i n a suppl emen tary chapter regu
,

lating th e ma k ing of v ows an d determ in ing how far

th ings or animals d evoted to G o d m igh t b e re
deemed H ere th e subj ect of th e t i t h e comes i n
. ,

q uite i ncidentally and wi th ou t explanation ; an d

t h e n it is s poken of no t for the purpos e o f
,
 TH E TI T HE IN S CR I P T UR E
enj oining it as someth ing new or as though it ,

were not already i n use but in order to exclude ,

the tithe portion from vows and to prescribe how ,

far and under what conditions li k e vows tithe , ,

’
fi fifigEIfg:
l
xe
C
’ C
a n
might
’
c
be redeemed .

S o again i n N umbers xviii after the rebellion of

, .
,

Korah when several laws are being given concern

,

ing the priests and Levites this firs t t ithe is again ,

introduced not so much seemingly for its own

, , ,

sa k e as t o sh ow how the Levites though hav ing

, ,

no inheri t ance among the tribes are t o be repaid ,

for their labour by its appropriation to t heir

benefi t
Onc e more when we come to Deuteronomy xiv
, .

we hav e a c hapter regul ating what may be eaten

and what may not be eaten of beasts fishes and , , ,

fowls and then follow directions concerning eating

before G o d of the second tithe at an appoin t ed
place of worsh ip .

F u rt hermore what we are told about tithes is not

,

only fragmentary but it is also i ncomplete T he

, .

M osaic law for instan c e does n o t define par t icularly

, ,

what seeds fru i t s or animals are to be tithed ; nor

, ,

“
does t h e legislator give directions whether the ten t h
is to be paid of all newly born a nimals whether it in
c lu de s those newly purchased or exchanged ; whe t her

it is payable if a man have less than t e n c at tle or at ,

”
what age of the animals t h e t i t he be c omes due 2
gggin
a g!
.

N or as alre ady observed does the law say whether

, ,

each tithe is t o be compu t ed in refe rence t o t he

whole or out of wha t remains aft er previous ti t h es
,

have been deduc t ed nor again is it clear wh e th e r , ,

 THE TI T HE IN S CR I P T UR E
or a double tithe of increase was paid by the
,

Egyptians to P h araoh who supported the priests

, ,

and that by virtue of the legisla t ion of their own

,

ancestor J oseph whose bones they were t a k ing

, ,

up for burial in th e land of Canaan at the very

time their own law was given ; wh ilst as for tithes ,

how could th e I sraelites forget the observance of

th is custom by their great ancestor A braham or ,

fail to remember th e v o w of h is grandson I srael ,

Of all that t hou shalt give me I will surely give ,

1 Gen . viii
xx . 22 . th e ten t h unto T hee ? ”
1

These th ings presumably must have been to

, ,

them as household words and h ence there can be

,

little doubt that the inspired legislator adop t ed the

already existing practice of tit h e paying an d inserted -
,

it i n the statute law of the div ine code because ,

he found that with some modification this ancien t

, ,

payment migh t b e made a proper stipend for the

servants and officers of the theocracy and also that ,

second and third tithes might furnish th e means of

promoting regular worship at t h e national sanctuary ,

and foster social intercourse and good feeling between

rich and poor .
!

W e have thus reached as already intimated a

, ,

higher platform than any upon wh ich w e have yet

stood W e have emerged from the clouds of pro
.

b ab ilit y and conj ecture concerning the origi n of

tithe paying to see the custom recognized regulated
-
, , ,

and embodied in what has been generally a c cepted

as a most ancient code of written laws .

I t is claimed for this code that it was written by

S e M c l i t oc k and S t r o g s E y lop di
’
e c n n p 4 36
nc c e a, x . . .
 MOSAI C OFFE R I N GS 51

i n spiration of th e G o d of I srael O f whom J ews and

,
‘

Ch ristians al ike believe that H e nev er yet made a

law that was unj ust or un wise or that did not tend
,

’
to H is people s happiness . I f then G o d has given
, ,

laws upon tithe -paying they are sure to b e worth y

,

of at leas t ou r respectful study an d we accordingly

,

proceed to exam i ne so far as our data enable us

, ,

th e working of th ese laws among th e I srael ites ,

from thei r entrance i n to Canaan down to th e close

of O ld Testament h istory .
 C H A PT E R V

F R OM J O S H UA TO S O L OM ON
Wo rk i g of t ith l aw s duri g t wo p e ri ds 52 — I U d r J os h ua an d
n e n o , . . n e

Judge s 53 —Th law e s tab l is h d u d r J os h ua 53 — Lawl ss

, . e e n e , . e

ne ss u de r Judg s 54 R tur s t J hovah u d r J p hth ah E li

n e ,
.
- e n o e n e e , ,

a d S amu l 5 5 — I I
n e U d r t h mo ar h i s 57 S au l s o ff r
, . . n e e n c e ,
.
- ’
e

i gs f s p o il s 58 — D av id a o i t d k i g 58 —A k br o u gh t t
n o , . n n e n , . r o

J ru s al m a d L v it s r o rga i d 59 — D a id s a umulat d
e e , n e e e n ze , . v
’
cc e

Off ri gs 59 — S o lomo s d di at io f th t mp le a d h i
e n , . n
’
e c n o e e ,
n s

o ffe ri gs 6 1 —T ith s u de r I s ra l s mo ar h s 6 1
n ,
. e n e
’
n c , .

A V I N O studied the laws of the P entateuch

concerning tithes and offerings we proceed ,

to in q uire what further light may be obtained upon

tithe -paying from the wor k ing of these laws during
th e period covered by the rest o f the Old T estament ,

tak ing the boo k s in the generally received order .

Th is period may be conveniently divided into four

parts begi nning with the settlement of Canaan
,

u nder J oshua and the J udges and ta k ing next the ,

monarchy under S aul David and S olomon A , , .

third era begins with the divided k ingdoms of

J udah and I srael wh ich may be followed by the ,

re settlement of
- the land after the B abylonian
captivity .

A s in previous chapters let us search diligently ,

for passages concerning fi rst fruit s presents and , ,

52
 FR OM [ O SHUA TO S O L OMON

dues to priests ; for sacri fi ces and i nstan ces of th e

,

offeri ng of material th ings to G o d ; as well as for

examples of private b e n e fic e n ce i n gen eral so that, ,

i n th e absence of actual me n tion of tith es we may ,

see what can be i nferred respecting th em as also ,

concern ing rel igious giv i ng and n on —p rescribed

,

be nevolence gen e rally .

A ftercrossi ng th e J ordan J osh ua at once put

,

in force th e laws concern i ng circu mcision an d

'

’
th e observance of th e P assover A lso on CO I I I III g I I fh -
.
,
' '
0 V

to M ou nt E bal h e built an al tar u n to J eh ovah

, ,

o ffered burn t offerings sacri fi ced peac e o ffe rings J h -viii-a

,
’z
,
os o

and wrote o n th e s tones i n th e presence of th e

,

“
people a copy of the law of M oses
, There
was not a word of all that M oses commanded wh ich ,

J osh ua read not before all th e con gregation of I srael ,

with th e wom en an d th e l ittle o nes and th e strangers ,

”
that were conv ersan t among th em sl h.
iit ss os v .

J oshua read therefore all that was com manded

about t ith es ; and seeing that th e only m ean s of
,

support of many thou sands of L ev ites with their

fam il ies was depen dent o n these contributions w e can ,

not suppose th at th is item of the law was perm itted

to remai n a dead letter N or i ndeed were th e
.
, ,

Lev ites slow to claim th ei r righ ts for th ey cam e ,

to J oshua at S h iloh saying : ,

“
Th e L ord com
man de d by th e hand of M oses to give us cities
to dwell in with th e suburbs th ereof for our
,
”
cattle and if th ey thu s put i n their clai m for féfigfi s; h
n
’'

m
places to dwell i n wh ich was al lowed to th e exten t
,
’

of forty -ei ght cities i t is not l ikely th ey would h av e

,
 TH E TI TH E IN SCR I P T UR E
failed had there been need to ask for their tithes
, ,

also.

A s for other k inds of o fferings when J oshua was ,

dire c ted to divide the land it is expressly mentioned

,

t h at only un t o t h e tribe of Levi he gave non e

“

inheritance ; t h e offerings of the Lord th e G od ,

1 J os h . x iii .
of I srael made by fire are his inheritance
,
“
.

Under the J udges we have an unsettled time ,

both politically and religiously “

T here was no .

k ing in I srael ; every man did that wh ich was right

2 J udg .
in his own eyes ”
T he priesthood no doubt
.

suffered in c ommon with others from th is lawless

ness as indicated perhaps by the young Lev i t e
, , ,

departing from B ethlehem J udah to soj ourn where-

h e could find a place and on coming to M oun t

,

E ph raim to the house of M icah was content

, ,

to remain there for food cloth ing and shelter , , ,

coupled with the an nual pittance of ten S hekels

3 J ud g . xv u . 8,
of S ilver ’
e tc . .

A gain the foul treatment at G ibeah of a Levite

, , ,

and h is concub ine shows the men of B enj amin

t o hav e sun k at this period to a very degraded
condition N evertheless we observe indications
.
,

both here and th roughout the boo k of J udges that ,

t h e worship of J ehovah was still maintained ; for

wh en an angel came up from G ilgal to B ochim ,

and reproved the I sraelites for not throwing down

the altars of the inhabitants of the land we read ,

h J ud g .
that th e people wept and sacrificed to J ehovah ‘
.

A lso when under the oppression of t h e M idian

, ,

ites some of the people fell away to A morite gods

, ,

we find G ideon building an al tar calling it J ehovah ,

 FR OM jOS H UA T O S OL OMON

S halom , and offering th ereon th e b ullock of the altar

’
of B aal .

N ext we have J ephthah del ivering I srael after ,

making a v ow to h is G o d that whatever m igh t com e

forth out of th e doors of h is h ouse to m eet h im
on h is return from v icto ry should b e d evoted to ,

” ”
J ehovah an d offered as a burnt offeri ng
,
N e i s“
.
x

S o too wh en I srael was oppressed by th e P h il is

, ,

tines and S amson was to be raised up fro m th e

,

house of M anoah it was to J ehovah that M anoah

,

presented h is bu rn t offering j ust as when S amson S J dg- iii 6

3
,
u x 1

’
h av ing fallen in to the enemy s hands th e lords ,

of the P h ilisti nes gath ered to offer a great sacrifice ,

‘
and to rej oice before their god D agon L J da i .
u xv . 23

Fu rther when I srael was collected from D an

,

even to B eersheb a to pu nish the B enj amites for

th eir wrongdoing at G ibeah to th e Lev ite and ,

h is co ncubi ne th e people gathered as on e man

,

before J eh ovah i n M izpeh th e tribes presen ted

themselves we read i n the assembly of the people
, ,

of G o d ?
A n d when the pu n itiv e force sent agai ns t 5 J dg u . x x . 1 -2

G ibeah was tw ice repulsed th e people came to ,

the h ouse of G o d wept fasted offered burnt offer

, , ,

in gs and peace offerings and i n q u ired of J ehovah

,

b efore th e A rk o f the Covenant by P h inehas , ,

grandson of A aron wh o stood before it i n those

,

’ 6 J dg 6
days.
u . xx . 2

O n ce more wh en G ibeah had fallen and wiv es

, ,

were lacking to th e surv iv i ng B enj am ites th e ,

people rose early cam e to the house of G o d and

, ,

offered burnt o fferi ngs and peace offeri ngs wh ilst ,

the closing scene of th e book of J udges shows us ,

 TH E TI T HE I N S CR I P T UR E

that even at that time there was held i n S hiloh a

, ,

yearly feast to J ehovah .

W hen we come to the days of E li religious ,

affairs seem to be more settled S h iloh is still the .

.

appointed place of worsh ip wh ither E lkanah and

all his house went up yearly to offer his sacrifice and
1 1 Sam
. i . 21 .
his vow ’
W e learn too that it had become the
.
, ,

’
priests custom with the people that wh en any man ,

’
offered sacrifice th e priest s servant came wh ile
, ,

the flesh was boiling with a flesh -hoo k of three ,

teeth in h is hand and he stru c k it into the pan

, ,

or k ettle or cauldron or pot ; all that the flesh -hook

, ,

2 1 Sam . 11. 1 3-1 4 .

brought up the priest too k for himsel f .

T his was done t o all the I sraelites who came to

S hiloh and s ince E li and his sons were reproached
for ma k ing themselves fat
“
with t h e chiefest ”

of all the offerings of I srael it would seem to hint ,

that the number of offerings and the multitude

of people attending the feas ts were large .

Under S amuel the A rk was for some months

i n possession of the P h ilistines who sent it to B eth ,

shemes h with a trespass offering of golden tumours

3 1 Sam
. vi .
and mice giving glory to the G o d of I srael
,
”
At .

B eth shemesh the A rk was tak en from the cart by

-

the Levites and the wood of the car t and t h e oxen

, ,

that drew it were offered as a burnt sacrifice

, ,

besides which the people of B eth -shemesh o ffered

4 1 Sam
. vi . 1 5.
on that day burnt offerings and sacrifices ‘
T he .

A rk was t hen ta k en to K irj ath -j earim where ,

E leazar the son of A binadab was appointed to

, ,

k eep it and where it remained for twenty years

, ,

the people meanwh ile falling away to t he worshi p

 TH E TI TH E IN S CR I P T UR E
monarch though it is stated that some at least
,

of his spoils won in bat t le he dedicated to repair

the house o f th e Lord S amuel had so done before
.
,

as afterwards did A b ner and J oab the generals ,

’
of S aul and David .

T his bears upon our subj ect to some extent ,

because these I sraelitish warriors at this early date

were only doing as did t heir forefather A bram .

T hey were carrying out a custom that extended

far beyond the c onfines of P alestine for we have ,

now reached the supposed era of the Troj an war ,

when the A rgives as we are told hav ing subd ued

, ,

the M ycenians are said to have consecrated a tenth

,

2 Se e Sa c red
of their goods to their god ”
T he P h ilistines also
Te n t h , p . 22.
.
,

it may be remar k ed were actuated apparently by

,

S imilar motives on the down f all of S aul by stripping ,

his body and putting h is armour in the house of the

8 1 Sam. xxx i .
A sht aroth ’
.

10.

I n David we have a monarch who was anointed

,

h 1 Sam. x vi . 5 .
k ing at a religious sacrifice or feast and the excuse
‘
,

which J onathan made one day to account for

’ ’
D avid s absence from S aul s table suggests that ,

in J esse s house h old as with E l k anah s there was

’
,
’
,

5 S am 6
2 9.
1 . xx .
a yearly sacrifice for all the family 5
.

’
M oreover David s first trophy taken in war
,

the s ordw o f a —
G oli th w e hear of subsequently
as wrapped in a cloth beh ind the ephod under ,

6 1 Sam. xx i. 9 .
the care of A h imelech the priest ; wh ils t towards
6

’
t h e end of D av id s reign so great had be c ome the
,

number of spoi l s ta k en in w ar t h at they were placed

,

under the c harge o f S helomith an d his brethren t o ,

whose care also were entrusted all the treasures of

 FR OM josH T O S OL OMON
th e ded icated th ings wh ich D av id th e ch ief fath ers , ,

and captai ns of th e h ost had dedicated out of th e

,

’
spoils taken i n battles .

O n becom ing king over all I srael D av id lost ,

n o time in bringing th e A rk of G o d to J erusalem .

W hen those that bare i t had marched s ix paces ,

th e king sacrificed oxen an d fatl ings ’

The L evites 2 5 m vi . 2 . . 13 .

also on being helped b y G o d o ffered seven bullocks

, ,

and seven ram s ; and wh en th e A rk was brough t

i nto th e ten t prepared for it D avid further offered
,

burn t sacri fi ces and peace offerings before G o d ’

833 5 , ,

after wh ich h e blessed the people i n th e n am e of

J ehovah an d dealt to every man an d woman a
,

loaf of bread a portion of fl esh and a cake of

, ,

!
raisin g L Ch 1 r on . xv i. 2

A fter th is D av id appoi nted a large n umber o f

,

priests and L ev ites to perform daily serv ice before

the h igh place at G ibeon to offer burn t offerings
,

u nto th e L ord upon th e altar of th e burn t offering

continual ly morning and eve ni ng and to do ac ,

co rding to all that is writte n i n th e law of the

?
Lord
Then D av id co n sulted N ath an about building
a temple for wh ich th e king began to collect
,

m aterials dedicating th ereto th e s ilv er an d th e gol d

,

that h e took from all the n ations : from E dom from ,

M oab and from th e ch ildren of A m mon and from

, ,

th e P h ilisti n es from A malek and the spoil of

, ,

H adadezer wh i ch strongly rem inds us of th e way

6
,
m "
i n wh ich th e E gyptian and B abylonian k i ngs
ded icated their spoils to their gods .

L ater on we see th e royal pen itent purchas ing th e

 TH E TI T HE IN S CR I P T UR E
th resh ing-flo or of O man the J ebusite for six
hundred she k els of gold because he would not ,

o ffer burnt o fferings without cost ; and building

thereon an altar because h e was afraid to go before
’
the taberna c le in the h igh place at G ibeon .

T hen began David s active preparation of materials

’

for the temple comprising three thousand talents

,

of gold seven thousand talents of silver also brass

, , ,

iron wood m arble costly sto ri es and onyx and

, , , ,

8 1 Ch ron . xx x. i other gems ”

This example was followed by the
.

princes to th e extent of five thousand talents and ,

ten thousand drams of gold ten thousand talents

, ,

of silver eighteen thousand talents of brass one

, ,

hu ndred thousand talents of iron as well as c ostly ,

stones ; the k ing and people rej oicing for that they
offered willingly ”
A fter this they k illed as burnt
.
,

offerings one thousand bulloc k s one thousand rams

, , ,

one thousand lambs with their drin k o fferings and ,

sacrifices for all I srael who ate and drank before

,

4 1 Chron . xx x .i the Lord with great gladness ‘

.

21-
2

M oreover D avid appointed th e services for the

,

priests and Levites the n umber of Levites above

,

thirty years of age alone being thirty —eigh t thousand

( wh ich, with their families would probably mean
,

5 1 Chron . xx iii .
nearly two hundred thousand persons in addition
to whom there were appointed several courses of
6 1 Ch ron . xx iv .
priest s "

We now come to the days of S olomon who at , ,

the beginn ing of h is reign offered one thousand ,

7 1 Kin gs iii .
4
'

burnt offerings at G ibeon and after his dream ,

z Chron i 6
. . .

o ffered be fore the A rk at J erusalem burnt and peace

o fferi ngs and made a fe ast to all his servants
, .
 F R 0111 [ O SH UA TO S OL OM ON

W he n th e ti me came fo r th e dedication of th e
t e mple th e A rk was brough t to its place with
, ,

s acri fi ces
‘
i n nu merable of sheep an d oxen after ,
I x Kinz s viiL s

wh ich S olom on and th e people offered to the L ord

t wen t y -two th ousand oxen and on e hu ndred and
twenty thousand sh eep h oldi ng a feast for al l I srael
,

”
during fou rteen days .

“
A fter th is we find S olomon after a certain rate ,

every day offering according to th e com mandmen t

,

of M oses on the sabbaths and on th e new m oons

, , ,

”
an d on th e solem n feasts th ree tim es in th e year
, .

u m
"
W e may now therefore con sider th e worsh ip
, ,

o f J ehovah fully establish ed an d carried ou t accord

i ng to th e law of th e P entateuch B ut from th e .

ent rance of th e people into Canaan to th e reign

of S ol om on —a space of n early fiv e hu n dred years
w e hav e fou nd noth ing specifically m entioned about
tithes S am uel came very n ear to the word when
.
,

th e I srael ites h av i ng asked for a ki ng th e proph et ,

war ned th em h e w ill take th e tenth of your seed ,

h e will take th e tenth of you r sh eep and ye ,

”
s hall b e h is servants .

H ence cert ai n writers have i magined that som e

,

of th e ki ngs took for th emselves the L ev ites tithes

’
.

B ut th e scripture does n ot say so S olomon indeed .

raised a levy out of all I srael of two hu ndred and

s i x teen thousand m en wh o were foreigners and n ot
’
of th e ch ildren of I srael and if for th e support ,

of th ese two h u ndred and s ixteen thousand work

m en an extra tenth were impo sed i n additio n to ,

the M osaic ten th s that would undoubtedly be

clai med by th e two h undred thousand L ev itical
 TH E TI TH E IN SCR I P T UR E
persons we can understand the people coming to
,

’
S olomon s son and saying “
T hy father made ou r
,

1 x Kin z s xu -4 yo k e grievous 1
.
”

B ut we never read that th e payment o f M osaic

tithes and o fferings was an undue burden O n the .

contrary and spea k ing generally we may say that

, ,
’
the more closely G od s law was kept the more
prosperous were th e people .
 C H A PT E R VI
B E F OR E A N D A F TE R TH E CA P TI VI T Y

Wo r ki
n g of h l s dur in g t wo fur th e r p e r io ds I I I Un de r Ju dah
t it e - aw .

an d I s r ae l 6 3 — R e fo rmat io n s u n de r A sa an d J e h os h ap h at 6 4
, .
,
.

— G iv in g in th e t ime s o f E l ij ah an d E l is h a 6 4 — C h ur c h r e p air s ,
.

u n de r J o as h 6 6 A mos on I s rae l s t t h e s 7 H e e k iah s

—
, . i 6 — ’
, . z
’

re s t o rat io n of P asso ve r t it h e p ayin g an d fi rst fruit s 6 8 -T e mp l e

,
-
, , .

re p air s an d o ffe rin gs u n de r J os iah 7 o — I V A ft e r th e C ap t iv ity , . .

,

7 I —
. O f
f e r in g s fr o m C yru s 7 1 — R e bu il din g an d p r e s e n t s t o
, .

T e mp l e u n de r E r a 7 2 — zM alach i s r ob b e ry fo r w it hh o ldin g
,
“
.
’ ”

t it h e s 7 3 — N e h e miah s o f fe r in g an d t h e p e o p l e s o at h con
’ ’
, .
,

c e rn in g t it h e s 73 — T it h
,
in g .o r gan i e d 74
—R e v ie w o f t it h in g z ,
.

fr o m J os h u a t o M al ach i 7 5 , .

E have now reach ed th e h igh -water m ark

of religious givi ng in th e O ld Testamen t ;
and ou r next period u nder th e rival kings of J udah ,

an d I srael is a period of decl ension th ough retarded

, ,

from tim e to time by temporary endeavours at

reformation .

The sch ismatical J eroboam found it politi c to

i m itate th e law of M oses in ordain ing a feast like
that held i n J udah an d i n sacri fi ci ng and placing ,

priests at B eth el ’
W hen however h is own S O H I.
, , x Kings m 3 2.

was ill he sent to inquire of the prophet A h ij ah

, ,

at S h iloh by h is W ife wh o i n d isguise took as a

, , , ,

present ten loaves and cracknels and a cruse of , ,

honey : a suitable religious offeri ng p re su mab ly z

”
, ,
x Kinz s xiv -3 .

53
 TH E TI T HE IN SCRI P T UR E
at that t ime for a well -to -do woman of t he
country .

A l ittle later i n A sa k ing of J udah we have a

, , ,

godly man to whom is vouchsafed victory over the

,

E thiopians and thereby much spoil,

“
A n d the y u n to t he L o r d in t h at day o f t he
s acrifie d ,

s o il w h ic h t h e y h ad b r o ugh t 7 00 ox e n an d sh ee p
p , .

A n d A sa b r o u gh t in t o t h e h o use o f G o d t he t h in gs
t h at h is fath e r had de dicat e d an d t h at h e h imse l f h ad ,

de dicated sil ve r an d go l d an d vesse l s 1 ”

.
, , ,

This however was of the nature of a reforma

, ,

tion ; for A zariah the son of Oded reminded A sa , ,

that for a long season I srael had been without the

true G o d and without a teaching priest and without
, ,

“ Chm . law ”
. F urthermore a similar wor k of reformation ,

was carried on by J ehoshaphat his successor w h o ,

sent out teaching prin c es L evites and priests , , .

“
A n d they taugh t in J udah having the book of ,

“ ”
the law of the Lord with them so that the fear ,

of J ehovah fell upon all the kingdoms of the lands

3 ”
hron -x v u that were round about J udah
xf .

This brings us to the days of E l ijah and E lisha ,

in connection with whom we have several instances

of pious b e n e fi ce n ce in private l ife Foremost .

among them is the widow of Z arephath who had ,

but a handful of meal in a barrel and a little oil in

a cruse but who nevertheless made thereof fi rst a
, , , , ,

ca k e for th e Lord s prophet ‘ ’

13 3
4 1 18 5 xv u
.

2 1

T hen follows the case Of the godly Obadiah ,

’
who although connected with A hab s heathen ish
,

court yet feared J ehovah greatly and took a

, ,

hundred prophets persecuted by J ezebel and h id , ,

 TH E TI TH E I N S CR I P T UR E

’
J onah s shipmates M oreover observing that after
.
,

so doing the sea be c ame cal m they deemed ,

their prayer answered feared J ehovah exceedingly , ,

’
I J h i ona6 offered a sacrifice and made vows
. 15 -
1 .
, .

T h is mixing up of tru e and false religious worsh ip

and offerings is further illustrated by J ehu who ,

proclaimed that he had a great sa c rifice to do t o

B aal and t h en put to death B aal s priests
,
” ’
.

W e now come to the days of th e youthful

J oash w ho did right so long as h e was directed
,

by J ehoiada the priest E ven the wic k ed A thaliah .

,

who had bro k en up the house of G o d b estowed ,

8 Ch
2 i the dedicated things upon the B aalim
r on . xx v .
’
J oash .

M .

accordingly proposed to the priests that all the

money of the dedicated th ings brought into th e
house of the Lord and all voluntary gifts should , ,

be tak en for temple repairs B ut the priests did .

not forward th e matter : whereupon J oash asked

why the repairs were not done ; after wh ich the
priests c onsented to receive no more money of the
people ; but neither did th ey consent to m ake good
”
i Ki g
2 ns the repairs
s
- . .

T he k ing however being m inded to restore the

, ,

house of the Lord gathered t h e priests and Levites

, ,

and said to them : G o out unto th e cities of J udah ,

and gather of all I srael money to repair the house

of your G o d from year to year B ut the Levites .

’
5 Ch
z i ron
did not bestir t hemselves
. x x v. s. .

T hen the k ing commanded and they made a ,

chest bored a hole in the l id and set it beside the

, ,

altar and the priests that k ept the door put therein
al l th e mon ey that was brough t into the hou se .
 BE FOR E A N D A FTE R TH E CA P TI VI T Y 67

Th is mon ey was given to th e work men for repai rs ,

but n ot expended for making sacred v essels A lso .

th e trespass -m oney and sin -mon ey were n ot brough t

,

in to the house of th e L ord : it was th e

.We read agai n of th is ch est or on e l ike it set , ,

” 0 m m“
wi th out at the gate of the house of th e L ord con
,
”
,
2 1

cern ing wh ich th ey made a proclamation th rough ou t ,

J udah and J erusalem to b ring i n for th e L ord th e

,

tax
(presumably th e h alf sh ekel 3
) that M oses th e m m mm .

servant of G o d laid upon I srael i n th e wil der n ess .

Th us they gathered m on ey in abundance Th e .

workmen wrough t and wh en th ey h ad fi nished th e

,

house th ey made of th e rest of the mon ey v essels

,

for the temple after wh ich we read th ey offered

, , ,

burnt offeri ngs i n th e house of th e L ord co nti nu ally

” hm
all th e days of J eh oiada .

fjf
i xx "

B ut after th e death of J eho iada J oash forsook ,

th e house of J eh ovah and with th e pri nces fell

, , ,

away to idols so that wrath came upo n J udah an d

,

J eru salem for th eir gu ilt in e ss f

N or do th ings app ear to hav e b een any better at

th is ti m e in I srael i f we may j udge from th e iron ical
,

and derisive words of A mos who prophesied som e ,

few years later

Come t o B e t h e l an d t rans gre ss to G il gal an d mu l t ip ly
trans gre ssion an d b r in g your s ac r ifi c e s e ve r y mo r n in g ,

an d you r t it h e s e v e ry t h re e days ; an d o f fe r a s ac r ifi ce o f
t han k sgivin g o f t h at wh ic h is l e ave n e d an d p r oc l aim fr e e
,

will o ffe r in gs an d p u b l is h t h e m ; for t h is l ik e t h yo u O ye

, ,

c h il dr e n o f I s r ae l 6 A m iv
”
6
.
os .
5 .

Th ese sarcastic words seem to bid th e people go

on i n th eir rebell ion rem i nding them however th at
, , ,
 TH E TI TH E I N S CR I P T UR E
they were already su ffering punish ment I also .
“

have given yo u clean ness of teeth in all your cities ,

and want of bread in all your places ; yet have ye

1 Amos iv 6 . .

not returned unto M e saith the Lord 1

, .
”

This is the first ti me we have met wi t h the w o i d

tithes since its occurrence in the P entateuch ;
”

but tithes are now mentioned in such a way as to

suggest that they were normally paid by I srael ,

only in th is case for the worsh ip of th e golden

, ,

calv e s This condi t ion of things so far as I srael

.
,

was concerned was brought to a close by the

,

carrying away of the ten tribes to Babylon about ,

B C
. .
721 .

for the k ingdom of J ud ah the establ ished

As ,

religion had been almost an nihilated under A haz ,

who sacrificed t o the gods o f D amascus introduced ,

strange worship i nto the temple and then shut up ,

”
the doors of the house of the Lord .

T his w as the condition of th ings when H eze k iah

came to th e throne and that m onarch i n the first ,

year of h is reign re -O pened the doors of the house

3 2 Chromxx i of th e Lord
x. 3 .
’
I ncense and burnt o ffering had
.

ceased and the vessels of the house of the Lord

,

h 2 Ch ro n . i had been cast away under A haz ‘ A ll th is was

xx x .
.

74 9
at once changed by H eze k iah who offered seven ,

bullocks seven rams seven lambs and seven he

, , ,

goats for a sin o ffering the Levites and priests were

restored in the order prescribed by David ; and
the congregation offered 7 0 bulloc k s 1 0 0 rams , ,

and 200 lambs as burnt o fferings A lso among the .

consecrated th ings were 6 00 oxen and sheep

5 2 Chro n
-
. i and th e house of G o d was set in order ? A fter this
xx x .
21, 32 5 .
 BE FO R E A ND A FTE R TH E CA P TI VI T Y 69

H ezekiah observed th e P assover fo r fourteen days ,

giv ing for offeri ngs bullocks an d sh eep

wh ilst th e pri nces added bullocks an d
’ 1 Ch
sh eep .
2

4
ron. xxx .

N ow wh en th e priests and L ev ites were th us

,
’
re -appointed the k ing s port ion of his substance
,

for burnt offerings was arranged for th e services

‘

according to th e law ; and H eze k iah com manded

the peopl e i n J erusalem to furn ish the portio n
Of th e priests and L ev ites that th ey m igh t give ,

th emselves to th e law of th e Lord ; wh ereupon ,

as soon as th e comman dment was promulgated th e ,

C h ildren of I srael gav e i n abu ndance th e fi rs t fru it s

of corn wi ne oil and honey an d th e tith e of
, , , ,

al l th i ngs brough t th ey i n abundan tly ; wh ilst th e

people liv i ng i n th e towns of J udah brought i n
th e tithe of oxe n an d sh eep and th e tith e of ,

m
gy
?
dedicated th ings and laid th em by h eaps ,
”

Q uestioned concerni ng th es e h eaps th e ch ief ,

“
priest said S ince th e people began to bring th e
,

oblations into th e h ouse of th e Lord we hav e eaten ,

and had enough and hav e left plen ty for th e L ord

,

ha t h b lessed H is people an d that wh ich is left is

th is great store Then H ezekiah prepared cham
.

bers i n th e house of th e L ord and th e people ,

brought faith fully oblations tithes an d dedicated , ,

th ings over wh ich two Levites were appoi nted ch i ef

,

’
rule rs w ith ten ove rseers u nder them
, B es ides fi ? ” .
x

th is another Lev ite was over th e freewill offerings

, ,

and under h i m were six assistants to distribute the

oblation s of th e L ord to th e L ev ites i n th eir courses ,

and to t h e priests i n their citi es and i n ev ery town

 TH E TI T HE 11V S CR I PT UR E
men were appointed to give portions to the priests ,

and to all that were rec k oned by genealogy among

the Levites their little ones wives sons and
, , , ,

’
daughters .

F rom this reformation by H eze k iah we may

reasonably deduce that th e closing of th e temple
had brought poverty upon th e priests an d Lev ites ,

but that on the restoration of the serv ices the

, ,

normal state of things was restored and the pay ,

ment anew o f the tithes and o fferings brought back

peace and plenty .

T h e next k ing Manasseh re -establ ished idolatry

, , ,

and was taken captive to Babylon ; but being ,

r estored to h is kingdom in J eru salem in answer

to p rayer he took away the strange gods out of
,

t h e temple built up t he altar of J ehovah and

, ,

2 2 Chron . xxx iii o ffered thereon sacrifices ” O n the other hand

.
.
,
1-16 .

A mon his son sacri fi ced to the graven images

, ,

8 3 Chron . xx xiii which M anasseh h is father had made ”

.

, , .
2 20

W e now come to J osiah the last of th e reform ing ,

k ings o f J udah who after purging the land of

, ,

idolatry directed the money collected by the Levites

,

at the door of the temple from all J udah Benj amin , , ,

and J erusalem as well as from the peoples of

,

M anasseh E phraim and the remnant of all I srael

, , ,

to be expended on temple repairs I n the course .

of these repairs a copy of the law of the Lord was

discovered T he k ing at once gathered the elders
.

of J udah and J erusalem and th ey made a covenant .

to perform the law and all th e people stood to th e

,

L2 K ig
n s xx iii covenan t ‘
.

Then J osiah kept a P assover and gave of h is own ,

 BE FOR E A ND A FTE R TH E CA P T] VI T Y 71

s ubstan ce bullock s and sheep lambs , ,

and kids Th ree rulers of th e house of G o d gave

.

to the p riests for P assover offerings

, small ,

cattle and 3 00 oxen S everal ch iefs of th e L ev ites

.

gav e also to th e L ev ites for P assover offerings , ,

small cattle an d 5 0 0 oxen all b eing don e ,

’ m m
as it is written i n th e law of M oses
fé g
c
fi
‘
.
r

N otwith sta nding th e L ord turned not from th e

,

fi e rce ne ss of H is great wrath : but said “

I will ”
,

remove J udah also out of M y sight 3

wh ich w as £5 § mg dfi
,
”
s n °

don e by th eir being taken captiv e to B abylon by

N eb uchadnezzar about 5 8 8 B C Th is closes th e
,
. .

peri od of decl ine under th e div ided kingdom s of

J udah an d I srael .

W e no w pas s to th e re settle me n t of P alestin e by

-

th e captives returned fro m B abylon D uring th e .

period passed by th e J ews i n captiv ity th ey doub tless

b ecam e lax i n some of th ei r rel igious O bservances ;
but abou t 5 3 6 B C Cyrus p roclai med that h e was
. .

“
charged to bu ild J ehovah a h ouse at J erusalem ,

an d he off ered facil ities for the J ews to return .

A ccordingly when th e chief of the fathers of

,

J udah and B enj am in and th e priests an d th e

,

L evi tes p repared to leave th ose remain i ng i n

, ,

“ ”
B abylon strengthen ed th e ir hands with gifts .

Cyrus h imself gav e back th e v essel s wh ich N ebu

.

“
ch adn e z z ar had taken from the temple all the ,

3
v essels of gold an d silver b eing ; so that s Em i e u .

when th e offerings of th e king h is cou nsell ors , ,

and h is lords and all I srael present were weighed

, ,

for th e house of G o d at J erusalem th e t reasu re ,

am ounted to 6 5 0 tal en ts of silver 1 00 tale nts of ,

 TH E TI TH E IN S CR I P T UR E
silver vessels 1 00 talents of gold 20 bowls of gold
, ,

of darics and two vessels of fine copper

,

1 E z ra viii . 2 6-7 .
precious as gold ”
.

“
On their arrival in J erusalem some of the ch iefs ,

of the fathers offered freely for the house of

G o d to set it up in h is place T hey gave after .

their ability darics o f gold pound ,

3 E z ra iii 68-9 . .

of silver an d 1 0 0 priests robes

, W e read also of ’

a subsequent burnt o ffering by returned captives , ,

of 1 2 bulloc k s for all I srael 9 6 rams 7 7 lambs and , , ,

3 E zra viii .
35 .

1 2 h e -goats for a sin o ffering ’

.

W hen the seventh month was come the people ,

“ ”
gathered as one man to J erusalem built the altar ,

of the G o d of I srael and restored the continual ,

daily burnt offering and other customary o fferings

, ,

as well for the feasts as for every one that willingly

,

I4 E z ra iii . 2-5 .
offered a freewill offering unto th e
T he rebuilding of the temple having been stopped
for some years the wor k w as again favoured by
,

k ing Darius who ordered that o f the k ing s goods

,
’

expenses should b e given to the builders

A n d t h at w h ic h t h e y h ave n e e d o f b o t h you n g bull oc k s , ,

an d r ams an d l amb s f
, or b urn t o f
, fe r in gs t o t h e G o d o f
h e ave n w h e at s al t win e an d o il acc o r din g t o t h e wo r d
, , , , ,

o f t h e p r ie s t s w h ic h are at J e r usal e m le t it b e
g iv e n t h e m ,

day b y day w it h o u t fail : t h at t h e y may o ffe r sac r ifi c e s

o f sw e e t savo u r unto t h e G o d o f h e ave n an d r a y fo r t he
p ,
5 E z ra vi . 8-xc .
l ife o ft h e k in g an d o f h is so n s 5
, .
”

The house accordingly was finished and the

, , ,

dedication k ep t wi t h j oy the people offering at the ,

dedication 1 00 bulloc k s 200 rams 4 0 0 lambs and , , , ,

for a sin offering 1 2 he -goats after w hich “ they

, ,
 TH E TI TH E IN S CR I P T UR E
’ ’
priests robes H eads of fathers houses gave
.

darics o f gold and pound of silver ;

wh ilst the rest of the people gave darics of
’ ’
1 Nc h . vu. 7w . gold ,
pound o f silver and 6 7 priests robes , .

Later on we have that remar k able gathering

when the ch ildren of I srael assembled fasting and
“
,

with sac k cloth and earth upon them at the con ,

“
clu s io n of wh ich they entered into a curse and ,

into an oath to wal k in G od s law which was given ’

,

by M oses the servant of G o d T he principal

.
”

features of the oath were not to marry heathens , ,

nor purchase on the sabb ath ; to leave the land to .

rest i n the seventh year and not to enforce debts

,

“
A l so w e made o r din an ce s fo r u s t o c h ar ge o u r
se l ve s y e arly w it h t h e t h ir d p ar t o f a S h e k e l f or t h e se rvic e

o f t h e h o u se o f o u r G o d . A n d w e c ast l o ts fo r
t h e w oo d o f fe r in g t o b u r n u p o n t h e al t ar an d t o

b r in g t he first fru it s o f ou r gr o un d an d t h e first fru it s o f all

,

fr u it o f all man n e r o f t r e e s y e ar b y y e ar u n t o t h e h o use

, ,

o f t h e L o r d ; al so t h e fi r s t b o r n o f o ur sons an d o f o u r ,

c at t l e an d t h e fi rst lin gs o f o u r h e r ds an d o f o u r

fl oc k s and t h e fi rst f ru it s o f o ur do u gh an d o u r h e av e ,

of fe r in gs an d t h e fr uit o f all man n e r o f t r e e s t h e v in t age

, ,

an d t h e o il u n t o t h e p r ie st s
,
an d t h e t it h e s o f o u r

g r o u n d un t o t h e L e vit e s an d t h e L e v it e s s h all b r in
g
u p t h e t it h e o f t h e t it h e s u n t o t h e h o u se o f o ur G od

an d we will n o t f o r s ak e t h e h o u se o fo ur G o d
z Ne h x . 22 3 9
”
.

O nce more we read that when the city wall ,

was to be dedicated the Levites were brought to

,

“
J erusalem where t h ey offered great sacrifices and
, ,

”
rej oiced
“
A n d o n t h at day w e r e me n ap p o in t e d ove r th e
c h amb e r s f o r t h e t r e asu r e s fo r t h e h e ave o ffe r in gs for
, ,

t h e fi rs t fru it s an d f
,
o r t h e t it h e s t o gat h e r in t o t h e m
, ,
 BE FOR E AND A FTE R TH E CA PTI VI T Y 75

ac c ording t o th e fi e l ds of tie s th e p ort ions ap p oint e d

th e ci ,

by th e law for t he p rie sts an d L e v it e s : fo r J u dah r e j o ic e d

1” 114
fo r t h e p r ie sts an d fo r t h e L e v it e s t h at wait e d
1
1
13 1
3 1 4 ,
.

H ow far then do th ese passages from th e Old

, ,

T es ta ment illustrate th e M osaic law con cern ing

t ithes and offeri ngs ?
W e may notice in th e fi rst place that after th e
, , ,

arrival of th e I srael ites i n Canaan th e d ivin e law ,

was speed ily put i n force as a work ing in stitution .

Th is i n cluded th e rul es fo r the d evotio n of tith es

an d offerings ; an d various i nti mation s i mply that
th e obligation of such t ith es an d offerings was
actually an d strictly recogn ized .

A c entral place of worsh ip was establish ed and

sustain ed wh ith er th e tribes w en t up to the feasts
, ,

i n con nection with wh ich we read of priests and

L ev ites by ten s of thousands ; or ( if we add their
fam ilies ) by hu ndreds of thousands Th ese i ncluded .

n ot on ly th ose w h o waited about th e altar but ,

th e educational or teach in g staff of the n ation as ,

well as j ud icial offi cers represen ted by j udges and

,

’
m agistrates .

T o th ese persons were giv en several cities and .

their s uburbs wh erei n to l iv e ; but thei r appo inted

m ean s of support was a tith e of th e increase of th e
land and of cattle w ith oth er offerings of t he
,

p eople N 0 other opportu n ity o f obtai ning a l ivel i

.

hood remain ed to th em ; for th e tribe of L ev i was

not reckoned wh en th e lan d was div ided Regard . ,

therefore for th e maintenan ce of the law such as

, ,

we have seen exempl i fi ed from ti me to tim e by the

wh ol e nation to say noth i ng of civ il adv an tages
,
 TH E TI TH E IN SCR I P T UR E

brought to th e people by the Levites forbid us to ,

thin k that the people under ordinary circumstances

, ,

defrauded the Levites of the portion assigned them

by G o d.

W e may furt her observe that th e law of M oses

not only proved pra c ticable but so far as tithes and , ,

religious offerings are concerned we do not find ,

it complained of as burdensome or oppressive— not

even when to pay P ersian tribute the people had
, ,

’
I Ne h . v .
-
3 4 . mortgaged their lands .

N or do we read during all the centuries i n wh ich

,

tithe -payi ng was observed as a wor k ing institutio n ,

of any request being made t h at t h e ti t he should be

repealed or lessened E ven the heretical J eroboam
.

)
2
2 S ee p . 67 .
( if we rightly understand the words of A mos does
not appear to hav e abolished the payment of tithes
for religious purposes .

Later on when the people fell away to the

,

worsh ip of false gods or were O ppressed under a ,

foreign yo k e we see how in their times of humilia

, ,

tion they too k upon themselves afresh to observe

,

the law o f M oses including tithes always reverting

, ,

to the P en t ateuc h as their standard of right liv ing ,

but never questioning their obligation as to religious

"

payments in general or the proportion prescribed

, .

I t seems clear indeed that some of the people did

, ,

not com e up to the required standard during the

reign of the wic k ed A haz nor about the time of ,

the return from captivity when Malachi reproved ,

“
such defaul t ers as robbers of G o d B ut these .
”

episodes seem to have been exceptions and not ,

the general rule .

 BE FOR E A ND A FTE R TH E CA PTI VI T Y 77

P u tti ng together th erefore what we hav e th us

, ,

far learned of our subj ect w e con cl ude that as

,

secular h istory tells of other nat ions such as the ,

B abylo n ian s C arthagin ians G reeks an d Roman s

, , , ,

dedicating a ten th of their i n come an d spoils to

thei r gods so the people of I srael fro their settle
, , m
men t in Can aa n to th e en d of th e period cov ered
by the Old Testam ent did l ikewise ; the proportion
,

payable by th e I srael ite being a tenth applied to

,

th e use of th e m in isters of th e sanctuary and oth er ,

ten ths and o fferi ngs as prescribed by th e law of

th e P entateuch
'

.
 C H A P TE R V I I
TI I H I N G I N TH E A P O CR YP H A

Ap o ryph l b ook s ill u str iv f J w is h iq u i i s 7 8 —T ob i

c a at e o e an t t e , . t

p ys
a h r ti h s 79
ee — Ju di h d di s s p o il s f w 79
t t e , . t e c at e o ar, .

O fi i g by D m t riu s H li d Ki g S l u u s d Ju d s
'
er n s e e , e o o rus, n e e c , an a

M b u s 8 —L ib r l i y d i h p yi g urg d i T o b i
ac c a e ,
0 . e a t an t t e- a n e n t
an d E l s i s i u s 8 — S u mm ry f v id
cc e a t c ,
fr o m A p o ryp h
2
. a o e e nce c a,

85 .

E now proceed ( i n t h e next th ree chapters )

to th e study of tithe -paying and religious
b e n e fi ce n c e as taught and practised in P alestine
during the period between the Old and N ew
Testaments ; taking as our sources of information
the A pocrypha and the Talmud .

W hatever may be thought theologically of the , ,

doctrinal authority of the books of the A pocrypha ,

their antiq uity and oriental authorsh ip mak e th em

valuable as illustrating the ideas and customs o f
the period of wh ich they are historical documen ts .

B earing this in m ind we proceed to search therei n ,

for passages concerning tithes firs t fru it s and re , ,

ligio us offerings as well as for examples of and , ,

exhortations to private b e n e fic e n ce generally T he

, .

boo k s giving us mo st information on ou r subj ect

are T obit J udith E cclesiasticus and M accabees
, , , .

78
 TI TH I N G I N TH E AP O CR YPHA
The book of T obit is especially useful i n sh owing
that it was thought righ t for a good man as already ,

’
observed to pay th ree t i t h es ; that is to say an 1 S p
, ,
e 32 .

annual tenth for th e Lev ites a s econd tenth for ,

the yearly festivals and trien n ial ly a ten th for th e

, , ,

”
poo r . 2 T bi i 7 8 o t .
- .

T obi t h imself is represented as a liberal giver .

To G ab ae l wh o had accompan ied Tob ias th e son

, ,

of Tob it to N i n eveh an d fai t h fully brou gh t h im

, ,

b ack with goods servants cattle an d m on ey both

, , , ,

fath er an d son though t it not too m uch to give a

half of what had been brough t wh ich represented ,

’
ample wages and someth ing more A lso w e read 8 T bi m
.
o t . x-
2

of T ob it that h e did many alm sdeeds to h is brethren

and h is nation for i n the days of S hal man eser h e
,

gav e h is bread to th e hu ngry and h is garm ents to

th e naked and if h e saw any of th e race of I srael
,

dead and cast forth on th e wall of N i n eveh b e ,

‘
buried h im . 4 T bi i 3 6 o t .
-1 .

P as sing now to th e book of J udith we fi n d ,

recorded an i nstan ce of th e world -wide practice

of vo w s and offerings m ade i n prospect of war ,

followed by presen tation of spoil s after v icto ry .

Thus
J oak im t h e h igh p r ie st o ffe r e d t h e c o nt inu al
b u r nt o ffe r in g an d t he vows an d fr e e gift s o f t h e p e o p l e
,

an d t h e y h ad as h e s o n t h e ir m it r e s an d t h e y c r ie d unto
,

t h e L o r d wit h all t h e ir p o w e r t h at H e wou l d l oo k u p on

,

” 5 J di h iv
t h e h ouse o f I s r ae l fo r goo d .

1
u t . 14.

5 .

F urth er wh en J udith had cu t off th e h ead of

,

H olofernes we read th at th e people offered their

,

whole burnt offeri ngs freewill offerings and th ei r

, ,
 TH E TI TH E [ N S CRI PT OR E

gifts and that J udith dedicated all the stu ff of

,

H olofernes wh ich t h e people had given h er and ,

gave the canopy wh ich she had ta k en for herself

, ,

1 J ih
ud t xv i
. 18
out of h is bedch amber for a gift u nto t h e Lord ’
, .
1 9.

S ome regard the boo k s of T obit and of J udith ‘

not as real histories but as pious and instru ctive ,

stories only B ut even if th is be so the stories

.
,

may be presumed to reflect the m anners a n d customs

of their age ; and for our purpose they harmonize
with the statements of the first boo k of the M ac
c ab e e s which is certainly in the main h istorical
, , ,
.

T hus on t h e cleansing of the T emple by J udas

,

M accab e u s w e read th ey o ffered sacrifice according

“
‘

2 1 Mace . iv .
53 .
to t h e law upon the new al t ar of burnt offerings ;
,
2 ”

and i n t h e same chap t er it is related that among the

promises m ade by D emetrius to secure the support
of t he J ews one was that P tolemais and its lands
,

shoul d be given to the Temple at J erusalem for t he ,

"
3 x Mace . iv .
39 . expenses t h at b e fi t the sanctuary
F urthermore i n th e second boo k of the Maccabees
,

it is stated that the k ings of the G en t iles glorified

the Temple with the noblest presents and that ,

S el eu c us the k ing of A sia o f h is own revenues

, ,

bore all th e costs belonging to the service of the

”
lo 2 M ac e iii 3. . .
sacrifices .

Li k ewise in the case of H e lio do rus chancellor of

, ,

the governor of Coelo -S yria we have a G entile ,

o ffi cer who being struck with a loathsome diseas e

, ,

was prayed for by O nias the high -priest ; where ,

upon o n recovery H e lio do ru s o ffered a sacrifice unto

, ,

J ehovah and vowed great vows unto H im that had

,

6 2 M cc iii
a . .
35 .
saved h is life 5
.
 TH E TI TH E [N S CR I PT UR E

He also thought that giving should be done with

’
discrimination an d in proportion to a man s in c ome
, .

E xhorting h is young son as to h is manner of life ,

T obit s ays
G ive al ms o f t hy s ub s t an ce ; and w h e n t h o u give st
a l ms le t n o t t h in e e ye b e e n v io us : t u r n n o t aw ay t h y
,

fac e fr o m an y p o o r man an d t h e face o f G o d sh all n o t

,

b e t u r n e d aw ay fr o m t h e e A s t hy s ub s t an ce is give al ms
.
,

o f it acco r din g t o t h in e ab u n dan c e : if t h o u h av e l it t l e b e ,

n o t af r aid t o give al ms acco r din g t o t h at l it t l e ; fo r t h o u

l ay e st up a go od t r e asur e fo r t hyse l f again st t he day o f
n e c e ssit y : be c ause al ms de l iv e r e t h fr o m de at h an d s uffe r e th ,

n o t t o co me in t o dar k n e ss A ims is a goo d gift in t h e

.

b i t iv s igh t o f t h e M ost H igh f o r all t h at v 1 ”

1 To .
7
-1 1 .
g i e it .

Andto show that almsgiving should be performed

with discrimination he added P our out thy bread
,

on the burial of the j ust and give nothing to ,

z To b i t iv
. 1 6-
17. s mn e rs .

Later on in life T ob it adv ised h is son T obias thus

G o od is p r ay e r w it h fast in gs an d al ms an d r igh t e o us ,

n e ss A l itt l e with r igh te ousn e ss is b e tte r th an mu c h w it h

.

u n r igh t e o u sn e ss I t is b e t t e r t o give al ms t h an t o lay u p

.

go l d : al ms do t h de l ive r fr o m de at h an d it sh all p ur ge ,

aw ay 3 11 s in . T h e y t h at do al ms an d r igh t e o usn e ss sh all

” ch u m s-m . b e fi ll e d w it h l ife ” .

I t is noteworthy also that the principles pra tised c

during early life T obit could recommend still in

,

old age ; for we read that on recovering his sight ,

“
at threescore and six he gave alms and feared
, ,

the Lord more and more wh ilst the concluding ,

“
words of his deathbed sayings were : A n d now ,

my ch ildren consider what alms doeth and how

, ,

”
4 Tob it xiw n n righteousness doth deliver .
 TI TH I N G I N TH E A P O CR YP HA
These principles taugh t i n Tob it are re -echoed
, ,

and enlarged upon i n E ccle siast icus or Me PVzsdom

’

M m
'

ofj es u s e S on of S z cfi wh erein we read con , ,

“
cern ing gi fts t o G o d an d H is m inisters M y son , ,

accordi ng as thou h ast do well u n to thyself and

, ,

”
brin g offerings u nto the Lord worth ily M ore I E . c clus . x iv . u .

fully this same writer says :

He th at k e e p e t h t h e law mu l t ip l ie t h o ffe r in gs
H e th at t ak e t h h e e d t o t h e c omman dm e nts s ac rifice t h a
e ace o ffe r in g
p .

H e t h at re qu it e t h a good tu r n o ffe r e t h fi n e fl ou r
A n d h e t h at give t h al ms s ac rifi c e t h a t h an k o ffe r in g .

T o de p ar t fr om wic k e dn e ss is a t h in g p l e as in g t o t h e L ord ;
A n d t o de p ar t fr om un r igh t e ousn e ss is a p r o p it iat ion .

S e e t h at t h ou ap p e ar n o t in th e p r e se n ce o f t h e L o r d
e m pt y.

F o r all t h e s e t h in gs are to b e don e b e c aus e o f t he co m

man dme nt .

T h e o ffe r in g o f t h e r igh t e ous m ak e t h t h e al t ar fat

A n d t h e s w e e t s avou r th e r e ofis b e fo r e t he Most H igh .

T h e s ac r ifi c e o fa r ight e ous man is acc e p t ab l e

A n d t h e m e mo r ial t h e r e o f s h all n o t b e fo r gott e n .

G l o r ify t h e L o r d wit h a goo d e ye ,

A n d s t int n o t t h e fi rs t fruit s o ft h in e h an ds .

I n e ve r y gift s h o w a c h e e r fu l count e n an c e ,

A n d de dic at e t hy t it h e s wit h gl adn e ss .

G ive unto t h e M ost H igh ac c ordin g as H e h at h giv e n

A n d as th y h an d h at h foun d give with a goo d e ye
, .

F o r t h e L o r d re c o mpe n se t h ,

A n d H e will r ec om pe nse t h e e se v e n fo l d ” .
8 E ccl us . m v.
I '
l l .

The fol lowing is much to th e same effect :

F e ar t h e L o r d w it h allt hy sou l
A n d r e ve re n ce H is p r ie sts .

W it h all t hy st r e n gt h l ove H im t h at m ade th e e

A n d fo r s ak e n o t H is m in ist e rs .
 TH E TI TH E [N C
S R I PT UR E

F e ar t h e L o r d g l o r ify
an dt h e p r ie st

A n d give h im h is p o r t io n e ve n as it is c o m man de d t h e e
,

Th e fi rst fru it s an d t h e t r e sp ass o ffe r in g an d t h e gift o f

, ,

t h e s h o ul de r s ,

A n d t he s ac r ifi ce o f s an c t ifi c at io n an d t h e fi rst fru it s of ,

h oly t h in gs .

A l so t o t h e po o r man st r e t c h o u t t hy h an d ,

mm T h at t h y b l m yb p r
“L ”

51
1
2
. 29 “
e s s in
g a e e f c t e d e .

T h is las t senten c e t ak es our th ough ts from

religious o fferings to G o d to almsgiv ing t o men , ,

concerning which the son of S irac h says :

“
W ate r will que n ch a fl aming fire
t E cc lus iii-ao
.
A n d al msgiv in g will m ak e at o n e me n t fo r s in s .

A gain
B e n o t faint h e ar t e d in t hy p r ay e r
-

3 Ecclus w u. 1 0. A n d n e gl e c t n o t t o give al ms ” .

Once more
W it h H im th e al ms ofa man is as a S i
g et n ;
A n d H e w ill k e e p t he b o un t y of a man as t h e app le of
” 4
4 E CClll S XV II -2 2. t he e ye .

Bu t at th e same time al ms were not re c o m

, ,

mended to b e given to all ali k e as t h e following ,

shows
“
T h e r e sh all n o go od co me t o him th at c o n t in ue t h t o do
e v il ,

No r t o h im t h at giv e t h n o al ms .

G ive t o t h e go dl y man ,

A n d h e l p n o t t h e sinn e r .

D o goo d t o o n e t h at is l o w ly ,

A n d give n o t t o an u n godly man

Ke e p b ac k his b r e ad an d give it n o t t o h im
, ,

L e s t h e ov e r mas t e r t h e e t h e r e b y
F o r t h o u sh al t r e ce ive t w ic e as mu ch e vil
F o r all t he goo d t h o u sh al t h ave do n e unto h im .
 TI T HI N G [N TH E AP O CR YP HA
F o r t he Most H igh l so h at e t h s inn e r s
a ,

A n d w ill r e p ay ve n ge an c e un t o t he un godly .

G ive t o t h e good man ,

A n d h e l p n o t t h e s inn e r . 1 E cc lus . x u. -
3 7 .

There yet remai n to b e noticed a few passages i n

E cclesiasticus som e of wh ich look at almsgiv ing
,

from q uite a lofty poi n t of v i ew Th u s .

S h ut up aims in t hy store c h am b e r s [z1a for b e n e fice n t

-

u
p p r os e s] ,

A n d it s h all de l ive r t h e e o ut o f all afii ic t io n

I t s h all fi gh t fo r t h e e against t h in e e n e m y
B e tte r t h an a m igh t y s h ie l d an d a p on de r ous s p e ar .

O nce more
“
H e t h at sac rifice t h o fa t h in g w r on gfu ll y gott e n ,

H is o ffe r in g is m ade in moc k e r y .

A n d t h e moc k e r ie s o fwic k e d me n are n o t w e ll p l e as in g .

Th e M ost H igh h at h n o p l e asu r e in t h e o ffe r in gs o f t h e

un godly ,

Ne it h e r is H e p ac ifi e d fo r s ins b y t h e mu l t it u de o f
s ac r ifi c es .

A s o n e t h at k ill e t h t h e so n b e fo r e h is fat h e r s e y e s
’

I s h e t h at b r in ge t h a s ac r ifi ce fr om t h e goods o ft h e p o o r 3 3 E ”
c c luso
.

8 1 -20 .

I f now we summarize what we hav e gath ered

upon our subj ect from th e A p ocrypha we notice ,

fi rst and negatively that we h ave fou nd n o pas

, ,

sages i mplying that th e paym en t o f tith es and oth er

offerings was repeal ed or fell i nto disuse duri ng , ,

th e period succeedi ng the return of th e J ews from

captivi t y to th e final destructio n of th eir temple
, ,

or say during th e th ree ce nturies preceding th e

, ,

Christian era .

O n th e contrary w e hav e met with h istorical

,

i nc idents and allusions sh owing that th e temple

86 TH E TI TH E IN S CR I PT UR E
services as restored by E zra and N ehemiah were
, ,

continued under a regular priesthood which suggests ,

payment in the form of tithes an d o fferings from

the people T he laws of the P entateuch are still
.

recognized as the s t andard of righ t giving S eleucus .

and H e lio do rus li k e the k ings of B abylon con

, ,

tribute to the J ewish temple T obit is represented .

as paying three tithes and J udith as dedicating her

,

spoils of war ; and all th is is in harmony with th e

canonical books of the Old T estament .

M oreover the A pocrypha rises to a still higher

,

platform i n th e enunciation of loft y principles

concerning almsgivi ng in general ; fo r abundant ,

discriminating propor t ionate giving of alms acc o m

, ,

an ie d with prayer and fasting is strongly urged

p ,

upon all H e wh o would k eep the law is instruc t ed

.

to multiply offerings none appearing in the presence

,

of G o empty handed T he re asons given are that

d - .
, ,

alms are pleasing to G o d ; tha t when rightly offered , ,

they del iver from death and purge away sin A lso
, .
,

it is promised as leading to temporal prosperi t y

, ,

that the Lord will recompense the liberal giver

sevenfold H e is exhorted accordingly in every
.
, ,

gift to show a c h eerful c ountenance an d to dedicate ,

h is tithes with gladness .

 CH A PT E R V I I I
TA L M UD I C TE A CH I N G ON TH E FI R ST AN D
S E CO N D TI TH E S

T h e T alm d : u M z sfi na
'

G e mara, 8 7 — D i i i n an d t an l ati n
an d . vso s r s o s
of M ir/ma 88 — , . B oo k V I I , on . fir s
t t it h e , e g l at e w h at is t o b e r u s
t it he d ,
an d w he n ,
8 8 —T it h ing app l ie d t o
. in e t an ac t i n , bu s ss r s o s
89 . oo k ru r s
—T it h in g c e d f it , t an p l an t e d e ge t a l e , an d an t v b s
h ill s s o r i g th s o d i h 9 —N t t b
, 9
1 — R u le
. c n ce n n e ec n t t e, 2 . o o e

e xc h gd o i s f i r ko d o mmo 93 — R d mp io
an e , n or c n or t ec ne c n, . e e t n

of h s o d t i h 9 5 — S o d t ith i r l io t r i i g
t e ec n t e, . ec n e n e at n o ec t n
Mos i fo rmu l 96
ac a, .

RO M th e Tal mud w e get not only fu ller an d

m ore detailed ideas of tith e paying during -

the period between th e Old and N ew T estam ents ,

bu t we learn also how th is practice was affecting

t he daily l ife of a religious J ew wh en C h ristianity

appeared .

The Tal mud con tains th e spoken or traditional

law of th e J ews as d istinguish ed from th eir law ,

wri tten I t is said by th e J ews that wh en G o d

.
,

gav e th e written law o n M ou n t S inai H e deliv ered ,

also to M oses a nu mber of precepts and explana

,

tions thereon wh ich were handed down by word

,

of mouth to J oshua to th e seventy elders to the , ,

m en of the great synagogue and so on to th e great ,

rabbis of a later period .

W hatever of tru t h th ere may be i n th is tradition ,

87
 TH E TI TH E [ N S CR I P T UR E

it is well known that much activity was manifested

i n collecting precepts and decisions about the law ,

with comments thereon by the rabbis i n the days ,

of th e M accabees or say th e second century , , ,

before the Christian era though it was not until ,

the second century after Christ that the rabbin ical ,

rules i nterpretations and decisions some four

, , ,

thousand i n number were codified and arranged ,

according to subj ects as we have them now , .

T he T almud consists of a text called the M ir/ ma ,

with comments called G emam The first divis ion .

of th e M ir/ena is on S eeds or matters relating

Z “
,
”

to agriculture of wh ich th e th ird seventh and

, , ,

eighth boo k s respectively treat of doubtful matters

connected with tith ing ; with the first or tith e
"
proper and with th e second t it he
,
E
.

pI c
1 Ch a . . se t. 1 . I n B oo k V I I on M aczserot/z or the fi rst tith e
1
.
, , ,

we find it stated as follows

h
T is ge n e r al r ul e h as b e e n h ande d do wn about t he
tit h e : wh ateve r se rve s for food is wort h k e e p in g an d , ,

g r o w s o ut o f t h e g r oun d is s ub j e c t t o t it h e : an d
, anot h e r

r ul e h an de d do wn is t h at w h ate ve r is e atab l e at t he,

b e ginn in g as w e ll as wh e n fu lly gr o wn al t ho ugh c us

, ,

t o marily k e p t t ill it is mat ur e is subj e c t t o t it h e s b e it , ,

s mall o r g r own l ar ge B ut wh e n in it s e arly st age s it is

.
,

n o t an o r din ary ar t ic l e o f f oo d b ut b e co me s so l at e r it is , ,
”
n o t subj e c t t o t it h e unt il fi t t o b e e ate n .

S ection 2 determines from what time fruit becomes

The b t ra s l at d i t o Lat i by S u h u i a d
M zsfi n a h as
’

e en n e n n re n s u s, n

i to F r
n h by S hwab B o t h a b fo r m b ut I sh all att mp t t
e nc c . re e e e e o

t ra s l t
n a e, o r i som as s t giv th gis t f s u h s t io s o ly
n e c e o e e o ,
c ec n n

a a
s rel ik ly t s rv u p urp os i ill u s trat i g J wis h op i io a d
e o e e o r e n n e n n n

p r a
c t i e co c
ce r i gnt it h
n n e p ayi g - n .
 TH E TI TH E I N S CRI PT UR E

me five figs they must not be eaten unless tithed ;

,

but t hat a man if giving a pen ny to be allowed to

,

select ten figs may c h oose and consume them one

,

by one without ti t hing I n the case of wor k men .

employed in the field it i s a general r ule t hat when,

th e law allows eating th e tithe is waived but not , ,

otherwise A gain if figs for different purposes are

.
,

exchanged for each other tithe must be paid , .

Rabbi J udah says however if they exchange figs, ,

that can be readily eaten they must be tithed , ,

but not if they are under process of drying .

1 Se c t s . 1, 3 , 7 -1 0 .
Chapter I I I prov ides that when figs are pl aced
’
.

’
in a court yard t o dry all the owner s family an d
-
,

his servants not on board wages may e at wi t hout ,

’
ti t hing ; but if food is part of the servants wages ,

they are not to eat [without tith ing] S o if a man .

,

wo rk ing amongst ol ive -trees eat olives one by one ,

he need not tithe ; but must do so if he collects

a number of olives S imilarly if engaged to weed
.
,

onions and the wor k man bargain t hat h e may eat

,

the green leaves he may pluc k them singly and

,

eat ; but i f h e gather t hem i nto a bundle h e must ,

pay tithe .

P roducts placed on wat c h -towers sheds and , ,

summer -houses are exempted from paying ti t hes .

I f a fig—tree is planted in a court yard one may -

,

eat now and then without t ithing ; but if one gather

several figs they must be ti t hed S o again if a
, .
, ,

fig-tree planted in the yard leans toward the

garden one may eat without restriction ; but if the
,

tree stands i n t he garden and leans toward the

courtyard the figs may be eaten one by one
,
 TA L M UD I C TE A C HI N G ON TI TH E S

u ntithed though not when several are gath ered

,

togeth er A s for town s on th e borders of P ales

.

ti ne th is q uestion [o f o verh angi ng branch es ] is

,

decided by th e pos ition of th e tru n k of th e tree ;

but i n th e ci ties of refuge and at J erusalem by th e ,

d i rection o f th e branches .

The six sections of Chapter I V prov ide am ong .

,

othe r thi ngs that h e wh o prese rves cooks or

, , ,

salts fru its must pay tith e ; whilst he who places

, ,

th em underground (to keep ) may eat withou t

tith ing I f ch ildre n h av e buried figs i n th e field
.
,

to eat on th e S abbath h av ing om itted th e tith e

, ,

they can not even on the even i ng after th e S abbath

, ,

eat th em before th e tith e is paid .

A gai n if a man take ol ives from a bask et and

,

d ip th em on e by one i n salt he may eat w ithout ,

tith ing bu t n ot i f th e olives hav e bee n salted

,

already S im ilarly wh en lean i ng over a win e -press

. , ,

on e may drink th e w i ne w ithout tithi ng whether ,

m ixed w i th warm water or cold ; though som e

rabbis say that in ei th er case th e tith e shoul d b e
pai d .

B y way of illustrat ing th e m inuteness to wh ich

th ese practices were regulated i t m ay be added ,

that Rabb i S i meo n son of G amaliel lays it down

, ,

that even l ittle b uds or sprays of fen nel mustard , ,

and wh ite beans are liable to ti the ,

.

’
Chapter V states that if one pul l turn ips o r I sm
.
s

radish es to transplant i n the same fi e ld or fo r the ,

purpose of gatheri ng or tak ing out seed h e owes ,

th e tithe .

M oreover as soon as th e products o f the land

,
92 TH E TI TH E IN S CR I PT UR E
have reached the period for tith ing ; they may not
be sold to any one suspe c ted of k eeping bac k th e
ti t he ; nor in t he sevent h year to one suspected
, ,

of non -observance of t h e S abbati c al year N either .

,

again ought one to sell straw in which grains of

,

corn may be left nor dregs of oil nor grape -s k ins

, ,

( for extraction of j uice ) to any one suspected of ,

withholding tithes I f notwithstanding it should

.
, ,

be don e tithe ought to be paid

, .

E ven the holes of ants which may have passed a

n ight near a heap of tithable produce are equally
li able to th e tithe because it is well k nown that all
,

through the night they are carrying i t away to their

n ests .

O nce more strong garlic that ma k es the e yes

,

water the on ion of Ri k h ta peas of Cilicia and

, , ,

lentils of E gypt ; also the seeds of the slender lee k ,

of watercress onions beet and radishes— in fact

‘

, , , ,

seeds that are not eaten as such are exempt from ,

tithe .

T his may suffice for extrac t s from B oo k V I I of .

t h e M ish a: c oncerning the first tithe wh ich contains ,

in all forty sections ; but of these I have alluded to

about thirty only thi n k ing this will be enough to
,

give an idea of T almudic te ach ing on th is part of

our subj ect .

Let us now proceed to deal similarly with the

boo k M aase r S é e m or the S econd T ithe which
'

, ,

has also five chapters and contains fift y four sections - .

W e read of the second tithe i n D euteronomy xiv .

2 2 -7 . I t consisted of t he yearly increase of the

land which was to be eaten with fi rs t lin gs of herd
,
 TA LM UD I C TE A C HI N G ON TI TH E S

and flock at the ecclesiastical m etropol is but if th is

’

p lace were too far from a man s h ome h e m igh t turn ,

h is i nc rease i nto m oney an d take the m oney to th is

,

central place o f worship and th ere spend i t at th e ,

religious festivals ’
.
I S p ee . 27 .

A ccordingly C hap ter I begi ns : Th ey do n ot .

sell th e seco nd tithes nor pledge th em nor , ,

exchange nor weigh anyth ing agai nst them as

,

an equ ivalen t ; neith er does any on e say to h is

“
n eighbour at J erusalem Take of my wi ne and ,

”
giv e m e of you r oil or th e l ike with other
,

products M en may however give to each other

.
, ,

reciprocal presents .

S ect ions 2 -4 and 7 lay down th at it is not per

m issible to sell th e tith e of l iving cattle nor to
employ th e price for betroth i ng a wife A lso that .
,

i t i s not lawful to change th e secon d tithe for defaced

mon ey or obsolete coins nor for mon ey not yet i n ,

possession .

I f with th e p rice of th e seco nd t ithe a m an

pu rchase a beast to serve for a peace offering or ,

a wild ani mal for a banquet th e ski n is to b e ,

co nsidered profane M oreover that th ere is not

.
,

to b e bough t with th e price of th e second tith e

slaves servan ts lands nor u nclean an i mals I f
, , , .
,

n ot w i thst andi ng th is should be don e th e equivalen t

, ,

i n value ought to be consumed at J erusalem S o .

also as a gen eral rule that there ough t to b e

, ,

restored by co nsum ing th e equivalent at J erusalem

, ,

everyth ing n ot serv i ng for food dri n k o r anoi nt , ,

ing wh ich has been taken from th e m oney of th e

,

second t ithe .
 TH E TI TH E IN S CR I PT UR E
Chapter I I in its nine sections sets forth among
.
,

other th ings , that the second tithe ought to serve

for foo d drin k and anointing the oil being per
, , ,

fumed at pleasure but not the wine Rabbi S imeon

, .
,

however as opposed to oth er rabbis was of O pinion

, ,

that a man ough t not to anoint h imself at J erusalem

with oil of the second tith e .

W ith regard to money if one should drop at ,

the same moment ordinary coins and other coins

representing the proceeds of the second tithe what ,

is gathered should first of all ma k e up the amount of

the tith e and t he res t should be applied to the other
,

amount . A gain he who converts small coins of

,

the second tithe into a she k el (for conven ience of

carriage ) ought so to convert th e whole ; and if
at J erusalem one should c onvert a silver shekel
into small money the whole she k el should be
‘

changed into copper .

1 Sec t . 1. Chapter I I I sets forth that a man ough t not to

’
.

bid h is neighbour carry fruits of the second tith e

to J erusalem offering h im as a recompense a part
,

of the fruit ; but that he should say Carry these ,

to J erusalem i n order that we may eat and drin k

together . P eople might however mak e reciprocal
”
, ,

presents .

F ruit havi ng been brought to J erusalem as second

tithe might not be ta k en away again though the ,

money of the second tithe m ight A gain fruit .

,

bought with the money of the second tithe and ,

which had become unclean might be redeemed ; ,

though according to Rabbi J udah unclean fruit

, ,

ough t to be buried S imilarly when a deer

.
,
 TA LM UD I C '
TE A C HI N G 01V TI TH E S 95

purch ased with money of th e second tith e had died ,

i t sh ould b e buried i n its skin Rabb i S i meon .

,

h owev er is of O pin ion that a man may redeem

,

th e carcase .

C hapter I V prov ides that if on e has b rough t

.

fruits of the second tith e from a lo c al ity wh ere th ey

are dear to a place wh ere th ey are ch eap or v ice
, ,

ve r sa a man may redeem the m at th ei r price i n th e

,

place of arrival the pro fi t if an y going to th e tithe

, , , .

W hen on e desires to redeem th e secon d t ith e at a

lo w rate th e rate must b e fixed at th e cos t price
,

to a shopkeeper W hen th is price is well k n own

.
,

the valuation of a s ingle person s uffi ces ; but if

unk nown th e esti mates of three persons shoul d
,

—
be taken as for instance i n the cas e of w i ne
, ,

th at has be gu n to turn sour deteriorated fru it or , ,

im perfect coins .

W hen a man redeems h is secon d tithe h e mus t

add one -fi ft h to its val ue A rt ifi ce or evasion is .
, ,

so far perm itted i n regard to the second tithe that a ,

man may give money to h is adult son an d daughter

o f his H ebrew servants engaging th em for that ,

su m to redeem the second tithe (with out adding

th e fifth ) ; but he may not do so by h is you nger
ch ildren o r by G entile slav es because thei r hands ,

are as it were h is o w n
, , .

M oney that is fou nd n o matter where is con , ,

s ide re d profane even if o ne fi nd a piece of gold

,

among silver and copper coins ; b ut if one fi nd

among the m a fragment even of e arth enware , ,

“
whereon is written th e word tith e th e whol e is ,

sacred ; or again i f on e fin d a v ase w ith any of

, ,
 TH E TI TH E IN S CR I PT UR E
the letters " “
inscribed the vase may be
73 1
P ,

considered pro fane .

The fi fth chapter of the book on the second tithe

has fifteen sections T a k ing one here and there .

Se c to r by way of illus t ration we learn that pious and ’

,

conscientious persons deposited money during the

S abbatical year to redeem the four -year -old vines ,

declaring t h at all fruit gathered therefrom should be

Z S cc t . 2. considered by this money redeemed A ls o f that
, , .

the produce of v ines of the fourth year was to be

’
carried to J erusalem from all subu rbs with in a day s
j ourney .

S e c tion 6 mentions that on the eve of the F east ,

of the P assover they proceed to the removing or

,

3
3 5 cc t . 1o . bringing away of all legal dues A lso towards the .

hour of th e evening sacrifice on the last day of the ,

feast the declaration is made

,

I h ave b r o u gh t away t he h all o we d t h in gs o ut o f mine

4 De n t . xx vi . 1 3. ho use 4 ( wh ic h say s t h e M ir/ ma m e an s t h e se co n d tit h e )
”
, ,

an d al so h ave give n t h e m u n t o t he L e vit e ( wh ic h ap p l ie s

”

t o t he L e vit ic al t ith e ) an d u n t o t h e s t r an ge r
,
t o t he ,

fat h e rl e ss an d t h e wido w ( w h ic h co mp r ise s p oo r s t it h e

” ’
, ,

gl e an in gs fo r go t t e n sh e ave s an d co r n e r s of t h e fi e l d)
, ,
.

T he M iskmz adds that the not having carried

out these precepts ought not to be an obstacle
to the recitation of the formula I f however .
, ,

the second tithe has been levied before the first ,

the declaration ought not to be recited ; nor if a

person has infringed the commandment “
I have ,

”
De ut . xxvi. 1 4 not eaten thereof i n my mourning N either again .
, ,

T he s e le t te rs in dicat e d, in t ime of pe s r s u t io
ec n, th e H e br ew

w o rds fo r s rfiac ou u
i c e , t it h e , d b t f l t it h e , e t c .
 C H A PT E R IX

“
TH E D E M A I ,” O R D O UB TF UL TI TH E

Th e D e maz,o r o ub fu l i h 98 I
d
’

t mp io s diff r
t t e, s d .
-
ts e x e t n , e e n ce ,
an

u r u r m s 98 — I b r i g
min t e e q i e e nt ,
h u du d
. ts ea n on t e ne cat e ,
on

buyin g an d s ll i g h g f o r p ym f r
e n , e xc an d e o c n, a ent o e n t, an

ac c e
p f h os
t an c ep i l ioy 99
— F o ur i h s r o g i d i
ta t ,
h . t t e ec n ze n t e

T l mu d
a d h ir
, an pp l i io t
t ell l ss
a s —A iq u i y
c at n o a c a e ,
10 2 . nt t
of T lmu di b y l w s
a c d h ir i flu
e-a wh
,
C hris i i y
an t e n e n ce en t an t
appe a e d, r 10 4 .

is a boo k in the M isfi n a c alled D e w ai

H E RE ,

wh i c h in point of order c omes before the

books on th e first and se c ond tithes but wh ich for ,

our present purpose has been reserved till now !

.

Ch apter I begins by n aming certain things

. ,

which by reason of their trifling v alue are exempted

from the de w ai tithe su c h as inferior figs arti , ,

cho k es service berries shrivelled dates late grapes

,
-
, , ,

wild grapes an d buds of c apers coriander etc

, , , .

A ft er this i t is poin t ed out t hat the de w a i tithe

di ffers from the other t i t hes be cause among other ,

D e w a i, acc din g t o or aim n ide M

( S u re m ,
o
v ol i p 7 6, s ‘
zusi u s . . .

c ol . y or s
is a w d ign if in g t h at a t w h ic h t h e e is a d bo u
b t wh e t h e r ou r
ro s ou o r
f m it h l d b e ffe e d gift t o G o d ; an d h e add t h at it w as an s s
ob o r r
l igat i n to e n de 1 p e r ce n t , o r a t e n t h of a t e n t h , t o th e p ie t,
. r s
r
aft e ys r
w h ic h t h e e p a at e d t h e e c n d t it h e , w h ic h t h e s o
w n e con o r
su J ru s
me d at e al e m L igh t f t , o n L
. oo
e x iii 1 2, a N D ! e st res
"
uk v . s ys
du bia I d e st , c um ign orat ur, an de e a sump t a sit de c ima, n e c n e
. .

o os
E t h ae c e t iam e st v ox c mp it a RD N ! q id h o c ?
” "
u
98
 TH E D E M AI , OR 19 0 (IE TF UL TI TH E 99

th ings whe n redeem ing it a fi fth n eed not be added

, , ,

n o r need it b e b rough t out of th e house as prescribed

i n D euteronomy xxv i 1 3 A gai n person s i n mourn

. . ,

i ng m igh t eat thereof ; it m igh t not o nly b e brough t 1 D

1
e ut. x x vi . 1
'

to J erusalem but carr ied away agai n; a s mall

,

q uantity left o n th e road was treated as los t ; it

“
m igh t be giv en to a n on ti th e payer or a man
-
”
of th e land [that is an ignoran t o r u n i nstru cted
person ] and once more th e m oney re c eiv ed there
, ,

for m igh t b e used for profan e purposes .

C h apter says that h e w h o un dertak es [before e s

,
ca . 2.

w itnesses] to deserve un iversal con fiden ce with

regard to tith es o u gh t to be careful not o nly to pay
th e tith e upon wh at h e eats but also o n what h e ,

s ells or buys to sell agai n to oth ers an d h e ough t

,

not to accept h ospital ity at th e house of a person

u n i nstructed i n rabbi nical tith e paying [lest h e -

should e at of anyth ing not tithed] .

A gain h e who engages to adop t th e pure an d

,

sc rupulous man ner of life of a compan io n of wise

m en ough t not to sell to an u n instructed person
,

eith er soft fru it or dry ; h e does n ot purchase of

,

h im green products ; h e does not accept h ospitality

of an u n instructed pe rson neither does h e i nv ite ,

suc h an on e to h i s ow n house [b ecause of h is

com mun icating u ncle an n ess even by h is d ress] .

Retail sh op k eepers are not au th orized to s e ll s s -u

3
ic .

p roducts subj ect to dew ai b ut wholesale dealers ,

may do s o [i t being taken for granted that owing

to t h e l arger quantity th e purchaser w ill hav e p aid
,

th e proper dues] .

Chapter I I I d irects that h e wh o w ish es to CUt 4 S

‘
. e c t s . 2 -3 , 6.
 TH E TI TH E IN S CR I PT UR E
the green leaves from bundles of vegetables to ,

lighten what he has to carry ough t not to throw ,

th e leaves away before levying the tith e thereon

[ so that no one finding them m
, ay eat unlawfully ] , .

A gain h e who buys green vegetables an d then

, , ,

changing h is mind wishes to return them m ust

, ,

tithe them before so doing A lso fruit found on .

,

the road may be eaten at once but not put aside ,

to be kept before paying the tithe E v en h e who

, .

delivers to his mother-in -law fruits to cook or

prepare ought to levy the (de w ai) tithe on what
,

h e gives to and receives from her .

I n Chapter I V we read that if an un instru c ted

1 S e c ts . 2,
’
.

person adj ure h is companion by v o w to e at with

h im the companion though not sure about his host
, ,

paying tithe may eat with h im for on e week pro

, ,

v ide d th e host assures h is guest that the de w ai tith e

has been paid but that i n th e second week he must

not eat with him unless th e guest has paid the tithe .

A gain if a man comm issions a person untrust

,

worthy in the matter of tith es to buy fruits from

some one worthy of confidence he must not for , ,

all that rely on h is messenger ; but if th e employer

,

orders h im to go definitely to such and such a

person he may then believe the messenger N ever
, .

t h e le ss
, if after going to th e person mentioned
he says on his ret urn N ot having met the
,

individual to whom I was sent I went to another ,

” ’
equally worthy of confidence t he messenger s ,

O pinion is not to be regarded as sufficient .

S o also if a traveller enter a town wherein he

,

k nows no one and inquires W ho is trustworthy ?

,
“
,
102 TH E TI TH E IN S CR I PT UR E
but the tenant who farms under an I sraelite ough t
to levy before everyth ing the priestly portion
, , .

A gain if any one sell fruits in S yria saying that

, ,

they come from P alestine th e buyer pays tithe , .

I t would b e easy to continue these curious and

interesting extracts from others of the fift y-th ree
sections in t o w h ich the seven chapters of the boo k
.

on the dew a i t it h e is divided and the inqu iry ,

might be extended ( with a view to considering

rabbinic b e n e fi c e n c e generally ) to such boo k s as
that on P ea/z or the corners of the field to be left
,

for the poor on Tam m i /é or tribute from the crop ,

due to the priests and on B ikku rim or fi rs t fru it s ,

but enough perhaps has now been presented from

, ,

the T almud to illustrate t h e character of its bye

laws and to afford us various items of information
,

concerning tithe payi ng as practised during t he

-

period we are considering .

The T almud clearly recognizes the fi rst o r

Lev itical tithe ; th e second or festival tithe ; the
’
th ird or poor s tithe ; and also appears to add a
fourth or supp le me n t ary t it h e of a tithe — that i s
’

a levy of 1 per cent for th e priests i n certai n .

, ,

cases wh ich the P entateuch left open to doubt .

T he minuteness with wh ich these bye -laws are

elaborated indicates the standard set before religious
,

J ews who desired to live up to the traditional

requirements of their law ; from which requirements ,

moreover no c lass of society seems to have been

,

held exempt tithe paying being t h ereby brough t

,
-

to be ar on th e daily l ife not only of the a ffluent

a n d well to do -
bu t of the l abourer who weeded
-
,
 D E M AI OR 19 0 UB TEUE TI TH E
“ ”
TH E , 10 3

onions th e errand -boy sen t to market and th e man

, ,

who ask ed h is mother in law to cook frui t - -

.

Of course i t may be urged that some of th e

,

m i nute re q uirements prev iously m entioned are of

a later date because in ternal ev idence con nected
,

with certai n of th e rules po ints to th ei r belonging

to th e ti m e of th e Roman dom ination of P al estine ;
but i t is h igh ly probabl e that a larger number of th e
rules were of very ancient usage .

W h en w e consider that th e wh ol e of wh at is
writte n i n th e P entateuch concern ing tithes is com
prised in a few v erses it will b e seen at once that
,

so soon as th e laws on tithe cam e to be put i n force ,

a n umber of q uestions would be i m m ediately raised

as to ho w th e law was to be carried out ; such for ,

i nstance as to what particular seeds frui t s or an imals

, , ,

were to be tith ed the age at wh ich an imals an d

products were to become tithable how far products
of trifl ing valu e were to b e disregarded to what ,

exten t products of th e second tithe migh t be

consu med on th e way to th e ecclesiastical capital ;
and many others .

Unl ess we are to i magin e that every man was

left to do as he ple ased ( wh ich would mean c o n fu
s ion ) it is reasonable to suppose that s uch q uestions
,

would i n th e first place b e referred for determ in a

t io n to J osh ua to the sevent yelders or to oth er
, ,

competent authority S uch decisions with oth er

.
,

add itions as time wen t on would naturally be ,

handed down by the priests and L ev ites wh o i f , ,

on ly because th eir bread partly depended thereon ,

would be i nterested i n prese rv i ng th em ; an d th us

1 04 TH E TI TH E IN S CR I PT UR E
many of the decrees and traditions embodied in
th e M is/ ma may well have passed down as u n
written rules to the days not long before the
Christian era when these traditions were com
,

mit t e d to writing thus serving as the basis for

,

their arrangement i n the form we have them now .

T hese extract s at all events may suffice to show

, ,

that during t h e period between the Old and N ew

T estaments the practice of tithe paying was in -

full force and carried out by many with a minute

,

ness and conscientiousness such as cannot be traced

i n the P entateuch or in the after h istory o f I srael
as exh ibited in the remaining boo k s of the Old
Testament .

T here is moreover another and more important

, ,

consideration to Christians which adds greatly to

,

the value of the ev idence here collected in that ,

we trace in the Talmud what was considered the

standard of tithe -paying and religious b e ne fice n c e ,

and what was received and practised among the

J ews in P alestine when Christianity appeared
and consequently what probably was thought and
practised by most if not all of those J ews who
, ,

became the first heralds o fthe Cross .

 TH E TI TH E IN S CR I PT UR E
’
minded or pious soldiers who favoured the J ews ,

religion as in the case of th e centurion at Caper

,

I Lu k e vu. 5 .
naum ,
’
who built the synagogue ; or of Cornelius ,

who prayed and gave alms that were b ad i n remem

”
z Act s x. 31 . brance i n the sight of G o d H erod the G re at
.
,

li k ewise though an I dumean rebuilt the J ews

, ,
’

temple .

But besides th is E uropean or foreign element , ,

in P alestine there had also lived there for several

,

centuries the S amaritans who ac c epted the law of,

M oses and consequently the obligation to pay tithes

,

( as indeed they do to th is day ) whilst the mass ,

of the people were J ews who con c erning tithes , ,

and all other requirements professed obedience ,

to the laws of J udaism T hat tithe paying was a

.
-

general prac t ice in th e days of our Lord an d until

the destruc t ion of J e rusalem (A D 70 ) is plain from . .

what J osephus (born A D 3 7) says o f himself in h is

.

th irtieth year
A s t o w h at p r e se nt s we r e o ffe r e d me I de sp ise d t h e m , ,

as n o t st an din g in n e e d o f t h e m n o r in de e d wo ul d I t ak e
_

t h ose t it h e s w h ic h we r e due t o me as a p r ie st fr o m t h o se , ,

se t c . 1 5. t h at b r o ugh t t h e m 3
.
”

A gain he says of A nanias the high -priest

, ,

H e al so h ad se rvant s w h o we re ve ry wic k e d w h o j o in ed ,

th e mse l ve s t o t he b o l de st so r t o f t he p e o p l e an d w e nt ,

t o t he t hr e sh in g-floo rs an d t oo k away t he t it h e s t h at
,

be l o nge d t o t he p r ie st s b y vio l e n ce an d did n o t r e fr ain

, ,

fr o m b e at in g suc h as wo u l d n o t give t h e se t it h e s to t h e m .

S o al so o t h e r h igh p r ie st s ac t e d in t he l ik e mann e r as did

-
,

t h ose his se r van t s w it h o u t an y o n e s be in g ab l e t o p r o h ibit

’
,

t h e m : so t h at [s o me o f t h e ] p r ie sts t h at o f o ld w e r e won t
t o b e S up po r t e d w it h t h o se tit h e s die d fo r wan t o f food
”
.
 CH R I S T S ’
E XA M PLE AS TO TI TH I N G 107

There w as h owev er i n th e condition of th e J ews

, ,

i n our L ord s day th is great di fference as compared

’
,

with that of J ews u nde r J ewish m onarchs i n that ,

bei ng n o w enrolled as Roman subj ec ts they were ,

not req u ired by th e law of th e emp ire to observ e

th e ord inances of th e J ewish rel igion ; and hence
i t is n ot surprising i f som e m ay hav e availed
th em selves of the opportun ity to evad e th e pay
m en t of rel igious dues and becam e lax i n th e ,

obser v ance of tithe -payi ng and oth er rel igious

d uties.

B ut concurrently with th is poss ib le laxity and ,

perhaps provoked thereby th ere had sprung up a ,

great zeal for religion among the J ews as man ifested ,

by th ree religious parti es .

O f th ese the E ssen es who arose about th e ,

second cen tu ry B C renou nced th eir worldly goo ds

. .
, ,

l ived i n com m un ities i n th e desert and greatly ,

‘
extolled th e v irtue of pove rty There were also .

the S adducees w ho if not absol utely rej ecti ng

, ,

tradition and th e u nwritten law brough t them to ,

th e test of the P entateuch th e authority of wh ich ,

th ey ack nowledged wh ilst closely allied with these ,

there were the P harisees wh o accepted al l the Old ,

Testament writings w ith th e rabb i nical in terpreta

tion s thereon and who were exceedingly ze al ous
,

for th e rel igion of th eir forefathers .

The P harisees aros e about B c 1 5 0 and were . . ,

not so m uch a sect as what we i n England should

“ ”
now ca ll a party J oseph us sp e aks of t heir
.

’
fratern ity as nu mberi ng abou t six th ousand The { H w d r m .
e s
d -i
obj ect of thei r assoc iation was twofold : first to fl a ,
r e
 TH E TI TH E I N S CR I P T UR E

secure extreme care and exac t itude in the payment

of tithes and religious dues and secondly to , ,

promote the observance in the strictest manner ,

and according to traditional law of the ord inances ,

c oncerning Levitical purity .

A candidate had to be admitted into the P hari

’
sees confraternity in the presence of three members ‘
.

” M o ll

H e migh t u nderta k e the obligation as to complete

tithe paying without going forward to the vow
c oncern ing purity ; but he could not undertake
th e latter and supposed h igher degree without
, ,

passing th rou gh the lower .

I f he entered upon the first degree only he was ,

simply a N z wman who undertoo k four obligations

, ,

namely to tithe ( 1 ) what he ate ( 2 ) what he

, ,

sol d ( 3 ) what he bought and (4 ) not to be the

, ,
”
guest of an outsider H av ing attained this
.

degree he was loo k ed upon as a person accredited

, ,

with whom one m ight freely transact business ,

since he was assumed to have paid on h is g o ods

all religious dues .

I f a candidate too k in addition the h igh er

“

vow he was called a Gé abe r or associate who

, , ,

( in relation to the subj ect before us ) undertoo k

not to sell to an outsider any substance whether fluid ,

or solid ; not to buy from h im any such ; nor to b e

a guest with h im and not to entertain the outsider
,

i n h is own clothes [on account that is of their , ,

possible impurity] .

The P harisees accordingly were tithe -payers p ar

ex ce lle n ce as distinguished from the B!? (A m
Aa are tz ) or
-
, people of the land the uninstructed ,
 TH E TI TH E IN S CR I P T UR E
with legal and appropriate o fferings it could hardly ,

have escaped th e observ a tion of their D ivine S o n

that the festival ti t he was regarded as sacred ;
t h at it m igh t not be pledged nor sold on credit ;

and that i f perc han c e for conven ience of carriage

some of it were turned into mo ney (say at
N azareth ) t he coins received had to be perfect
, ,

nor m ight those coins be mingled with ordin ary

1 Se e p .
93 .
money ‘

W hen fur t her it is remembered that for a wife

, ,

to set before her husband untithed food was regarded

as an offence sufficiently grave to warrant her
2 M i ims a, ”
divorce it will be seen that in our Lord s time ’

T i
re a t se , ,
Ke t u b o t h , an d
D e S ola and and with respec t to th is burning question none ,
Ra p b all, 259 p
could be neutral
. .

Was Christ s position then as regards tithe

’
, ,

paying that of an A m ficz az e tz that is one of th e

,
- -
, ,

un instru c ted ? H e certainly was not so regarded

by H is contemporaries T he multitudes not only
.

heard H im gladly but quite early in H is min istry

, , ,

aft er the S ermon on the M ount the c rowds ,

were astonished at H is teach ing for H e taugh t ,

3 M at t . 2 8-9. them as one having authority E ven in H is .

own country in the synagogue at Nazareth m any

, ,

were aston ished ; and though some of them as k ed

for th e source of H is learning none of them ,

doubted that the wisdom was there for they ,

as k ed
, W hat wisdom is th is wh ich is given unto
M k vi
ar . 2.
H im ? ”

Later on at J erusalem the J ews marvelled

, , ,

saying H o w k noweth this M an l etters hav ing

, ,

”
6 Joh n vu . 15 .
never learned ? and as it was at the beginn ing
 CH R I S T S E
’
XA M PLE AS TO TI TH I N G 111

“
of H is m in istry A ll th e people were aston ished
,

at H is doctrin e ”
so it continued to its close fo r mi mm in
,
“
,
/ e

all th e people were very attentive to h ear

H en ce by the populace our Lord was n ever looked
“ ”
upon as un instructed not know ing th e law , ,

“
or i n any way approach i ng a h eathen man o r a
publ ican . N or was H e so regarded b y th e learned .

W he n only twelv e years of age H e surprised th e

doctors i n the temple by H is remarkable under
’
standing and answers and j ust as J osephus tells us s Lif c e , se t . 2.

that h e h imself wh en a youth was fre q uently con

s u lt e d by me n learned i n th e law so th e S cribes ,

and P harisees sometimes con sulted J esus — not

always let us h 0 pe i n malice but som etim es rather
, , ,

to discover H is attitud e towards what th ey regarded

as criteria of orthodox y W e hav e an i nstance of .

th is whe n th ey b rought to H im a woman taken i n

‘
adul tery quoting as they did th e law and inquiring 1 J h iii
, , , , . o n v . 2.

for H is O pi n ion O n another occas ion H e was

.

as ked under w hat circumstances divorce was per

5
m issible . A gain they asked what was th e fi rs t 5 M
,
i att . x x -3 .

and great com mandment (that is the most essen tial

principle ) of th e law and th e P harisees wished g
6
,
ég
l‘ -m
,
f tt

l ikewise to know wh en H e though t the k i n gdom

,

’
of G o d was com ing . 7 L k u e xvn . 2o .

T h e foregoing are not inquiries such as educated

men would put to an A m-é a are t z S uch questions -
.

concern ed th eir h ighest branch of learn i n g namely ,

th e law— the law probably bo th written and , ,

u nwritten to wh ich agai n our Lord referred H is

,

i nquirers A n d that such q uestion s were skil fully

.

a nswered w as born e witness to sometim es by

 TH E TI TH E IN S CR I PT UR E
expressed approval as in the words W ell Master
, ,
“
, ,

1 M ar k x u. 32 .
T hou hast said the truth ; and sometimes in
1 ”

general terms : W e k now that Thou sayest and

“

2 Lu k e xx . 2 1 . teac hest righ t ly .

I t is noticeable also that the P harisees expected

to see our Lord as a teacher living up to a stan dard
, ,

resembling their own H ence they as k ed H is

.

disciples : H o w is it that your Master eats and

8 M att . ix . 11. drin k s with publicans and sinners ? ”
A n d on
another occasion they murmured saying T his M an
“
, ,

4— ”
4 Lu k e xv . 2 . receiveth sinners and eateth with them th ings
wh ich the P harisees expressly undertoo k not to
do B ut there would have been in this noth ing
.

to murmur at and the questions would have been

,

without point had they regarded H im as one of the

,

un instructed or common people T hey murmured .

because they expected H im to set what they thought

a higher example .

T he strongest proof however that the P harisees

, ,

regarded our Lord as an observer of the law ,

l i k e themselves is seen in the fact that early

,
’
in Christ s ministry “
as H e spa k e a cer t ain
, ,

P harisee besough t H im to dine with h im and ,

5 Lu k e x i 37
. .
J esus went i n and sat down to meat 5
N or was ”

th is the only occas ion on wh ich H e did so for ,

later on i n H is min istry H e went into t he house

of on e of the chief P harisees to eat bread on the
6 Lu k e x iv . 1 . S abbath day .
6

Now we remember that the R oman centurion

,

at Capernaum was su fficiently fam iliar with J ewish

custom to be aware that J esus would contract
ceremonial de file me n t by coming as a guest under
 TH E TI TH E IN S CR I P T UR E
’
M r S unlight s descr i pt i on of th is ceremony as
.

now observ ed by the J ews in Lemberg has been

’
I See p 39 . .
quoted and he adds
,

Wh il st w at c h in g t h e p r oc e e din gs I was r e min de d o f ,

a simil ar in c ide n t w h ic h h ap p e n e d in t h e l if e o f o ur L o r d ,

c o mmo n ly c all e d Th e p r e se n t at io n S ime o n be in g

‘ ’
.
,

n o do ub t o n e o f t h e o fli c iat in g p r ie st s in t h e t e mp l e p e r ,

fo r me d t h is r it e an d t h at ac c o un t s fo r h is t ak in g u p t h e
,

c h il d J e su s in h is ar ms an d b l e ss in g H im T h us w e s e e .

t h at t h e R e de e me r h ad al so t o b e r e de e me d f o r it b e h ov e d ,

H im t o fu l fi l all r igh t e ous n e ss ” .

A gain when they had performed all th ings

,

ac c ordi ng to the law of t h e Lord t hey returned ,

to Nazare t h whence H is p arents wen t to J erusalem

,

every year at the F east of t h e P assover tak ing

, ,

up their S o n also w h en H e was twelve years old ,

after the custo m of t he feast ’

.

H ere then w e find the E v angelist careful to

, ,

note that both parents and c h ild w e re strictly

observant of t h e M osaic la w and i n h armony with ,

th is when later on J oh n hesitat ed ab o u t b ap t iz in g One

, ,

so much greater t h an h imself J esus a nswered ,

1. 1mm m . . i s
. T hus it becomet h us to fulfil all righteousness .

’
S o again during our Lord s m in is t ry H e more
, , ,

t h an once sh owed H is allegi an c e t o t h e law saying , ,

for i nstance to the leper healed after t he sermon

,

“
on th e mount : S how t hyself to t he priest and ,

”
5 M at t . v iii .
4 . offer t he gift t hat M oses c ommanded 5
; whilst
later H e sim ilarly directed th e ten lepers : Go ,
”
6 Lu k e xv ii. 14 . show yourselves to t h e priests 6
.

W e k now of only one occasion wh en our Lord

was applied to for money and then i t was not for ,
 CH R I S T S
’
E XA M PL E AS TO TI TH I N G 1 15

a compulsory tax imposed by th e Romans but wh en ,

H is d isciples were asked at Capernaum wh eth er , ,

thei r M aster paid t h e cont ributio n for the support

'

o f th e temple services M oses i t is written

.
, ,

’
l ev ied at G od s comman d for th e furn ish ing of th e
,

tabernacle a h al f sh ekel for every on e nu mbered ;

,
-

also on th e return from captiv ity th e people

, ,

charged th emselves with the th ird part of a sh ekel ,

’
early for th e serv ice of th e house of G od and
y , ,

i t w as to pay th is contribution that P eter was

directed to fi nd a state r or th e equivalen t of t w o ,

'
half sh ek els in th e fish s mou th wherewith to pay
-
, ,

for h imself and h is M aster .

’
Concerni ng our Lord s perso nal arrangements
abou t money we know that though H imself a poor
,

M an yet H e was ac customed to giv e to th e po r

,
o
’s
J h iii 9 .
o n x - .

H e and H is l ittle company had indeed a purs e , , ,

and J udas carried it ; but th ree obj ects only are

h i nted at upon wh ich its contents were spent .

A t th e wel l of S amaria w e read of th e d isciples

hav in g gone away to buy food and on another H h i s o n v-

occasion th e well kn ow n hab its of their M aster left

-

H is puzzled disciples only t wo uses for m oney

th ey could conj ecture wh en th e traitor hav ing left
, ,

“
the room som e th ough t because J udas h ad th e
,

b ag that J esu s said unto h i m : B uy what th ings

’
we hav e need of for th e feast [wh ich rem inds u s
"

of th e festival tithe] or that h e shoul d give some

,

”
th ing to th e poor 5
. 5 J h iii 9 o n x . 2 .

H ence it has been beauti fully observed that the

slender prov ision of th e Lord an d H is l ittle company
was disposed of u nder a triparti t e division for ,
 TH E TI TH E IN S CR I PT UR E
a Loo k
'

ggffiiw daily wants G od s ordinances and charity ’

’

, , , .

’
ing therefore at our Lord s perfect example i n
, ,

scrupulously k eeping th e law we are left to infer

,

t hat H e not only paid tithes an d all other religious

dues but that H e probably exceeded what the law
,

required .
 TH E TI TH E IN S CR I PT UR E
As for almsgiving and religious b e n e fic e n ce in
,

general J esus Christ laid down several broad and

,

deep principles as found ations on which H is

followers m ight build .

“
G ive
”
H e s aid
,
“
to h im th at as k eth thee ;
,

and from h im th at would borrow of thee turn not

” “
1 M at t . v. 42 . thou away H e that hath two coats let h im
.
,

impart to h im th at hath none ; an d he that hath

s Luk e iiL n .
food let him do li k ewise
,
”
A gain “
G ive an d it
.
, ,

sh all be given unto you : good measure pressed ,

down sha k en together runn i ng over shall they

, , ,

”
8 L uk e v i. 38 .
give into your bosom .

A nother of these far rea c hing principles was -

addressed to H is apostles on th e first occasion they

were sent out to preach F reely ye have received ,

”
A M att o x -S freely give A n d our Lord enunciated one other
.

principle wh ich in its own sphere h as no parallel

, , ,

in th e l iterature of the world and which though , ,

not recorded i n the gospels seems to have been a ,

household word among the early Chris t ians so that ,

i t su fficed for an apostle to enj oin upon the elders

“
of the Church at E phesus to remember the
words of th e Lord J esus how H e said I t is more , ,

”
6 Ac t s xx 35 .
blessed to give than to receive 5
.

B esides th e foregoing exhortations on giving

generally our Lord expressly enj oined upon H is
,

followers th e habit of giving as a religious duty .

“ ”
S ell that ye have said H e and give
, ,

”
6 L uk e x ii 3 3
. .
alms .

N evertheless th e giving was to be no mere per

,

fu n c t o ry distribution of money irrespective of the ,

motive by which it was prompted The giving .

 CH R I S T ON TI TH I N G AND B E NE F I CE N CE 1 19

of al ms and doi ng righteousness i n order to be ,

acceptabl e in th e sigh t of G o d was H e taugh t not , , ,

to be do ne ostentatiously so as to b e seen by men , ,

’
but rather so u nobtrusively that one s left hand
1 1 M “ 'i
was not to k now what th e righ t h and was do in g .
a -

N or was a gift to be offered o n the al tar by a man

at variance with h is brother ; b ut rath er th e gift ,

sh ould be left before th e altar and a reco nciliat ion ,

be fi rst effected .
2 ”
z M i at H o z-
i

N eith er again w as al msgiv ing to be done with

, ,

a v iew to reciprocal fav ours

Wh e n t h ou m ak e st a din n e r o r a sup p e r c all n o t ,

t h y frie n ds n o r t hy b r e t hr e n n o r t hy k insm e n n o r r ic h
, , ,

n e igh bou r s ; l e st h ap ly t h e y al so b id t h e e again an d a ,

r e com p e nse b e m ade t h e e B ut wh e n t h ou m ak e st a fe ast

.
,

b id t h e p oo r t h e m aim e d t h e l am e t he b l in d an d t h ou
, , , ,

sh al t b e b l e sse d : b e c aus e t h e y h av e n o t w h e r e wit h t o

re c om p e ns e t h e e : fo r t h ou s h al t b e r e c om p e n s e d in t h e
” im
r e su rrec t ion o f t he j ust .
3 L k u ex z -r4 .

As a further encouragemen t to such almsgiv ing

an d righteousn ess th e Lord J esus taught i n effect
, , ,

that such good deeds thus done would b e taken as

don e to H imself :
I w as an h u n ge r e d an d ye gav e M e me at : I w as
,

t h ir st y an d ye gave M e dr in k : I w as a s t r an ge r an d ye
, ,

too k M e in : n ak e d an d ye c l ot h e d M e : I w as s ic k an d
, ,

e v is it e d M e : I w as in p r ison a n d ye c am e unto M e
y ,
.

V e r ily I s ay unto yo u I n asmu c h as ye did it unto

,

o ne o f t h e se M y b r e t hr e n e ve n t h e s e l e ast ye did it
, ,

un t o
4 M at t . xx v . 35 .

As for th e amount scale or p roportio n i n wh ich

, ,

al m s were to be d evoted no gift J esus i mplied , , ,

could be too s mall if worthily offered : for a cup

,
 TH E TI TH E IN S CR I P T UR E
of cold water only given i n t he n ame of a dis c iple
, ,

’
1 M att . x . 42 . was i n no wise to go unrewarded B u t whatever .
,

may be law fully inferred as to th e religious value

o f gifts of intrin sically small worth it is quite c lear ,

that it was not intended as a standard for those

who ought to give more ; inasmuch as w e have
already seen that the teac h ing of Christ as recorded ,

in th e gospels enj oins an almost lav ish system of

,

b e n e fi c e n ce .I ndeed there seems to be no limit

,

to the claim which Christ made upon H is followers

as to th e consecration to H imself of their persons
“
and their possessions saying ,H e that loveth ,

[ not merely his money but even ],father or mother

more th an M e is not worthy of M e : and he t h at
love t h son or daughter more than M e is not worthy
3 M at t . x . 37 .
of M e .
”2

I n contrast to (or shall we not say i n fulfilment

of ? ) th e legal spirit of th e Old T estament wh ich ,

named the proportion in wh ich men should contri

bute of their substance to G o d J esus Christ bade ,

H is followers to see k first and before all else G od s

’

kingdom and H is righteousness promising that ,

all such th ings as food and cloth ing should be

’
8 M at t . vi .
33 . added to them Moreover they were not to lay
.
,

up for themselves treasure upon the earth but to lay ,

4 M viatt . . 1 9-20 . up for themselves treasure in heaven ‘

H ence .

when the rich young ruler asked the Lord what

he should do to inh erit eternal life the answer ,

“
was °
S ell all that thou hast and distribute unto
,

5 M at t . x ix . 1 6
the poor and thou shalt have treasure in heaven
,
5
.
”
21.

I f th is seems to us a hard test we may remember ,

t hat it was not as k ing more than was implied on

 TH E TI TH E IN S CR I P T UR E
J esus bade H is disciples to beware of the leaven
1 Lu ke x ii. 1.
of the P harisees which is hypocrisy,
’
B ut no dis .

approval was expressed with the P harisee who went

up to the temple to pray because he said “
I , ,

2 Lu k e xv i ii . 12. give tithes of all that I possess ”

H is faul t lay .

in trusting in h imself that he was righteous and ,

in h is contempt for others .

S o again i n that c h apter of repe ated woes one

, ,

of them re ads : W oe unto you scribes and P har i

“

sees hypo c rites for ye p ay tithe of mint an d anise

, , , ,

8 M at t . x x iii . 23 . and c ummin whi c h is i n k eeping with the M is/ ma

”
, ,

wherein Rabb i S im eon So n of G amaliel was of , ,

O pinion that littl e buds or sprays of fennel an d

‘
mustard were l iable to tithe .

B ut what then ? D id th e Lord dis approve of

th is m inute tith ing ? F ar from it for H e expressed ,

approval and said ,

“
T hese ought ye to have
,

done B esides which it sh ould be remembered

.
”
,

that the eight woes pronounced u pon these religion

’
ist s are prefaced by the Lord s own statement ;
,

“
The scribes and the P harisees sit in M oses seat ’
.

A ll therefore whatsoever they bid you observe ,

5 M at t x x
. iii . 2-3 . that observe and do ”
.

’
H ere then certainly is expressed our Lord s
, ,

approv al o f tithe -paying an d up to a certain point , , ,

of the teaching of the P harisees thereon even when ,

that teach ing seems to have been coloured with

rabbinical i nterpretations such as c ould not be so
m inutely deduced from the laws of the P entateuch
only .

W e do well further to remember that our Lord ,

was conversant with certain at least of the traditions , ,

 CH R I S T ON TI TH I N G A N D BE NE FI CE N CE 1 23

n ow found i n th e M isk n a fo r H e som etimes used ,

its arguments i n v i nd ication of H is co nduc t and

teach ing as for instance wh e n H is disciples
, , ,

on th e S abbath plucked ears of corn and rub bed

the m i n th eir hands J esus rebu tted the charge ,

b rough t against them by quoti ng a maxim of th e

P harisees Th e S abbath was m ade for man and
, ,

not man for th e S abbath .

Y m 85
A mongst a class of m en such as th e P h arisees M Cli k iii
o a 8 ,

, c nt oc v

7"
possessing such w ide divergen ces of charac ter and
"
v iews ou r Lord u ndoubtedly h ad many enem ies ;
,
e

but there must h av e been som e of th em w ith wh om

H e had much i n co mm on and w h o were friendly , ,

for we are told that certai n of th e P harisees ( and

th ese seem ingly w ith goodwill ) cam e to warn H im
G e t Thee out and depart hence for H erod will
, ,

k ill Thee ,
" 2 2L k iii u e x .
31 .

W e know too that J esus accepted hospitality

, , ,

as w e have al ready noticed from a P harisee eati ng , ,

’
with on e at N ain an d afterwards en teri ng th e s L k ,
6 u e vu .
3 .

house of on e of th eir ch iefs to eat bread o n th e

"
S abbat h B esides these i nstances we may reason H h “ ,
a n . 1

The Ta l mu d s ays t h e r e w e r e s e v e n v ar ie t ie s of P har is ee s : ( 1 ) T h e

S h e ch e mit e P h ar is e e wh o k e p t t h e law fo r w h at h e c o u l d p r o fi t
,

t h e r e by .
( 2) T h e t u mbl in g P h ar is e e wh o h u n g do wn h is h e ad w it h ,

fe ign e d h u mil ity an d fr e q u e n t ly s t u mbl e d ( 3 ) T h e b l e e din g P h ar is e e .

,

wh o in o rde r n ot t o l oo k o n a w o man c l os e d h is e ye s an d so so me
, , ,

t ime s in jur e d h ims e lf e v e n t o in c urr in g b l e e din g w o u n ds (4 ) T h e .

P h ar is e e wh o w o re a mo rt ar s h ap e d c ap t o c o v e r h is eye s fro m
-

b e h o l din g imp urity ( 5) Th e w h at am I —ye t to do P h ar is e e wh o n ot

.
- - - -
, ,

kn o win g mu c h oft he law an d h av in g don e on e t h in g as k e d Wh at

,
“
, ,

(6) Th e P h aris e e impe ll e d by fe ar ( 7 ) T h e P h ar is e e

”
ne t ?
x .

ac t u at e d by l o v e w h o o be ye d t h e L o r d be c au s e h e l o v e d H im w it h
,

all h is h e ar t ( M c Clin t oc k v iii 7 2 r e fe rrin g t o M is h n a B abyl o n

, .
,
-

S ofa, 226 : J e ru s al e m,
B eracfiot/z, c ap .
 TH E TI TH E IN S CR I P T UR E
ably suppose th at our Lord was on intimate terms
with N i c odemus who w as a man of th e P h arisees
, ,

’
50 x ix . 39 .
a ruler of t h e J ews .

T hese remar k s t hen may suggest in relation

, , ,

to our subj e c t o f ti t he p aying that it was i n matters -

,

of c ondu c t rat her t h an of prin c iple th at J esus fou nd

, ,

so mu c h to criticize in deal ing with the P harisees .

T h e P h arisee who invited our Lord to dine was

surprised that J esus did not first wash as no doubt ,

th e host himself h ad done after having seen t h at ,

wh at he was about to eat had been duly tith ed .

B ut the Lord s aid : Rat her give alm s as you are

” i
2 Lu k e x i. 41 . able and behold all things are clean unto you
,
f
.
3

B u t passing now from the P harisees and our

, ,

Lord s tea ch ing in conne c tion with t h em we may

’
,

notice three persons all of them l arge givers i n ,

proportion to their incomes who offered to G od ,

more than th e utmost requirement of the law as

to tithes and eac h of whom was spe c ially com
,

mended by Christ I t loo k s at first somewhat hard

.

that t he poor widow of S arept a who possessed only ,

a handful of meal and a l ittle oil in a cruse should ,

have been called upon to contribute to the support

’
of the Lord s prop h et ; but sh e g ave largely an d ,

J esus commended her as having re c eived gre ater

honour than all th e widows w h o were in I srael ? ’

8 x Kin gs x m xz .

A gain the crowds called Z ac ch e u s the publi c a n

,

I h ave wo n de re d w h e th e r o u L o rd h ad th is P h ar is aic t it h i g in
r n

min d w h e n,aft e r a w arn i g agai s t c o v e t o u s n e ss a d u t t e r i g t h e

n n ,
n n

p ar ab l e of t h e r ic h foo l J e s u s adde d S e e k o t ye w h at ye sh all e at

“
n ,
,

o r wh at ye s h all dr i k n e it h e r b e ye o f do ub t f u l min d [th at is as t o

‘

n ,

t it h in g] b ut r at h e r
,
“
s e ll t hat ye h ave an d give al ms ( L uke xii 1 5 ”
.
,

3 3)
 TH E TI H TE IN S CR I PT UR E
th ing like a fourth of h is income for religious and
charitable purposes no t wi t hstanding which J esus
, ,

told H is disciples th at u nless their righteousness

exceeded the righteousness o f the scribes and
P harisees t h ey should i n no case enter i nto the
,

1 M at t . v .
k ingdom of h eaven ‘
.

J esus Christ did not promulgate afresh for Chris

tians as from a N ew T estament S i nai the law
, ,

against murder or adultery or any other law ; but

, ,

to sho w the binding and spiritual n ature of the

M osaic law and its far -reach ing principles H e
, ,

taugh t that these commandments may be bro k en

by an angry word or even a sinful loo k N either
, .
,

again did the Lord re enact that H is followers

,
-

should pay a patriarch al tith e a Lev itical tithe a , ,

’
festival ti t he a poor s ti t he a de w ai tithe or any
, , ,

other ; but so far was H e from repealing the law

’
concerning tithes or lowering G od s c laims on pro
,

perty that H e set before those who would be H is

,
’
followers a more complete fulfilment of G od s law ;
and an ideal more loft y by far leaving enshrined ,

in the memories of H is hearers those remar k able

words “
I t is more blessed to give t han to
2 Ac t s xx .
35 .
and proclaiming to each of H is would
be followers “
W hosoeve r he be of you t ha t for
,

s ak e t h not all that he ha t h he cannot be M y ,

3 ”
3 Lu k e x iv . 33 . disciple .
 C HA PT E R X I I
EA R L Y CH R I S TI A N G I VI N G

Commu i y f goo ds d mo y mo g h fir s t dis ip l s 7

n t o an ne a n t e c e , 12 .

W h o l h r d ss f B r b s d fr u d f A i
e ea te ne o 8 a na a ,
an a o n an as, 12 .

A p os o l i o r g i
t c io f h ri y 9
— A l ms f T b i h
an z at n o d f
c a t ,
12 . o a t a , an o

Co r l iu s 3 — P s r l io
ne ,
1 o . r bb i i l ith p yi g 3
e te r
’
e at n to a n ca t e- a n ,
1 1 .

— Gr i J w s t A io h s di g l ms by B r b s 3
e c an e a nt c en n a a na a ,
1 2 .

T i h p yi g
t e- a t r s i d d
n fir s Co u il J ru s l m 3 3
no e c n e at t nc at e a e ,
1 .

F ir s miss io
t ri s j oi d “
na r m mb r h p oo r 34 — P u l
e en ne to e e e t e ,
”
1 . a

ac t in g as alrn o n e r, 1 34 .

N prev ious chapters hav e brough t under we

rev iew various laws relating to tith es and
offeri ngs as recorded i n th e P en tateuch after wh ich
w e looked for furth er ligh t from th e working of
th ose laws i n the remain i ng b ooks of the Old
Testamen t I n like man ner hav ing studied i n th e
.
,

G ospels the example an d teach ing of th e F ounder

of C hristian ity i n relation to tith es and rel igious
b e n e fi ce n ce we hav e now to i nvestigate what
,

fur t her i nstruction i s given upon ou r subj ect by

the r emain ing books of th e Ne w Testam ent .

F ifty days after our Lord s resurrection th e ’

H oly S piri t was sent down and S t P eter s sermo n

’
.
,

o n th e D ay of P en tecost is scarcely ended wh en ,

almost i m mediately w e read of th e fi rst C hristians ,

1 27
 TH E TI TH E IN S CR I PT UR E
that they devoted to the calls of their new religion ,

not merely one or more tenths of their property ,

“
but that each gave h is all ; for all that believed
were together and had all th ings common ; and
,

they sold thei r possessions and go ods an d parted ,

1 ”
1 A ct s u .
44 s
. .
them to all according as every man had need
, .

A gain in t h e following chapter of the same book

, ,

we see P eter and J oh n going up togeth er i nto the

temple at the hour of prayer of whom a l ame ,

man solicited alms P eter apparently recognized at

.

once the prop riety ( not to say the duty ) of h elping

the poor ; but having neither silver nor gold h e ,

gave such as h e had and that was in t h e name of , ,

J esus Christ to bid the lame man wal k

, .

A commotion ensued wh ich led to the imprison ,

ment of P eter and J oh n ; but so far was t his from

dim inish ing the zeal and self-den ial of the newly
formed body of Christi ans that
The mu l t it ude h e m t h at b e l ie ve d w e r e o f o e h e ar t
of t n

an d so u l : an d n o t o n e o f t h e m said t h at augh t o f t h e

t h in gs wh ic h h e p oss e sse d w as h is o wn ; b ut t h e y h ad all

t h in gs c o mmo n Ne it h e r was t h e r e amon g t h e m an y
.

t h at l ac k e d : fo r as man y as w e r e p o s se sso r s o f l an ds o r
h o use s so l d t h e m and b r o ugh t t h e p r ice s o f t h e t h in gs
,

t h at we r e so l d an d l aid t h e m at t h e ap ost l e s fe e t ; an d
,
’

dist r ib ut io n was made u n t o e ac h ac co r din g as an y o n e ,

c iv
2 A ts .
32 5
- . h ad need .
”
2

O ne of these more than princely givers was

B arnabas a Levite a man o f Cyprus by race who
, , , ,

having a field sold it and brought th e money and

, ,

s Ac t s iv 36. 3 7
.
l aid it at the apostles feet 3
T his good example ’
.

provo k ed probably the zeal of many and perhaps ,

 TH E TI TH E IN S CR I PT UR E
to th is departmen t ; the chur ch thereby recognizing
it as one of her duties to c are for and distribute
1 A c ts vi . 1-3. alms to the poor and needy ’
.

N ot that t h e officers of the church however , ,

were ready to receive money from all an d every

source ; for when S imon Magus offered money
to P eter and J ohn saying ,
“
G ive m e also this
,

power t hat on whomsoever I lay my hands he

,

may receive th e H oly G host P eter said un t o him

,
”
,

z Ac t s v iii . 1 8-xc .
“
T hy silver perish with thee 2
T hen we are .
”
,

told t h e Christians throughout P alestine (t hat is

,

J udea G alilee and S amari a) had peace being

, , ,

e difi e d ; and our attention is drawn specifi c ally to

the case of T abi t ha who was repor t ed t o be full

,

of good wor k s and almsdeeds such as the ma k ing ,

of coats and garments presumably for th e poor

,

3 A CtS ix . and n e e dy f

O n the death of T abi t h a P eter was called to,

J oppa and T abitha was raised to life again A ft er

, .

th is we have an instan c e of G en tile giving ; for

wh ilst th e apostle rem ained at J oppa a vision w as ,

vouchsafed to a man i n C aesarea Cornelius by ,

name a c enturion of the band called t h e I tali an

,

cohort a devout man and one t h at feared G od

, ,

with all h is house w h o gave mu c h alms to the

,

people “
T hy prayers an d thine alms said t he
.
,
”

“
d ivi ne messenger wh o appeared to him are gone ,

up for a memorial be fore G o d A n d now send .

14 Ac t s x . 1 -5 . men to J oppa an d fetch P eter 4 ”

P recisely at the same time the apos t le wh ilst ,

praying on the house t op at J opp a saw in a vision ,

l iving creatures le t down from heaven and also ,

 E A R L Y CH R I S TI A N GI VI N G 131

h eard a voice saying to h i m R ise P eter ; k ill , , ,

an d eat B ut P eter said N o t so L ord ; for I

. , ,

have n ever eate n anyth ing that is com mo n or

unclean ”
N everthel ess P eter wen t to C aesarea 1 A
. , , c ts x .
9' 1 4 .

and addressing C orn eliu s an d h is friends said

, , ,

“
Y e yourselves kno w that it is an u nlawful th in g
for a man that is a J ew to j oi n h i msel f or com e
”
u nto one o f another nation N otwithstand i ng “ .
,
cu m s .

they i nv ited P eter to tar ry with th em certain days ,

wh ich h e did .

F or th i s ecclesiastical i rregu larity wh en P eter ,

was com e up to J erusalem th e J ewish C h ristians ,

“
con ten ded with h im sayi ng Thou wentest i n
, ,

to m en u n c irc u mc iz e d an d d idst eat with them, .

”

W h ereupon P eter j usti fi es h is conduct relati ng h is ,

v ision i n th e course of w h ich h e cal mly repeats

,

to th e apostles and b reth re n h is reply to th e div ine

m essage “
N o t so L ord ; for noth ing com mon or
, ,

”
u nclean hath eve r en tered i n to m y mouth sA . ct s x-s.

T h ese words read in th e l igh t of a prev iou s

,

chapter migh t suggest th at P eter h ad bee n 3 114 5

’
.
,
99 9 19 3 .

h is l ife a strict tith e payer because i f h e h ad so

-
, ,

scrupulously observed th e h igh er law (as th e rabbis

deem ed it) concern i ng ceremon ial purity and no t ,

being th e guest of or en tertai ni ng an ou tsider i t

, , ,

goes w ith ou t saying th at h e would have observed

what th ey regarded as th e lower vow ( that is con ,

cern i ng ti thes ) and so have paid and expen ded

,

an nually for rel igious purposes a fourth or there ,

abouts of h is i ncome
, .

W e are not told that th e apostle P ete r belonged ,

or h ad bel onged to the party of th e P harisees b ut

,
 TH E TI TH E . I N S CR I P T UR E

i n the present instance he seems to S pea k li k e one .

N ot however t hat the P harisees alone were careful

, ,

to avoid ceremon i al de file me n t The reason why .

the captors of J esus would not go i nto t h e G entile

j udgment hall of P ilate was that they m ight not
I J oh n x viii . 28.
’
thereby be rendered unclean ; and we read that
“
all t lz e je ws ex c ept they wash their hands up
,

to th e elbow eat n o t holding the tradition of the

, ,

9 M ar k vu .
3 .
elders .
”
T he words too of P eter to Cornelius , ,

imply that i t was unlawful for any Je w to be guest

with an outsider .

T hus far then we have been dealing with

, ,

Christian practice and principle i n al msgiving and

b e ne fi ce nc e i n P alestine a mong th e J ews until , ,

P eter preach ing to Cornel ius O pened the door

, ,

of entry to th e Chris t ian Church to the G entiles .

W e read however They therefore that were

,
“
,

scattered abroad upon the tribulation that arose ,

about S tephen trav elled as far as P henicia and

, ,

Cyprus a n d A ntioch but preaching Christi anity to

, ,

”
3 Ac t s x i. 1 9 . none but J ews .

M e anwh ile certain men of Cyprus and Cyrene

,

sp ak e to t he G recian J ews at A ntioch where ,

B arnabas and S aul taught for a whole year H ere .

th e dis c ip les were firs t cal l ed Chris t i ans t h e one ,

practical fe at ure of their Christianity mentioned .

“
being t hat t h e disciples every man according to ,

his ability determined to send relief to the brethren

,

that dwelt i n J udea whi c h also t hey did sending it , ,

to t h e elders by the h and of B arnab as an d S aul

’
”
l; Ac t s xi. 20 30 .

T hen B arnab as an d S aul having accomplished

, ,

6 Ac t s x 11 . 25 .
t h is labour of love
’
wen t bac k to A ntioch where , , ,
 TH E TI TH E IN S CR I P T UR E
to the H ebrews urging Christians to do good “

w e b -x iii . 16 . and to communicate ”

these words including a ,

duty no doubt as D r A B Davidson puts it

, , . . .
,

“
to impart of their subst ance to minister to the ,

necessities of those i n w a nt or in So
‘

also S t J oh n i n h is first epis t le puts before h is

.
, ,

re aders th is far reac hing question : W hoso hath

“ -

’
t h is world s goods and beholdeth h is brother in,

need and shutteth u p h is compassion from h im

, ,

”
3 x J oh n iii. x7 . how doth t h e love of G o d abide i n him ? 3
whilst
the apostle J ames as k s very practically “
If a ,

brother or sister be na k ed and i n lac k of daily ,

food and one of you say unto them G o in peace

, , ,

be ye warmed and filled and yet ye give them not

th e th ings needful for the body ; what doth it
l’
rO fi t
5 J1 5 11. 1 5 -1 6 .
p
I t is in ac ordance therefore with these prin
c , ,

ci
p lesthat we see the early Christians did not
,

stint to give fo r among other th ings the rel ief of

. ,

th e needy ; and so when P aul an d B arnabas were

,

sent to th e heathen th e one practical inj un c tion ,

“
mentioned as laid on them was that we should ,

re member the poor ; wh ich very th ing says P aul , ,

5 C al . 11. 1 0 .
“
I w as also zealous to do ”
.

H o w p e c u liarly z e alo u s he was we have already

seen in h is bearing th e alms of th e Christians from
,

6 A ts c x i. 30 .
A ntioch to th e famishing brethren at J erusalem 6

M oreover this was not the last time of P aul s

,
’

acting as almoner ; for when writing to the ,

Romans this great apostle says :

,
“
I go unto
J erusalem ministering unto th e saints for i t h ath
, ,

been the good pleasure of Macedonia and A chaia

 E A R L Y CHR I S TI A N G I VI N G

to make a certain contribution for th e poor among

”
th e sai nts that are at J erusalem A n d again i n I R
.
, o m
. x v . 26 .

his speech before Fel ix th e apostl e stated that

, ,

after som e years th e cause that took h im to

,

J erusalem was to convey to h is nation al ms and

offerings al l wh ich together with what has been 2 A
,
2
, c ts xx iv . 17 .

prev iously said tends to sh ow th at the first

,

Ch ristian s wheth er co nverted from J udais m or

,

heathen is m look ed upo n righ t givi ng to say th e

, ,

least as an important part of righ t living

, .
 C H A PT E R XI I I

S T P A UL S
. CH I N G A N D P E R S ON A L E X A M P L E
’
TE A

P u l s i ju io s b o u r is i g h ur h fu ds 36 — H i i s ru io s t
a
’
n n ct n a t a n c c n ,
1 . s n t ct n o

G l i s Co r i h i s d P h il ip p i s b o u giv i g 3 7 —P u l s
’
a at an ,
nt an ,
an an a t n , 1 . a

ppal i io f Mos
c at i l
n o im s C h r is i s 3 8
a c c a— I h l w to t an ,
1 . s t e a c on

r i g i h bro g d ? 38 — P u l s mp l d i s ru io s
ce n n t t e a at e 1 . a
’
e xa e , an n t ct n to
Cor i hi s d E p h s i s o r i g l msgiv i g d h osp i l i y
nt an an e an c n ce n n a n an ta t ,

T h p r o p r r ip i s f C hr is i l msgiv i g 4 P u l s 1 2 —
’
4 1 1 . e e ec ent o t an a n ,
. a

w s
o d rd
n g i
t anv i a
g 44
— R r os p
as t o f ir fi l d f r v
n , 1 . et ect o e nt e e o e e

l ioat i h p yi g
n as t o t t db v ol
e - a4 6 —
nD i l f G od s
an ene e nc e, 1 . en a o
’

l im
c a p o r io fi o m
to a q u iv l
t n o sp ir i u l r hy 4 8
nc e e a e n t to t a an a c ,
1 .

RO M the foregoing instances of P aul s m inis ’

tering to the needs of Christians let us pass ,

to his tea c h ing on the subj ect of monet ary obliga

t ions given to th e churches wh i c h he founded among
,

th e G entil es .

I n the c hurches of Corinth and of G al ati a when ,

on a certain occasion money was needed for the

saints (t h at is apparently t h e poor of the churc h
, ,

of J erusalem ) the apostle with a founder s authority

, ,
’

directed or gave order

Up o n t he fi r st day o ft he w e e k le t e ach o n e o f yo u lay
I 1 Cor
. b y h im in st o r e as h e may p r o sp e r 1
, .
”

H ere four t h ings may be noticed about th is

method of raising a ch aritable fund
1 I t seems to be assumed that every one would
.

give .
 TH E SA CR E D T E N TH

T here were other churches where for good ,

reasons P aul hose to forego personal remunera

, c
’
1 1 Cor ix . . 1 2.
tion but he did not thereby give up h is right
,

thereto ; for with th e Corinthian Ch ristians he

, ,

a rgues thus

H ave w e r igh t t o e at an d t o dr in k ?
no Wh at
so l die r e ve r s e r ve t h at h is o w n c h ar ge s ? I f w e sowe d
un t o yo u S p ir it u al t h in gs is it a gr e at mat t e r if w e sh all
,

r e ap yo u r c ar n al t h in gs ? Kn o w ye n o t t h at t h e y
wh ic h min is t e r ab ou t s ac r e d t h in gs e at o ft h e t h in gs o f t h e
t e mp l e an d t h e y w h ic h w ait u p o n t h e al t ar h av e t h e ir
,

p o r t io n w it h t h e al t ar ? E v e n so did t h e L o r d o rda in t h at
t h e y w h ic h p r oc l aim t h e G o s p e l sh o ul d l ive o f t h e
G o sp e l
” 2
1 Cor ix 4 -1 4
. . .
.

H ere
the apostle seems to have i n m ind two
sources of maintenan c e for the J ewish priesth ood .

T he one probably included tithes brough t to th e

’
8 Ne h . x .
-
3 7 40 .
storehouse of the temple an d the other consisted ,

of those portions of the sacrifices which were brought

’
4 D en t .
to the altar an d retained by the priest as signified ,

by the words : T hey wh ich wait upon the altar

“

have their portion with th e alt ar .

”

S ome may contend however that the law w as , ,

abrogated u nder th e G ospel I f so how mu c h .

,

of the law and in wh at sense ? I s the law so

,

abrogated as that we may now at our pleasure , ,

”
murder lie and steal ?
, ,

Th e R e v . Watt s D it
vi r w h o m I k o w i B t h al G r
c hfi e ld, a ca n n e n e e n,

wa s all i g
c s ho m k r wh d lar d h w o u“l d t o m t
n on a e a e , o ec e e no c e o

ch ur h t h r t h Comm dm t s r d f s id h Th T C m
c o ea e an en ea , o r, a e, e en o

ma dm t w r l o g ag ab o l is h d
n en s e e T n rgu t h v i ar ju dg d
o e .
”
o a e, e c e

t b ju s t t h
o e u d s ir bl ; b t t i g a s u dd t h gh t h s id
en n e a e u ,
ac n on en ou ,, e a ,
“
O h ! I m v ry gl ad t h
a igh t h o mm dm t i
e b ol ish d f I
e e c an en s a e ,
or

am ju s t w i wa t f a p air f b oo t s a d I t h i k t h s a
no n n o my o , n n e e re
 ST . PA UL S PE R S ON A L ’
E XA M PLE

H av e
we not already seen that Ch rist came to
ful fi l th e law to confirm it to th e least iota
— ? ’
and 1 11m . v . 1 7 -1

fulfilli ng is the perfecting not the destruction of , ,

anyth ing H ence th e paym en t of tith es and offer

.

ings applicable to th e support of th e m in istry and ,

to o t h er religious and charitabl e works is clearly ,

th e duty of C hristians u nless i t can be shown that ,

’
Christ repealed G od s law prev iously promulgated
”
A n d th is as L esli e wri tes ,

ve r did b ut r at h e r c on fi r m e d it b y ap p r ovin g t h e
He ne ,

t it h e p ay m e n t s o f t h e Ph ar is e e s an d b y o r dain in g t h at t h e y ,

w h o p r e ac h t h e G os pe l s h ou l d l ive o f t he G os p e l S om e .

wou l d h av e t he G ospe l m e r e ly e l e e mos y n ar y— n o t h in g due ,

b ut all fr e e will o ffe r in gs B ut was t h is so in t he T e m p l e .

I t r o w n o t : fo r t h ou gh t h e r e we r e fr e e w ill o ffe r in gs ,

t h e r e we r e al so t it h e s an d ot h e r o f fe r in gs t he wit h ,

h ol din g o i wh ic h w as co un t e d as r obb e ry M o r e ove r .

,

if t h e m in ist e r s o f t he T e m p l e we r e su re o fat l e ast a t e nt h ,

w h ils t t h e m in ist e r s o f t h e G osp e l are n o t su r e o f a

h u n dr e dt h p ar t o f some m e n s in com e s wh e r e is t h e t r uth ’

o r ap p r o p r iat e n e ss o f t h e ap ost l e s c om p ar ison

’

B esides what was i t that th e L ord ordai ned ?

,

T hat every man S hould give j ust what h e pleased ?

Th is me n could do with out any ordinance bein g

i ssued to that end That wh ich leav es every man .

perfectly at h is own liberty is n o law at all ; and

si ze Wh r u p h p i k d p p ir h s p o k
. e e on d h urri d
e c e u a a as e e , an e o ut

of t h s h o p w it h th b oo t s u d r h i
e m T h s h o m k r so
e n e s ar . e e a e on

fo ll o w d d v r f rw rds r is d o bj t io s t h r di g f h
e an ne e a te a a e ec n to e ea n o t e

Comm dm t s ( F rom h Q t ly L tt f th N my M i i
an en . t e u ar er e er o e a / ss on

S i ty D
oc e mb r 9 , p e ceWo u l d t h t ll w h f
e , u s rgu
1 0 2, . a a o o r e xc e a e

th h l w i
at t bo l is h d d
e a yt s a v d h ir r s p o s ib il ity
e ,
an so tr o e a e t e e n as t o

s t i g s id p ro po r io f t h ir i o m f G d o uld b t h u s
e t n a e a t n o e nc e or o ,
c e

q uic kl y c on vi n ce d !
 TH E TI TH E IN S CR I PT UR E
if every man were left thus to act Christ ordained ,

!
wh at amounted to noth ing .

T he great apostle of the G entiles therefore seems

to lay down two great principles : one t hat tithes ,

and offerings of the fa ithful are due for the further

ance of the G ospel ; the other th at every one ,

should lay up in store on S unday i n proportion , ,

to h is income so as to have a fund from which ,

distribution may be m ade as needed : for con ,

cerning th e support of ministers a n d the support

of the poor M r Rigby j ustly says ,
“
B o t h are
.
,

duties under th e N ew T estament as under the

,

Old but ea c h for a different design and a different

, ,

s ignifi c a nce and one should never be confounded

,

’
with the other .

I n addition to the pass ages already considered ,

there are other points c oncerning Christian giving

which occur here an d there i n the wri t ings of the
apostle P aul .

Th R R i h ard D uk fS t irl i g O tario a ar s t advo at

e ev . c e, o n , n , n e ne c e

o f t it h p ayi g i s u pp o r t
e- nf hi ,
o vi t io t h at t h t ith law i
n o s c n c n e e s

b i di g Up o C h ris t ia s argu s th u s
n n n n ,
e

1 I t i a p r i ip l i jur is p ru d
. s nc t h at wh e th r aso s wh i h
n e n ce en e e n c

or igi t d a law o t i u t op rat a d t h r i

na e c n n
p l i it r p al f
e o e e, n e e s no e x c e e o

t h l w t h law r m i s i fo r
e a , e A d t h is p r i ip l app ar s t h av
e a n n ce . n nc e e o e

t h l u idity a d fo r
e c fa a io m n ce o n x .

2 T h t wh i h p ass d aw ay w a t h symb o l i al a d fi gur at iv

. a c e s e c n e .

T it h i g w a
n it h r e s ne th o th r b t a duty iss u i g from th
e on n or e e ,
u n e

mo r al law w h i h i fp rp t u al fo r
, c s o e e ce .

3 T ru. th r i e,fo rmal e e act m ts f t h law f t h t it h

no re -e n en o e o e e .

B t wh y s h o u l d s u h a fo rmal
u a tm t bc l o k d f ? T h law t e -e n c en e o e or e

h ad t b
noom ob so l t it w a t i diff r tly ob s rv d O th
ec e e e s no n e en e e . n e

c o trary it w a o sp i uo u s ly ho our d i th o b s rva

n s c n c S imil ar ly n e n e e n ce .

th r i
e e fo rmal
s no a tm t f th S abb at h law ; b t C h r is t ia s
re -e n c en o e u n

r o g i th law r s p t i g th s v t h f t im a d by a p arity f
ec n ze e e ec n e e en o e, n o

r aso i g s h o ul d r og i t h law r s p t i g t h t t h f s ub st a
e n n ec n ze e e ec n e en o n ce .

Tl Cfi i ti
ie G r s di T o ro t o Ja
an 13
u ar 9 4 p 9 an , n , n .
,
1 0 , . .
 TH E TI TH E I N S CR I P T UR E

that they have set themselves to m in ister u nto

1 1 Cor . x v i. 1 5 the saints .

A lso to th ese same bel ievers i n Corinth he makes

k nown the grace of G o d given in the churches o f
Mac edonia
H o w t h at in mu c h p r o o f o f affl ic t io n t he ab u n dan ce o f
t h e ir jo y an d t h e ir de e
p p o v e r t y a b o u n d e d u n t o t h e r ich e s

o f t h e ir l ib e r al it y F o r ac c o r din g t o t h e ir po we r I b e ar
.

w it n e ss ye a an d b e y o n d t h e ir p o we r t h e y gave o ft h e ir o w n
, , ,

ac co r d b e se e c h in g u s w it h mu c h e n t r e at y in r e gar d o f t h is
,

r ll h m r ”
g a c e an d t h e f e o w s ip in t h e in ist e in g t o t h e s a i n t s
,

aft e r w h ic h t h e a o st l e adds h b n n t h is
“
p S e e ,
t at y e a o u d i
2 2 Cor . viii .
gr ac e al so
2
.
"

7 .

T o the Ch ris t ians in E phesus h e gives th e

following h ighly practical exhortation : Let h im
that stole steal no more but rath er let him labour ; ,

and to th is Christian end not merely tha t h e may ,

“
support h imsel f but t h at he may have whereof
,

”
8 Ep h . iv . 28. to give to h im that hath need 3
.

A lso to Timothy P aul says : ,

“
Charge t hem
that are rich [not to ] have their h ope set
on the un c ertainty of ri c hes ; but that they
do good that they be rich in good wor k s tha t
, ,

t hey be re ady to distribute and willing to c o m

,

A 1 T im v i. 1 7
mu n icat e 1,
. n
i s .
.

I f nex t pro c eed to ask for t h e c lasses of

we
e rs o ns o n whose behalf Christian giving is thus
p
'

called for we find the apos t le dire c ting con c ern ing
, ,

m inisters Let the elders that rule well be cou nted

worthy of double honour especially t hose who ,

5 x Tim . v . 17. labour i n th e word and i n teaching ”

A n d again .

“
Let h im that is t aught in the word commun icate
6 G al-v i 6 ~ unto him that tea c heth in all good t h ings ”
.
 ST . PA UL S PE R S ON A L
’
E XA M PL E

There are also th e claims of th e poor generally ,

amongst wh om th e Christian poor are to h av e th e

fi rst place D o good u nto al l men especially u n to ,

”
th em who are of th e h ouseh old of faith .
1 0.

A lso widows are men tioned and that i n con nec ,

tion with th e firs t information we h ave concern in g

t h e d istri bution of church boun ty
2
wh ilst i n ge n e ral “ i ,
ct s v 1

term s th e apostle m ore th an once mentions as

, ,

a suitable obj ec t for alms th e supplying of the ,

?
necess ities of th e sai nts
T o th ese may be added th e cal l for hospitality to
s t range rs h elping poor relation s ; an d ass is t an ce ffiggggj
5 ’ ‘ ‘ 3 ‘

“
to foreign m issionaries becaus e for H is ,

sake th ey wen t forth tak ing noth ing of th e ,

6 3 J h
”6
G entiles .
o n 7 .

J ust as we noticed h owever from th e teach ing of

, ,

th e Lord J esus that true Christian almsgiving was

,

som ethi ng m ore than mere giv ing of m on ey so we ,

observ e several like p recepts o n th is subj ect fro m

’
t h e apostle s p en ; as for i nstance when h e tells
, ,

th e Cori n th ian s th at though h e bestowed all h is “ C iii

’ on x 3 .

goods to feed th e poor an d h ad not love it would , ,

p rofit h i m nothi ng A lso h e enj oi n s upo n th e

.

“
Ro mans : H e that giveth le t h i m do i t with
s ingleness [or liberal ity ] an d P aul treats o n ” ei 8 M -

t h e footing o f an ordinan ce of G o d th e paymen t ,

even of I mperial taxes saying “

Let eve ry soul b e
, ,

subj ect u nto th e h igh e r powers Render to all

their dues tribute to wh om tribu te is due custom
, ,

to whom custom fear to whom fear h onour to

, ,

”
whom ho nou r . 9 R m iii o . x . 1 -7 .

B ut it is in w riting to th e Ch ristian s of rich ,

 TH E TI TH E IN S CR I PT UR E

mercantile Corinth that the apos tle enlarges most

concerning th is duty of m inistering to the saints .

H e praises t heir readiness to give telling them he ,

gloried thereof to the Christians of Macedon ia and ,

that their zeal had stirred up many T he Corinth .

’
ians subscriptions however though promised do, , ,

not appear to have been so promptly paid ; an d

hence some of th e brethren were sent on in
,

advance to ma k e up their afore promised bounty

,
-
,

th at the same m ight be ready as a matter of bounty ,

I a Cor ix
. . r s and not of compulsion .

A fte r th is their spiritual fath er continues : He

that soweth S paringly shall reap also sp aringly ;
an d h e that soweth boun t i fully sh all reap also
bounti fully Let e ach man do a c cording as he
.

hath purposed in his heart ; not grudgingly or of ,

“ Gen a necessity ; for G o d loveth a cheerful giver T h is ” 3

he supports by a S crip t ural quotation and then ,

“
proceeds to state how the m inis t ra t ion of t his
serv ice not only filled up the measure of t h e wan t s
,

of t h e saints but abounded also t h rough m any

,

s z Co r ix
. . n . than k sgiv ings unto
S uch then were the general pri nciples con c ern ing
, ,

mone t a ry ob l igations as t aught by the apost le P aul

but we may fail to appre c iate t hem adequately
unless w e remembe r t h e fo rc e of his own ex amp l e ,

for he did not preach w h at he did not prac ti c e ,

nor lay upon o t h ers a yo k e which he h imsel f would

not carry .

H e enj oined indeed that if any bel ieving man or

, ,

woman h ad widowed daug h ters t hey shou ld be ,

“ T im .
v
. x6 . relieved rat h er t han t he Chur c h be burdened
. but
 TH E TI TH E IN S CR I P T UR E

h im those he counted loss for Christ J esus h is

,

Lord for whom he was ready to suffer the loss of

,

1 Ph l i iii
. . 6 8.
all things thereby reminding us of his Master s ’

words : W hosoever he be of you t h at forsa k eth

“

2 Lu k e x iv . 33 .
not all that he hat h h e c anno t be M y dis c iple
, .

H aving now ex am ined our subj ect i n the ligh t

of t he remaining boo k s of t he Ne w T es t amen t ,

t h is seems t o be a suitable poin t from whence to

pass under review t he way by whi c h we h ave

traversed th e entire field of revelation .

T he first religious ac t re c orded of the bro t hers

C ain an d A bel was a re c ognition of t h eir du t y to
,

offer to G o d a por t ion of t heir substance a n d t h e

fac t that so many early nat ions are k nown to h ave
set apart a tenth or more of t heir property whereby
, ,

to honour their gods indi c ates s t rongly even if

, ,

h istorical S criptures had been silent th at th is ,

proportion must have been t aught as a primeval ,

3 S acre d T e n t h , "
Ch 1 -4
. .
law by G o d and the pra c tice of some at le ast of
,

the p at riarc hs is in harmony with this infere nce .

B ut however th is may be it is qui t e clear th at

,

one or more tenths of incom e t o be expended for

, , ,

religious and c haritable purposes were claimed by ,

G o d of H is chosen people I srael amongs t whom ,

H is laws concerning ti t hes would appe a r to have

been put in operation from at a n y rate t h e settle
, ,

’
ment in Canaan to the time of J udah s deportation
to B abylonia .

O n the return of the J ews from exile t h e code ,

of t h e P entateuch was still recognized as the

proper standard of religious obligation ; this code ,
 ST . P A UL S
’
PE R S ON A L E XA M PL E 14 7

i n the cen turies i mm ediately succeed ing being ,

greatly ampl ified i n detail by th e tradit ion al in t er

re ta t io n s of th e rabbis ; so that wh en C h ristian ity
p
appeared i n P alestine tith e -payi ng w as m ixed up ,

continuou sl y and inseparably with al most ev ery

i mportan t act i n th e l ife o f a religious J ew .

I nasmuch th en as J esus C h rist was born at

, ,

such a t ime an d i n such a country an d i n a

, ,

J ew ish fam ily wh ere th e law was strictly observed ,

th ere can b e n o doub t that H e grew up a tith e

payer ; nor d id H is enem ies attempt to charge
H im w ith a breach of th e law u nder th is h ead ,

nor with neglect of the paymen t of rel igious or

ecclesiast ical dues .

I n H is teach ing moreover J es u s C h rist n ev e r

, ,

professed to repeal abridge or contract th e law , , ,

wh ich H e emphatically said H e cam e n ot to

destroy but to ful fi l H e n ot only expressed
, .

approval of a m in ute paym en t of tithes wh ich i n , ,

th e wh ole amoun ted p robably to a fourth of a

,

P harisee s i n com e b ut tol d H is own d isciples that

’
,

th ei r righ teousness ough t to exceed tha t of th e

P harisees ; and as i f that were not e nough H e
, ,

claimed fro m H is followers a devotio n of h eart ,

l ife an d property such as s hould exceed th e love

, ,

of all th at a man holds dearest o n earth .

A n d th e pract ice of th e fi rst Christians was i n

harmony w ith such teach i ng ; for i n som e instances
th ey gave up th e ir possession s to a commo n fund ;
wh ils t in th e case of th e apostle P au l we see a true
’
Ch ris t ian servan t conten t to forego for h is M aster s ,

sake h is rightful claims for remu neration wh ilst

, ,
 TH E TI TH E IN S CR I PT UR E
exhorting those whom he addressed that hav i n g ,

food and raiment th ey ough t to be therewi t h

,

1 T im
. vi .
content .
’

I t seems clear then in th e ligh t of revel ation

, , ,

and from the practice of perhaps all ancient, ,

nations tha t t h e man who denies G od s c laim to

,
’

a por t ion of the weal t h that comes to h is hands ,

is much a k in to a spiritual anarch ist ; wh ilst h e

who so apportions less than a ten t h of h is income
or i ncre ase is condemned by S c ripture as a robber .

I ndeed if in t h e days of M ala ch i not to pay ti t he

,

was counted robbe ry c an a Ch risti an who wi t h

,

holds the ten t h b e — now any more t han then

,

counted honest towards G o d ?

R I G H T G I V I NG I S A P A R T O F R I G H T L I V I NG T H E .

L I V I NG I S N O T R I G H T W H E N T H E G I V I NG I S W R O N G .

T H E G I V I N G I S W R O NG W H E N WE S T EA L GO D S P O R T I O N
’

T O S P E N D O N O UR S E L V E S .
150 I ND E X OF TE XTS
CR A P .

xv n 7
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A w r h L g l A rgu m t by M E gl L d 83
ns e to t e e a en r . a e . on on , 1 2

85 . Ch i h lm J am J T h G p l i G ld ;
s o , es Th G r c .
fG ivi g e os e n o o r, e a e o n .

P r byt ri C mmitt f P ublic ti Ri k m d Vi g i i

es e an o ee o a on , c on ,
r n a

C hri ti G ivi g Sy d P t r l L tt r f 887 P CE ’

86 . s an n : no s as o a e e or 1 . . .

87 . C hri ti G ivi g U i
s an Th n n on , e .

88 Chri ti L ib r lity
s 3 d
an p t fr e a 6d oz , os e e , 1s . .

W illi m C l C l r c S tr t Cl lt l m
. .
.

a ee , a en e ee ,
ze en za
 A B I B LI O GR A P H YI N G Y ON TI TH E -P A

89 C hri ti
. S t w rd T h
s A E
an y th R igh A ppr p i ti
e a ,
e n ssa on e t o ra on

fI c m o wh th d iv d fr m B u i
n o e s, S l ri W g e er er e o s n e s s, a a e s, a e s, o r

th r S urc ; with S p ci m A cc u t f M i d v t d t
o e o es e en o n s o on e s e o e o

R ligi u d B
e v l t O bj ct S G ld d tk G p l
o s an ene o en e s . ee o an e os e .

9 0 C hri ti
. S t w rd Th s I u d q u t rly by h A ci ti f
an e a ,
e . ss e ar e t e sso a on o

C hri ti S t w rd P ic 5 c t y r
s an e a s . r e 2 en s a ea .

F C S t ph 3 3 R ich m d S tr t W t T
. . t e e n so n , , on ee , es ,
oron o

C hri ti S t w rd L gu P r p ctu f L ym
’
9 1 . s an e a s ea e, os e s o . a an

9 2. C hurch F i c A D i l gu b tw n an Of fic B r r e d. a o e e een an e ea e an a

C hurch M mb D ily j e l O ffi c C l yt er S tr t . a ou r n a e, a on ee ,

N w tl p Ty 8 94 e cas e -u on ne , 1

9 3 C hurch F i
. c N n an es . o .

94 C hurch d h P M thly P p r Op C hurch A ci ”

. an t e oor . on a e . en s so a

t i M rch 89 on , C 7 E xch
a g B uildi g L i ¢ 1
,
1 2 .
, an e n s, v er 00

9 5 Church m T ith C lub A ddr

’
. Tb P lp i t / t l C
an s V l lI e . e ss : e u o ze r oss , o . .
,

N d V l “L N
o .
3 N
1 0 , an F b u y 7 89 7 C T C o .
, o .
, o . 10 . e r ar 2 ,
1 , . . .

M mb r hip P l dg e e s e e .

9 7 Clar k
. H ry Willi am A H i t ry fT ith
e, en L d 89 . s o o es . on on , 1 1

9 8 Claugh t
. Th ma L gh Th B t M
on , fr i i g L c l
o s e . e es e an s o a s n o a

F u d i P ri h n; A P p r r
s d th Church C gr
n a s es a e ea at e on e ss at

O xf rd o . R p rt 86 e o ,
1 2

99 Cl m t. J c b S y t m tic d P r p ti t A l m givi g
e en s , a o . s e a an o or on a e s n .

P p r r d t th L i c l D i c
a e ea C fr c a 89 e n o n o e san on e e n e, 1 2 .

d J m W illi m 9 H igh S tr t Li 2 l .
,
a es a son , 2 0 , ee ,
n co n

1 00 C bb E M. oW t h ld W t r
, . . B P H E on
’
o a e . . . .

10 1 C b w b Cal b
. o
O th G ivi g f T it h
e ,
T h G ld
e .R l n e n o es . e o en u e,

A p il 89 7 r ,
1 .

1 02 Coh . J L P h ri i en , vl . es P i 87 7 a s e ns . 2 o s . a r s, 1

103 C lf r d J li a Ki g
. o o Th ,
N w G p l f W l th
u n S dy n . e e os e o ea . un a

St d M rch ran ,
a L d 9 4 . on on , 1 0

104 C mb r Th ma
. o DD e H i t i c l V i dic ti
, o f h D ivi s, . . s or a n a on o t e ne

R ight fT ith S c d E diti

o P t I d II es . e on on . ar s . an .

L d 68 d 68 5 on on , 1 2 an 1

10 5 C m m
. d m o t f h L w an d T ti m y en o t e a an es on .

Pr fS ci ty f Ch i t i I r lit A k t
e ss o d Ly o e o r s an s ae e s, s on -u n er- ne

106 C mmitt . o t h D uty fS y t m tic G iv i g th C u f

e e an e n t e o s e a n to e a se o

Ch i t h M mb r r s f h Fr
,
C hurch f S c t l d
to t e e e s o t e ee o o an .

P r i t d by F r k M urr y 9
n e d Y u g S tr t E di b gk an a ,
an 1I ,
o n ee ,
n ur

10 7 C mmitt . o S y t m tic d P r p ti
ee t G ivi g Circu l
on s e a an o or on a e n , ar

A pp l fr m A L tt r ea t Mi i t r
o F bru y 9 3
. e e se n to n s e s . e ar , 1 0 .

H ill S tr t E di b gk 2 2, ee ,
n ur

10 8 C mm . Andr w A A ddr
o on , th M y Q u ti e . 11 e ss on e on e es on .

H ill C 6 F w tt S tr t S d l d s o .
, , a ce ee ,
u n e r an

10 9 Th L w f T
.
th Chri t i G ivi g
e a o a en ,
or s an n .

H ill C 88 H i gh S tr t W t S d l d 88 7
s o .
,
1 ,
ee es ,
u n e r an ,
1
 TH E TI TH E IN S CR I P T UR E

1 10 . Common , An dre ivi g w . T h e G os pl e of G n .

H ill C 6 F wc tt S tr t S d l d 89 s o .
, ,
a e ee ,
un e r an , 1 1

111 . C o n se cr t d P ur A P ric 5d
a e se , . e .

C h rl Br w r 3 P r v r c R d L m
’

at es e e ,
1 ,
e se e an e oa , eo zn s e r

1 12 . C on s tab l H ry A E y e, h M ur f C hri ti
en . n ss a on t e e as e o s an

L ib r lity e a S G ld d tl G p l . ee o an ze os e .

1 13 . C on s tituti f h P r p rti t G ivi g A ci ti f C d

on o t e o o on a e n sso a on o an a a

[f u d d M rch 9
o n e a 1 ,

1 14 . C k Ch arl
oo ,A T h H ly S pirit i C hurch F i
es c N . e o n n an es . o .

477 .

S y t m tic G ivi g T h C hurch S f gu rd g i t N i

’
s e a n e s a e a a a ns ne

h C
t e en t tury E vil en s .

W B igg 7 8 Ki g S tr t E t T t 8 88 d
. r s, ,
n ee as ,
oron o, 1 , an

1 16 . C c o p r ti b tw Y u g P pl S ci ti f Chri ti
-
e a on e een o n eo e s
’
o e es o s an

E d v ur
n d h A m ric
ea o B rd an t e e an oa .

1 17 . C r b tt D
o e H w much ? A P l
, r.f P r p rti 4d p d o e a or o o on . . er oz .

M N g/ t c au z an

1 18 . C ur t i
o A C P ri cipl
ce , u d rlyi g Chri ti G ivi g P o
. . n es n e n s an n : r

p i d S y t m tic
o rt o n at e an s e a .

1 19 . Cw
o J F T h P c k t b k O p r T r ct
an , . . e o e - oo e ne . a .

S ci ty f C hri ti E d v ur B t USA o e o s an n ea o ,
os on , . .

Cr ig A M S t ri g
.

1 20 . a , . . o n .

T ur bull S p r P ri t r E d o g/
'

n e a s, n e s, zn nr z, 1
9 3 0

[Dalr ymp l e, Al exan der M ]

'
’
12 1 . . S e e T[t o L ord s Qfler zng ; or, Tbe
E x c/zang e oft/ze K ingdom .

1 22 . v
Da enp o , Th e rt
a me n ith P y t of T es .

D H bb C 3 G rg S tr t Gl g w . o s o .
,
2 1, eo e ee ,
as o

1 23 . D i
av es,T T h Church d i Tr. ury W kly S t i g 866
e an ts e as . ee or n , 1

D c W rk r A O W m E xp ri c i T ithi g ’
1 24 . e a on e ss o e , ; ne o an s e en e n n

c t p d
.

'

20 en s er P t b d
oz . rz e ar

125 . D F r t H ry 8
e o es G ivi g ,
A f W r h ip
en A TS . n as an ct o o s .
. . .

D gg Si S T h P r C u ll r T h L w r l ti g ’
1 26 . e e, r . e a so n s o n se o : e a e a n to
T ith d T ithi g
e s an n .

R D D ic k i . C 8 9 F rri gd
. S tr t L d n son 6 84 o .
, ,
a n on ee ,
on on
,
1

1 27 . D S la D A
e o d Rap h all M J
, E ight
. T r ti
. fr m
an , . . een ea se s o

h Mi h
t e s na . L d 84 3 on on , 1

1 28 . D Wi t
e Wilfr d 8 Church F i c
n on , A P p r r d e . n an e . a e ea at

t h C hurch C
e gr E x t r R p rt O ct b r
on 894 e s s, e e . e o , o e ,
1

D H S B iblic l F i c P mphl t '

1 29 . . . . C/ g U S A
a n an e . a e . zz ca o, . . .

1 30 . Di k Th ma
c ,
A E y oh Si d h
s E vil
. f n ssa on t e n an t e s o

C v t u
o e o sn e s s .

R bi P r tt C 59 P rl S tr t N w Y k 836
o n son , a o .
, 2 ,
ea ee ,
e or , 1

13 1 . Di k Ni h l
c son , T h E ld r h Pl tc o as A C ll cti f . e e at t e a e : o e on o

A cd t
ne d I cid t
o e s an N w E diti 6d n en s . e on . .

M ri B r th r Gl g w o son o e s, as o
 TH E TI TH E [N S CR I P T UR E

1 52 . Eddy, Ge o ge Sh e r rwood . T he O pp rtu ity o n of th e Ho ur ; o r,

C hri ti t w rd hip
s an S S
e a 9 s . . 1 01

1 53 . M y S ilv r d G ld e an o . 1s .

1 54 . T h L w f C hri ti e S t w rd hip a P mphl t o B igg s an e a s . a e . r s

1 55 . Edw r d Aub r y G ivi g

a s, G d L ym Vi w f he . n to o : a a an s
’
e o t e

M tt ra e . S P CK . . . .

1 56 . Edwar d W C hri ti s,S t w rd hip P mphl t

. s an e a s . a e .

A M L y C 6 D uk S tr t C difl; W l . c a o .
, , e ee ,
ar a es

1 57 . E [ld fi l d] C[h i t ph ]
er e C ivil R ight f T yth
,
r s 0 er . o es .

L d 65 on on , 1 0

1 58 . E L
. Th S T G . W h t i it ? e . . . a s

C h rl C ull S d 5 H ught
a es S tr t L d on , 1 2 an 1 ,
o on ee , on on

1 59 . Em r F F
e son , Th T chi g f C hri t c . crig h U f
. e ea n o s on e n n t e se o

M yon e .

1 60 . E r tt R b r t L a y
ve e ,
T ith T h ir H i t ry U
o e d ce . es : e s o ,
se , an

F utur 6d e . J m Cl rk C L d 88 7. a es a e o .
,
on on , 1

16 1 E xp ditur en f C hri ti G di O ct b r 3 L d
e o a 9 s an . u ar an , o e 0, on on , 1 0 1

162 . F ai g i Th m
r r ev e , A Pl f th I cr f oS bb th as ea or e n e ase o o ur a a

Ofl i g C ll ct Al x d r W l k r S G l ki l
‘

er n s or o e i on s . e an e a e on s, a as e s

1 63 . F an cy F ir R ligi Cl a ifi d N t d E xtr cte 5d on . as s e o e s an a s . 1 ,

or

3 6d p St v 9 N rth B k S tr t E d o g/
’

s . .
e r 100 . e e n so n , ,
o an ee ,
zn ur z

1 64 . F ri
a J h T G d h p id m my S l ry Ck i ti E
s, o n . o as a e a a . r s an n

d W ld Ju
e av ou r 3 9 4 or , ne 2 ,
1 0 .

165 . F aun ce, W H P T h L w f S wi g d R p i g D cu . . . e a o o n an ea n . o

m t N 4 en o . .

1 66 . F rry J
e ph B ,
C rp r t A cti
ose d S y t m tic d P . o o a e on an s e a an ro

p i G ivi g i
o rt on at e h C hurch fE gl d d n n t e o n an . 1 .

C Th m H igh S tr t L i l 89 5 . o as, 20 2, ee ,
n co n , 1

Th O rg iz ti f t h A l m f h Church R p rt f
e an a on o e s o t e . e o o

Li c l D i c
n o nC fr c 89 5 o e san on e e n e, 1 .

P ri t r J m W illi m H igh S tr t L i l n e ,
a es a son , ee , n co n

C rp r t A cti o d S y t m tic o a e d P r p rti t G iv i g o n an s e a an o o on a e n ,

t g th r with S c d P p r
o e e m S ubj ct 6 d a e on a e on sa e e . .

Clifi d T h m H igh S tr t L i
'

l or o as, 20 2, ee ,
n co n

S rvi g G d i h N ti
e A S rm
n pr ch d i L i c l
o n t e a on . e on ea e n n o n

C th dr l
a 8 96 e a , 1 .

S rvi g G d i e h Church n o n t e .

C h rl C ull S d 5 H ught
a S tr t L d
es o n , 1 2 an 1 ,
o on ee , on on

17 1 . F iv T i m T w i T
e I u d by M i i ry C mmitt
es o s en . ss e ss o n a o ee .

172 . Fl t h r G r g
e c e O blig ti ,
d A dv t g eo f S bb th e . a on an an a e s o a a

S t ri g f o h L rd n or t P et idg 86 5 o . ar r e, 1

173 . F orn ere t G rg A H w h ll I G iv ?

, eo e . o s a e

1 74 . F w ll Will iam S rm
or e ,
Chri ti G ivi g . e o n on s an n .

J h D urh m S 49 H i gh S t t D d o n a on , , re e ,
u n ee
 A B I B L I O G R A PH Y ON TI TH E -P A YI N G

175 . F os te r J , . ligi ; T h W rld

P i es r tley . F an cy Fa ir Re on o r, e o

c v rt i g it l f
on e n Sw S ch i L d 8 88
se . an on n e n s e n, on on , 1

1 76 . F G T w h d A S m
ox , . o S y t m tic B
ns fi en . er on on s e a en e ce n ce .

N i b t 866 s e ,
1

177 . F r will O ff ri g i F r
ee d Op C hurch
e n F 6 O CA s n e e an en es . .
4
. . .

178 . Fr h J h A b b tt
en c G ivi g i H rd T i m
, o n P E E o . n n a es . . . .

179 . Fu ll r M rrie Th A ll g d T rip rtit

, o D iv i i s f T ith
. i e e e a e s on o es n

E gl n d an B w rth L. d 88 5
13 .
9 os o ,
on on , 1 . 1 00

1 80 . G A C S B T Mi i t r
. . . . d M mb r . f t h P r byt i o n s e s an e e s o e es e r an

C hurch m I r l d e an 9 4 . 1 0

18 1 . G A K Th U
. . fM y F r m th Ck / M i i y
e se o on e . o e u rc z ss on ar

I t llig
n e M rc h 9 e n ce r , L d a ,
1 00 . on on

182 . Gat F r d S y t m tic B

e s, e fi . N s e a e ne c e n ce . o .

1 83 . G r l A mbly C mmitt
e ne a S y t m tic B
ss e fi ’
s o ee on s e a e ne ce n ce .

D c m t N
o u 3 en o G . 1 . re en

18 4 . Gib b B jami J Th E th ic
on , en f G ivi g C g g ti l n . e s o n . on re a on a

A pr il 9 , 1 01

185 . Giff d 0 P C c
or ,
i g h C ll ct i P ric
. .
5 p on e rn n t e o e on . e e r 1 00 .

Ob P ubli h i g C G b g I di
serv e r US A s n o .
,
ree ns u r ,
n a na, . . .

T ithi g D uty n a .

D l w r Av u B pti t C hurch B f l N w Y k
e a a e en e a s ,
u a o, e or

1 87 . Gil p i W T h W id w M it
n, A S m
. Fr m v lu m
e o
’
s e . er on . o a o e

en titl d Gilp i S m
e n s
’
er ons .

Th H h d 8 7 P icc d illy L d 8 55 os . at c ar ,
1 ,
a ,
on on , 1

1 88 . G iv e Wh t t h B ibl
o r, y b ut A lm givi g P mphl t
a e e sa s a o s n . a e .

S T G . . . an d

1 89 . G iv r e ci t i u 5 c t p
,
T h e Co n s en o s . 2 en s e r 1 00 .

G r l C mmitt fCh i t i S t w rd h ip e ne a o ee o rs an e a s

R Ch A C k S up ri t d t B l mfi ld N J
ev . as . . oo ,
e n en en , oo e ,
. .

1 90 . G iv i g P ric 9d p d
n . e . er oz .

19 1 . G ivi g A lph b t
n Am i B ibl S i ty R
a e d V l . er ca n e oc e
’
s e cor ,
o .

XLI I I p 4 . . 2 .

192 . G iv i g W h t
n c t
, a ? N v mb r 89 7 2 en s . o e e ,
1

1 93 . Glad t W E M C m gi G p l f W lt/ A
s on e , . . r . a e e s
’
os e o ea z

R vi w e d R c mm d t i
e an Ni t t/ C t y a e o en a on . n e een c en u r .

L d N v mb r 89 on on , o e e ,
1 0

1 94 . R d p e cor ,
L d M rch 8 98
. 211 . on on , a , 1

19 5 Gla f r d J m
ss o C v t u ,
br ught t h B fS criptur
a es . o e o sn e s s o ot e ar o e .

N i b t 83 7 s e , 1

1 96 . Gl d t J P S h uld C hri t i m k F u
e s on e , . . o s an s a e o rt ne s

H dl y B r 4 B i h p g t S tr t W ith ut L
ea e d os .
,
1 , s o s a e ee o ,
on on

1 97 . G ldo d h G p l an Th Ul t r P r iz E
t e y By H Y os e . e s e e ss a s . EN R
C N O J M M
STA BL E, N R S N J NR A ES O R GA , O BER T PE C E, OH o ss .

Ni b t L d 87 7 s e ,
on on , 1

1 98 . G d P i t A
oo o n , A B M U
.
.
. . .
 TH E TI TH E IN S CR I P T UR E

1 99 . r
Go don , A . J . Go d ’
s Te n th .
A B M U
. . . .

200 . rd L tt r
Dr Go . on s
’
e e .
A B M U
. . . .

20 1 . Gr c a e of G ivi g A F w T x t n ,
F 6 O CA e e s on . .
°
. . .

20 2 . Gr c
a e o fG ivi g T h Ck i l f L nd M i i
, y S i ty e . r on c e o on on ss on a r oc e ,

July 9 5 ,
1 0 .

20 3 . Gr g r F r
an e i T h D ivi
,
P l f C hurch F i c
an c s . e ne an o n an e .

B k rJ a e C P ri t r B f l N w Y k
on e s 89 o .
,
n e s, u a o, e or , 1 1

20 4 Gr v H r y A li
o e, t d T ith i A ppr pri t d d I mp
en . e na e es n o a e an ro

d P ri h c mmut d m rg d u d r L c l S t tut
.

p i r at e a s e s, o e or e e n e o a a es

an d h T ith A ct t g th r with ll C r w G r
t e e t f T ith s, o e e a o n an s o e s,

fr m H
o ry VI I I W illi m I I I
en . to a .

h A uth r ub crib r ’
F or t e o L ds s 896 s e s . on on , 1

20 5 . Gr b b P r y H
u ,
G ivi g e c Ck k Mi i y Gl . F h n . u rc ss on ar e an e r , e

ru ary 9 , 1 02 . L d on on

206 . G illi m [
u a G illim] Si H r y or E dit d by C E u ,
r en . e . LL I S .

A ct r l ti g T ith
s, e t c ,
S c d E diti
e a 4 v l n 8 5 to es . e on on . o s . 1 2

Op Wi d w f H v
.

20 7 . G i y G rg
u re ,
H w eo h e . o to en t e n o s o ea en .

N 79 o . .

208 . H al Si M tt h w
e, r E dit d by T T a W W rk T h
e . e . H IRL ALL . o s : e

G r t A udit ; C
ea c r i g my W lth d T mp r l S b on e n n ea an e o a u

i t c V l I I p 88 v l
s s en e . o .
L d 8 5.
, . 2 . 2 o s . on on , 1 0

209 H amil t J m on ,T ith a es . es .

I q uiry i t h P ri cipl f C hurch F i c i

.

2 10 A n n n o t e n es o n an e n

A ci t d M d r T i m (T h third f F E y
.

n en an o e n es . e o ou r ssa s on

F re eW /s d F i ors z ) Ri i g L an d 86 5 n an ce . v n t o n s, on on , 1

21 1 . H mil t
a K t W T h k givi g A
on , a e ( G tti g d T h k . an s n nn . e n an an s

givi g ) 4 d p d
n .
L ym ;
. d M N g/ t
er oz . a an an c au z an

2 12 . H aml i T i Sn, Bu i P ri cipl i h A d mi i tr ti

eu n s . s n e ss n es n t e n s a on

of Church Tk I d p d t 3 es F ult S tr t N w Y k e n e en en ,
1 0, on ee ,
e or .

S pt mb r 9 9
.

e e e 1 ,
1 01

2 13 . Ha ncoc k T T h P urit ,
d h T ith
. e an an t e es .

L d 9 5 on on , 1 0

2 14 . H an n ah J h Th
,
L w f Chri ti
o n G ivi g
. W ly e a o s an n . es e an

M / di t M g i
e t zo F bru ry
s d M rch a 86 5 az ne, e a an a ,
1 .

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,
oa ,
on on

2 15 . H rr i
a J h s, M mm o n C v t u . h Si f h a on , or o e o s n e ss t e n o t e

Chri ti sChurc h an .

Th W rd C P t r t r R w L d os . 837 a o .
, a e n os e o ,
on on , 1

2 16 H rr i
a Sid y M d r
s, M th d ne f R i i g M . y A o e n e o s o a s n one : re

th y S criptur l ? j yf l N w D p ot R kd l
.

e a o u e s e ,
oc a e

2 17 H ar t l y W P T h U
e .
f W lth . . e se o ea .

Th L w M m ri l H ll L
.

d 9 os . a ,
e o a a ,
on on , 1 02

2 18 . H av er ag l Fr Ridl y
,
K pt f h M t
an ces U e . e or t e as e r s
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se .

C h pt r V I I S ilv r d G ld p 99 Ni b t L d
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a eO .
,
ur e an o ,
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on on

2 19 . H ay E H T th
, . M i i mu m P ric
. d 5 f 3
en S TG sa n . e 1 . or 0 or s. . . .
 TH E TI TH E IN S CR I P T UR E

24 3 . H ugh es, H P i ce Th e D o f S s e ma . G n r . uty yt tic ivi g Tb . e

H ome M e sseng e r , F e a , 19 3
0 bru ry .

H o a e Ma s a rc
S on , T e m e H o se , T e mp e A r h ll pl u l v u en e
,

L on don
244 . H ump h r ey , S . J . M ammon v e rsu s M i i ss on s . No 56 7 A TS .

c t p I u d by R A N
. . . .

245 . F or H is S ak e . 60 en s er 1 00 . ss e ev . .

H itchc c k D i trict S cr t ry J u ry 894

.

o , A s e e a an a 1

A St y f h B
.
,

24 6 .
$ por o t e ees . 1 e r 1 00

t r J E P y P r y d P r p r P mphl t
.

24 7 . H un e , . . B gg a ,
a , an os e . a e . ri s

24 8 . H rli Will i m Wh t
a n, C hri ti G ivi g ? N 54
a . a 15 s an n o

I llu tr ti f G ivi g th t t il S cri fi c fr m M mb r f

. .

24 9 . s a on s o n a en a s a e o e e s o a
W r k i g cl C gr g ti
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d p d as s M N gk t on e a on . 2 er oz c au an

I it R ight ? S uppl m t
.

F bru y
.

2 50 . s Tb M i i y Vi i t e en to e ss on a r s or, e ar ,

1 0
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, .

I r l H p 5c t p d
. .

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2 51 . s ae s ea s . en s er oz

J ck R d lph T ith
.

’
2 52 . a an o s e .

2 53 . J ki J h
en ns Chri ti G ivi g o n I llu tr t d d f rc d by
. s an n . s a e an en o e

A ci t T ithi g A D i c ur pr ch d i S P ul Church ’
n en n . s o se ea e n t . a s ,

M tr l 88
on ea ,
1 1 .

M itch ll W il P ri t r S P t r S tr t M t l e so n , n e s, t . e e ee ,
on r ea

2 54 . J rd
e Ch rl
an , Th C u t r f it i
a C hurch F i es c d . e o n e e n n an e an

C hri ti G ivi g
s an n .

255 . J esso p A B fr ,
h G r t P ill g
. e o e L d 9 t e ea a e . on on , 1 0 1

2 56 . Jessu p E T i,
h i g I O .rigi d W rr t C tdi n ts n an a an . an a an

P byt i
r es R d S pt mb r
e r an 894 ecor ,
e e e ,
1 .

2 57 . J on e s, G Edwar d H i t ry f h L w fT ith
. i E gl d es . s o o t e a o es n n an .

2s . L d 88 8 on on , 1

2 58 . J on es, J S P r p rti t G ivi g d O fl

. .
y D v l pm t o o on a e n an
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e rt o r e e o en .

1s 6d p
. . e r 100 .

2 59 . J y J m Wayl d Th D m f S cril g
o ce , a es d h an . e oo o a e e, an t e

R ult
es fC hurch S p li ti
s o L d 8 86 o a on .
on on , 1

2 60 . J dd 0 B G d S t w rd N 4 9
u , . . oo e a s . o . .

26 1 . Ka Th m
ne , S L ym o as . ee a an .

26 2 . K l y H 8 W r i g g i t C v t u
e se , . . I S m a n n a a ns o e o sn e ss . n er ons on

tb cI t i l S d y S / l L
n e rn a t on a f 8 7 8 [y tk un a c zoo esson s or 1 ,
e

.M d y Cl b
on a H u ry H yt B t 8 7 8
. en o ,
os on , 1

26 3 . K y
e h toS itu ti tG r l M i i ry d T r ct C m
e a on . e ne a ss on a an a o

mi t te e . E lgi I ll U S A n, .
,
. . .

2 64 . Kidd r Ch arl e ,
Th S y t m tic G iv r es T r t. e s e a e . o on o ,

1 886
26 5 . Kilp t r i k J H L ib r l G ivi g H w t S cur I t N 4
a c , . . e a n : o o e e . o . 2 .

2 66 . Ki g G A T h U
n , . fM y S t d t d tk M i i y
. e se o on e . u e n s an e ss on ar

P bl m p
ro 6 e . 1 0 .

S tud t V lu t r M i i y U i L d 9
,

en o n ee ss on ar n on, on on , 1 00
 A B I B LI O G R A PH Y ON TI TH E -P A YI N G

26 7 .
L angdon , hurch F i c
William Ch ann ey . R e fo rm in C nan e .

R p i t d fr m A m i
e rn e Ck k R i w O ct b
o 8 83 e r can urc ev e ,
o e r, 1 .

E dJ B Y u g
. an C C p r U i . F urth A v
. u o n o .
,
oo e n on , o en e,

N w Y k Ci ty 884 e or ,
1

26 8 . L a gf r d Willi am 8
n o Ch i t i
,
B fi It M tiv . r s an ene ce n ce : s o e,

M ur d M h d
e as e , an et o .

Th m W hitt k r 8 3 B ibl H u N w Y k City

o as a e ,
2 r ,
e o se , e or

269 . La d ll H ry R u i C t l A i
ns e , en v l L d 88 5 . s s an e n ra s a . 2 o s . on on, 1

270 .
—Th S cr d T the S tudi a i T ith g ivi g A ci
e t d
en o r, es n e- n n en an

M d o v l 6 hilli g
e rn . 2 o s .
9 6 1 s n s . 1 0

27 1 .
— Th T ith i S cr iptur
e H l f cr w e n 9 8 e . a a o n . 1 0

2 72 . L at h am H J G d i Bu i
, . . o n s n e ss .

J h M zi C p h ll Av u L d 9 5 o n en e s, o t a en e, on on , 1 0

273 . L ayma [Th ma Ka ] n Th P w h P ulpit

o 4 cs t ne . e e to t e . 0 en s

p F
e r 1 00 r t th .w h c tp y ee L ym
o o se o an n o a . a an

Wh t w O w d W hy w
a Ow it $ p
e e , an e e . 1 er 1 00 , o r

$8 p er Fr th wh c t p y ee to o se o an n o a .

Wh t w O w d H w t
a P y it e N R vi d e, an o o a . o . 2 . e se

E diti $ p on Fr
. t th wh c
1 t p y L ym
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Wh t w O w d h R ult f P yi g it L ym
'

276 . a e e , an t e es s o a n . a an

277 . Lay M mb r f t h Ch u r h f E gl a d [J M K mb l l ]
e e o e c o n n . e e .

P mphl t H i t ric l R m r k up h S upp d A ti q uity

a e on s o a e a s on t e o se n

o f C hurch R t d h T hr f ld D ivi i f T ith

a e s, an t e ee o s on o es .

L on don , 1 83 7

27 8 . L e afle t No . 1, T he E x mpl a e of th e H ea th en . No . 2, Th e E x
a m pl f h
e o i t N 3 F ir t fruit A L t M
t e Sa fG c
n s . o .
,
s s os e an s o ra e .

4 T ith A L t M fGr c
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N o .
, es :N 5 Ofi i g A os e an s o a e . o .
,
er n s :

L os tM fG r c N 6 A R y l P ri th d
e an s o S T G a e . o .
, o a es oo . . . .

[L k y Car li W ] G d T th
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d o ne . o s en . 1 .

Sh w C 48 P t r t rR w L d EC a o .
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on on , .

2 80 . L ees, H arr i gt C T h A rith m tic f H v n on . e e o ea en .

C M S H u S li bury S q u r L d . . . o se , a s a e, on on

L F u Amy J ill R d B g R T S [ 9 3] ’
28 1 . e e vre , . s e a . . . . 1 0

282 . L li Ch a l
es e, T h D ivi R ight f T ith
r es . e ne o es .

L d 7 d ( r pri t ) T t 88 4 on on , 1 00 , an e n or on o, 1

2 83 . Lidd ll Edw ar d T h P v rty tric k

e ,
C l rgy A P p r r d
. e o e -
s en e . a e ea

at th C hurch H u
e W t mi t r Ju 89 3 d S T G
o se , es ns e ,
ne, 1 1 . . . .

2 84 . Li t
s fB k
o d T r ct oo h S ubj cts an f C hri ti G ivi g a s on t e e o s an n .

Fr C hurch f S c tl
ee d R p rt N 3 o o an e o s . o . 2 .

28 5 . L it r tur
e a f C hri ti G ivi g
e o d S y t m tic B fi s an n an s e a ene c e n ce .

2 86 . Liv y H
ese C h rity
, d i R l ti . T mp r l P r p rity
a an ts e a on to e o a os e .

P ric 3d e . P t i dg ar r e

2 87 . L k Ch arl
oc e, Edw a d T ithi g C hri ti
es D uty r . n as a s an .

H H O ti B fi l N w Y k
‘

S . . s on s, u a o, e or
 TH E TI TH E I N S CR I P T UR E

2 88 . L ock e , Ch ar u g P pl d S criptur l G ivi g

l es Edwar d . Yo n eo e an a n .

P ric 5 c t p e 0 en s e r 100 .

Mi i ry S ci ty f h M th di t E pi c p l Church R i dg
ss on a o e o t e e o s s o a ,
n e

L it r tur D p rt m t 5 F i fth A e a N w Y k e e a en ,
1 0, ve n n e , e or

2 89 L g Th m on S ,
S y t m tic G ivi g o A as mbly H ld . s e a n . sse e ra .

U S A P r byt ri Church M rch

.

9 es e an , a ,
1 01 .

3 7 D c k S tr t s l d lp / i U S A
. . .

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2 , o ee ,
a e z a, . . .

2 0 9 L rd M y
o T h ’
s L fl t on e . e . ea e .

L rd y T h A S y mp iu m l A mbly H ld
.

2 9 1 M o
’
s on e ,
e. os . e sse era ,

M rch 3 8 Ch t ut S tr t s l d lb ki
.

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a . 1 29 5 , es n ee ,
a e a, 1 0

2 2 9 L rd O fi io g
’
T
s h E xch g f h Ki gd m [by A
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er n ; o r, e an e o t e n o LEX
Y M ] d h C hurch E xch q u r [by
.

M DA ND E R . ALR P LE an t e
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s e e

A M SYM
L E X AN D E R ]; E y S y t m tic B . I N GT O N ssa s on s e a ene

fi ce n ce A dr w E lli t E di b g /
. d Ni b t 87 7 n e o ,
n ur z , an s e ,
1

2 93 M A . U pl . t Q u ti
.
3d p n d e asan es on s . . er oz .

Br w 4 H v r S tr t E di b gl o n, 2, an o e ee ,
n ur z

2 94 Ma k y D C hri ti
c G ivi g A A ddr
a ,
r . h M mb r s an n : n e ss to t e e e s

f h P r byt i Church fE gl d
.

o t e es e r an o n an .

H d r R it F t M yl b L L d en e s on , a ,
e n on , ar e o ne an e , on on

2 95 M a g r
. d r J W T h W
u e y it W r k T
,
ct . . e a o s . ra .

R i dg L it r tur D p rt m t 5 F i fth A v u n e e a e e a en ,
1 0, en e,

W h t L c l C hurch h d a P ric 5 c t p
a o a as on e . e 0 en s e r 100 .

Mi i y S ci ty f M th di t E pi c p l C hurch R i dg
ss o n ar o e o e o s s o a ,
n e

L it r tur D p rt m t 5 F i fth A v u N w Y k e a e e a en , 1 0, en e, e or

2 97 M a l y G T n e S y t m i ,
G ivi g A rticl
. i C M. S s e n n . e n . . .

S u mm r S ch l R p t
.

9 4
e oo e or , 1 0 .

S li bury S q u r L d a s a e, on on

2 98 M . i g C r di ann n l I rr p ibl W lth N i t l C ,

a na . es on s e ea . n e een t z en

t j R i w D c mb r
ur l 89 ev e ,
e e e ,
1 0 .

2 99 M a g o hi A rA M g i fi
sc c t O li i g fr m
s, T i v lly. T b a n en er n o nn e e . e

y O ct b r 9
.

G p l Mi i os e ss on a r ,
o e ,
1 01 .

S ci ty f h P r p g ti f h G p l L d o e or t e o a a on o t e os e ,
on on

300 M ath r M . J m Th S
e ,
ifi i f h T
rs . th a es . e an c t c at o n o t e en .

Wm H m Mi i U SA o an s
’
o e ss on s, . . .

301 M C b . M H
c a e, C T h L rd T th F rrsm h L
. t / . . e o
’
s en . o t e u zeran

Mi i yj l N v mb r 9 3
ss on ar ou rn a ,
o e e , 1 0 .

4 4 A rch S tr t s l l éb k USA
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P 1 2 , ee ,
ac e z a, en n , . . .

302 M Cli t k J h
. c d St r
n oc g J am Cy 1 p di f B iblic l
, o n , an on ,
es . c 0 a> ao a ,

Th l gic l d E ccl i tic l L it r tur

eo o a vl
,
an e s as a e a e . 12 o s .

N w Y k City 8 7 8 d 8 94 e or ,
1 an 1

3 3
0 M D . C hri ti
. G ivi .g A B ibl S tudy Tk s C k i t
an i n : e . e r s an ,

J u ry 3 9 an a 0, L1 02 d .
on on

3 4 M m ri l V l II
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0 . d Th k fi i g
e o Tb P lp it f t b C
a an an o er n . e u o e ross, o . .
,

N0 . 11 .
 TH E TI TH E IN S CR I P T UR E

3 27 . Mon cri efi , J F orb es v y O fY G ivi g f h C u f

‘

. . E er ne o ou . n or t e a se o

C hri t d A dr w S t v
s . 1 9 N rth B k S tr t E di b gk
. n e e e n son , ,
o an ee ,
n ur

G ivi g B tt r th G tti g
n e e an e n .

A dr w S t v 9 N rth B k S tr t E di b gk
n e e e n son , ,
o an ee ,
n ur

G ivi g d W ithh ldi g ;

n H w an G d H w o n o r, o to et an o to
L o se aBl i g O G ivi g S ri N e ss n d P. t i dg ur n e e s, o . 2 . 1 . ar r e

H w Wh o d W hy ? , A A ddr h Y u g
e n, an n e ss t o t e o n on

G ivi g f h C u
n f Chri t
or d
t e a se o s . 1 .

O liph tAdr F rri r E di b gk an dL d ,

n e so n e e , n ur an on on

O C ll ct r ur d th ir W r k
o d e Po s ani dg e o . 1 . a rt r e

O G ivi g W h t it i
ur d W h t it O ught
n B: N w a s an a to e . e

an d l rg d diti
en a e e P t idg [ 9 ] on . ar r e 1 02

T r ct C hri ti
a G ivi g
s N on —8 d ch s an n . os . 1 . 1 . ea , or

publi h d t g th r O Gi i g
s e o e L e d as ur v n . on on

3 34 . M t agu R i h r d D i ib up
on , h F ir t P rt f h L t
c a . at r se on t e s a o t e a e

H i t ry fT ith
s o o es 6. 1 21

33 5 . M r D D y B li v h B ibl ?
oo e, . o ou S TG e e e t e e . . .

33 6 . M r M lvill M S upp rt h P ri h
oo e, e c t e . o t e a s . 1 en .

J m P tt C 4 d 6 A t r P l c N w Y k City 89
a es o o .
, 1 an 1 , s o a e, e or , 1 2

337 . M or eh HL AM ou se , g f h H ur D cu m t N
. . CS B e ssa e or t e o . o en o 2 . . . . .

3 38 . M rg
o G C mp b ll
an , S tudi . i M l chi ;
a Wh r i h v e . es n a a or, e e n a e

w r bb d G d ?
e o e M rg
o S c tt L d o an o ,
on on

Th C hri ti ed hi M y I ll t t d M i i y
s an an s on e . us r a e ss on a r

N w July 9 3
e s, ,
1 0 L . d on on

2
40 M r ga J m
o n,T h S criptur R ula f R ligi u C tributi
es . e e e o e o s on on

o r,I wh t P r p rti
n h uld B li v r i R v l ti d dic t
a o o on s o a e e e n e e a on e a e

h i P r p ty
s oh C u er fG d ? S G ld
to t d tl G p l e a se o o ee o an ze os e .

34 1 . M r
o se, L L C cr ti f W lth A ddr
. . M th di t
o n se a on o ea . e s s at e o s

( E cu m ic l C fr c
en 9 a M tk di t Ti m p 6 84
on e e n e, 1 01 . . e o s es , .
,

S pt mb r 9
e e e 1 . L d 9 on on , 1 0 1

34 2 . M S S i B riti h M u u m
. n T ith si dic t d i C l C t se on e s are n a e n as s a a

l gu f M S S Ck l H i t y l i pp 4 —9
o e o . as u rc i s or ,
vo . . . 01 .

34 3 . Miill G rge r, C hri ti G ivi g

eo 5d e P
. t idg 879 s an n . . ar r e, 1

3 44 . O G ivi g n A xtr ct fr m h 4 h R p rt f h N w
n . n e a o t e 2 t e o o t e e

O rph H u an B ri t l o se s, P t idg s o . ar r e

34 5 . T h P rivil g ef G ivi g t ught i S criptur P t idg

e e o n as a n e . ar r e

3 46 . M r M
un o, G P r p rti t G ivi g
rs . c t eo . o o on a e n . 1 en .

34 7 . M r ph y Th m
u ,
Su t i h G r t E t rpri
o as D cu m t
. s a n t e ea n e se . o en

N 3 o . .

348 . M rr ay A dr w M
u ,
y T h ught f G d S t w rd
n e . on e o s or o
’
s e a s .

T h P v rty f C hri t e d
o e o s . 1 .

4 L i gfi ld R d Wimbl d S W 1 A, n e oa ,
e on , .

3 50 . N ff J am M B y h Y r
e , es by h D ll r — W hich ? T/
. t e ea or t e o a ie

F bru ry
.

Mi i y Vi i t
ss on a r 9 4 s E P E E
or, e a ,
1 0 . . . .
 A B I B LI O G R A P H Y O N TI TH E P A YI N G -

3 51 . N b l W B C hri ti
o e, G ivi g
.
3 p . R TS s an n . s . e r 1 00 . . . .

3 52 . N l F A D S y t m tic
oe , . d P r p ti
. t A l m givi g A
. s e a an o or on a e s n .

P p r r d b f r t h W k fi ld D i c
a e ea C fr c e o e e a e e o e san on e e n e ,

O ct b r o89 d e ,
1 2 . 1 .

3 53 . N rri Edw ar d S T h I mpr pri ti

o s, f T ith P ric 6d . e o a on o e s. e .

E yr S p tti w d L d 9 5 e o s oo e, on on , 1 0

3 54 . N t G ivi g
o e s on Mi i yH ld 9 4 n . ss ona r e ra ,
1 0 .

3 55 . Ob r C K A L rg
e ,
Lif
. . 5 a er e . .

3 56 . M y S piritu l F rc i h Ki gd m f G d
on e a a o e n t e n o o o .

9 3 1 0

3 57 .
’
OB i C l
r en , l Th L ym P i t fV i w
o on e . e a an s
’
o n o e .

O illi P c k t P ri t r C d r a a e n e s, ana a

3 58 . O ff rt y A l m
e or P mphl t N 7 5 s F 6 O CA
. a e o . . . 1
4
. . .

O fi t y R ubric T h
'

3 59 . e r or 6d p F 6 O CA, e . 1s . . e r 100 . . 7
“
. . .

3 60 . Ogd M
en , U T h G r c f L i b r lity
rs . . e a e o e a .

36 1 . O n G ivi g F r m T/ A n t li . C/ /m N v mb r 7 o ze u s ra an zu rc z an , o e e ,

1 90 3 . Sydn ey, N S W . . .

36 2 0 P J M yR ic h R e ligio us E xp e rie n ce 1 0 ce n t s
. . . . . .
p e r d0z P r i t cka r a .

36 3 Osb or n e , H en ry G n
. ivi g . 88 . 1 1

3 64 Osb orn e , J oh n T
. yth
e s : An In dict t g i t yth
me n a a n s T . 6 59 e s, e t c . 1

36 5 P al me r , A T
. ru
G e n e o sn e s s P e 1d . ric . . .

J m Cl r k C 3 4 F l t S tr t L d 9
a es a e o .
, 1 -
1 , ee ee ,
on on , 1 0 0

3 66 . Pa gb r
n A da L o n,T h Wi d w f H v Op N 4 . e n o s o ea en en . o .
,

T lk a b t C/ i t i
s a ou Gi i g A pril 88 5 CG R
zr s an v n , ,
1 . . .

36 7 . Pa y T h P c k t M
ns . ur e o e e as e .

L thr p P ubli hi g C B t US A o o s n o .
,
os on , . . .

368 . Par k r J ep h S c ,
tt i g d
oseW ithh ldi g . a er n an o n .

Tl Ci ty T mp l L d 87 ie e e, on on , 1 1

Th T h l gy f M y e Tb Ci ty T mp l L d
eo o o on e . e e e, on on

Th \V k i g C hurch e A A rgu m t f
or L ib r lity
n d : n en or e a an

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1

37 1 . P th W lth W ith I tr ducti by B i h p ( w G r l

a to ea . n o on s o no e ne a

S up ri t d t ) C r m S B l k mitk A
e n en en a an : ee ac s ,
.

372 . P ar
e Mar k G y M i t r H
se , pr ch h G r t H urt
u . s e o rn ea e s on t e ea .

Mi t r H r d h i F ri d
s e o n an s en s .

W l y M th di t B k R m L d es e an e o s oo oo ,
on on

3 74 . A H mily f M i t r H o up G ivi g o s e orn on n .

W l y M th di t B k R m L d es e an e o s oo oo ,
on on

37 5 . P ar
e A t h y Th G r t C
son , n fT ith on 7 54 . e ea ase o es . 1

376 . Th G r t C u fT ith t ruly t t d

e ea by J M a se o es s a e ,
e tc .
, . .

L d —
73 6 on on , 1 0 2

37 7 . P a
e rson ,H gh S y t m tic B fi
u A P p r r db fr
. s e a e ne c e n ce . a e ea e o e

th W mi e t r C l ric l M ti g
ar ns e e a ee n .

Th m D k 4 d 9 Cr C urt L d o as an s, an , an e o ,
on on
 TH E TI TH E I N S CR I P T UR E

Pen te cost tic B fi

,
Wh
Geor ge T d . S yt s e ma ene ce n ce . en an
H w G iv o to e.

A D F R .d lph C 3 F i fth A v u N w Y k City 897

. . an o o .
,
10 ,
en e, e or ,
1

P r l C cr ti
e son a C hri t Th G r t D uty f h P r
o n se t a on to s . e ea o t e e se n

Ag 3 c t e. en s .

W W W t r S up ri t d t P r byt ri P ublic ti
. . a e s, e n en en es e an a on

R m 98 P Av u P i tt b g / P oo US A s, 1 , e nn en e, s ur z, en n , . . .

P r l E xp ri c fC hri ti G ivi g [Th L rd T r u y

e son a e en e s o s an n . e o
’
s e as r

S ri N e 4d p e s,d o . M N g/ t . er oz . c au z an

Pi r A T W hy
e son , d H w h ll I G iv ? E p i
. . an o s a e x er en ce,

N 9 Ju o 9 3 . 0, ne, 1 0 P t idg . ar r e

N w I c tiv t G ivi g
e F r m N w A t f Ap t l s
n en es o n . o e c s o os e .

B ibl P l fG ivi g N 53 e an o n . o . .

A m ric H m Mi i e ry S ci ty,B ibl H u N w Y k

an o e ss on a o e e o se , e or

T h L rd T chi g b ut M y P ric d
e o
’
s ea n s a o o ne . e 1 .

M ild m y M i i J w C tr l H ll P hilp tt S tr t
a ss o n to e s, en a a ,
o ee ,

L d on on

3 8 5 Pi g
. Fr i A l m givi g A ci
ou , t d M d r A S rm
an c s . s n ,
n en an o e n . e on .

3 d E diti r T T h tch r C ll g G r
on . B i t l . a e ,
o e e e e n, r s o

3 86 Pik
. J G Chri ti L ib r lity i h D i tributi
e, . . f P r p rty s an e a n t e s on o o e .

56 P t r t r R w L d 8 36 ,
a e nos e o ,
on on , 1

3 8 7 Pi tt H
. ry A S Th F r W ill O ff ri g S ch m 4 h
, en . . e ee
-
e n e e . t
E diti P ric 4d on . e .

R J ur t G r t W t r R d P ddi gt L d
. o ne , 10, ea es e n oa ,
a n on , on on

3 8 8 Pl tt S H
. a T h C hri ti
,
L w f G ivi g
. . e s an a o n .

3 8 9 Pl m r W S T h G r t G iv r
. u e ,
S H w M k k ll 1 Gi
. . ? e ea e . ee o uc s a ve

39 0 P ck t C v r i f h
. o e , on P G U [ 9 5]
e s on o t e . . . . 1 0

39 1 P. k Ch rl
ococ A B W hy G iv ? A P ublic C f i
, a es . . e o r, o n e ss o n as

h R ight M tiv
to t f P r p rti
e t G ivi g o es or o o ona e n .

39 2 P p c J Th P t r
. o e, d S y t m tic G ivi g N
. . A R P S e as o an s e a n . o . 1 12 . . .

393 P r ctic l P l
. a A 4 B ca S tr t B t Man , USA . 1 ,
e a on ee , os on , as s .
,
. . .

3 9 4 Pr i
. A i N G ivi gce , G tti g
nn e A L tt r i Tb Cl i ti . n or e n . e e n e ir s an ,

S pt mb r e 89 3 e e L d
2 1, 1 . on on

39 5 P i . Th ma
r ce , Th C f T ith oi mply S t t d i f w s . e ase or es s a e n a e

N t E P
o es rc j . l O ffi c H igh S tr t R kyl 88 7 . ea e, ou rn a e, ee , ,
1

396 Pr id . x H mph r y D a f N r wi h A A w rd f Ki g
e au , u ,
e n o o c . n a o n

C h rl h F ir t ttli g T w S hilli g f h P u d
a es t e f h s se n o n s o t e o n o ut o t e

R t f H u i N rwich
en s o L do 7 7 se s n o ,
e tc . on on , 1 0

D ir cti C hurchw rd e which i dd d

on s to a e ns to s a e a

C mp diu m f h L w fT ith
o en pp 9 56 L d 8 3 o t e a o e s, . 11 — . on on , 1 1

398 . O rigi l d R ight fT ith na N wi l 7an o es . or c z, 1 10

3 99 Pr i t A
. O P ri t d th ir T ith
es , . L d 8 88
ur e s s an e es . on on , 1

400 P ri cipl
. d M th d
n Sy d P p r
e s an e o s . no a e .

G W C hi h l m N w Gl g w N S ti 88 8 . . s o ,
e as o ,
ov a co a, 1
 TH E TI TH E IN S CR I P T UR E

4 20 . Ri ch a dson , Pe r uty d P rivil g f Chri ti i

t er . Th e D an e e o s an s n

xi w th h S upp rt f h O rdi c f h G p l
Con n e on i t e o o t e n an es o t e os e .

N i b t 8 57 s e ,
1

421 . Riddl J m W S y t m tic G ivi g

e, a A W rk i g P l
es . s e a n . o n an .

4 22 . R igb y N L ,
T C t . h D ll r ;
. T h T ith en en s on t e o a or, e e

Th T th C lub P ubli hi g C L A g l
e en 89 5 s n o .
, os n e e s, 1

4 23 . R i i r Th p hil
v e ,
C hri ti L ib r lity
eo Tr l t d fr m h
e. s an e a . an s a e o t e
Fr ch
en . S i mp k i L d n, on on

4 24 . R b t
o ar es, F lk Th R v u f th G p l i T yth
ou e . e e en e o e os e s s e s,

due t th Mi i i
o f h W rd by th t W rd
e n st r e o t e o , a o .

C mb idg 6 3 a r e, 1 1

4 25 . R bi
o n son ,Ch arl 8 Th y f S t w rd hip D cum t es . e or o e a s . o en

N 8 o . .

4 26 . R bj h
o o n s, H ry T Th N d d M th d
en f S bb th . e ee an e o o a a

S t ri g f G d
o n or o P t idg
. 86 5 ar r e, 1

4 27 . R oe ,H r y T h P l c which R ligi u G ivi g i M

en . e tt a e e o s n s e an o

O ccupy i h Chri ti Ec
n my t e s an on o .

B r d f rd B r Ch p l S tr t S l b
a o k C d 88 os .
,
a e ee , ze r roo e, an a a, 1 0

G d T th B i di g R bl ’
4 28 . R k F H
oo e , . . o S TG s en . n n , e ason a e . . .

R ul f G ivi g h W k ly O fi
.

'

4 29 . es or y F 8 O CA n to t e ee e rt o r . . 9° . .

S y t m tic A l m givi g A P p r writt f th R ch t r

.

4 30 s e a s n . a e en or e o es e

Di c fr c April 89 3d
.

o C e s an on e e n F 6 O CA e, , 1 0 . . . 9
“

G iv Why d w g t Church ?
. . .

43 1 . T G o e t or to e . o e o o

4 32 . R oss, J h T h C hri ti W k ly O fi i g
o n . Th S criptur l
e s an ee
'
er n o r, e a

P ri ci pl
n d R ul f S lf
e an m t i th D dic ti f e o e -
asse ss en n e e a on o

P r p rty S G ld d M G p l
o e . ee o an e os e .

Th C rt i tye f W k ly O ff ri g ;
e a n Th I q uir r o ee e n 01, e n e

D ir ct de e St k oc

T h L rd P rti t r d h L rd D y ’ ’
e o s L
o d on s o e on t e o s a . on on

S t ri g f G d o d G ivi g t G d
n or St k
o ,
an n o o . oc

Th B t f eh L rd A S rm
es or t e o . e on .

B l cki C Gl g w a e o as o

4 37 . TI W kly Ofi i g R
ze d Q u rt rly
ee S t k 8 65 7 5 er n ecor . a e . oc
,
1 -

4 38 . R oss -L wi G He L rd S cud m r
n, A L y l Church m
. . o a o e : o a an
d F ith ful S t w rd f G d B u ty P ric 3d ’
an a e a o o s o n . e .

S t G il P ri ti g C mp y R bur H u Y rk P l c
’
. es n n o an ,
ae n o se , o a e,
E di b g/ 9 n ur z , 1 00

4 39 . Rumfi t t D C B ibl M th d f G ivi g

, r .
3d
. M k ll e e o o n . . ars a

4 40 . D w right S ti gi
o n i it tru ? i it I ? d n n e ss : s e s 2 .

L d J w S ci ty [ 9 5] on on e s o e 1 0

44 1 . Sallm William H S y t m tic d P r p rti t G ivi g

on , . s e a an o o on a e n

Y u g M C hri ti ci ti
.

’
o n A en s s an sso a on

3 W t T w ty i th S tr t N wY k City
.

-n n e or
, es en 9 ee , , 1 02
 A B I B L I O G R A PH Y ON TI TH E P A YI N G -

442 . S lv ti
a a A my Th T
on th L gu r S A
. e en ea e. .

P tri rch l P l ti
.

44 3 . S y
a ce , A H . . L d 89 5
a a a a es ne . on on , 1

S C A 8
. . R urc fth Ki gd m A P p r f W m
. . e so es o e n o . a e or o en

P r p rti t G ivi g P l dg
.

o o on a e P it k d U S A n e e . r c ar , . . .

T lk b ut C hri ti
'
445 . S ha fi
c eJ G Th er, fA ll N 5 . . e 1 1; o
1
. o . . a s a o s an
G ivi g Th C hri ti
n G iv r
. e s an e .

44 6 . S h aufl
c A F M y 5c t
er, . S VM F M . on e . en s . . . .

44 7 . S h ii
o Emil
rer, H i t ry f h J wi h P pl i h ti m
. f s o o t e e s eo e n t e e o

J u C hri t E m l m t f h P i th d D ivi i I I
es s s . o u en s o t e r es oo . s on

V l I p T C l r k E di b gk
.

o .
3 . . T 2 0 . 89 . . a , n ur , 1 0

44 8 . S h w ab M i
c L T l mud d J u l m
, o se P i .8 78 e a e e r sa e . a r s, 1

44 9 . S tt J R T h P ri mitiv R ul
co , . .f G ivi g e e e o n .

4 50 . S tt Robe r t S T h G r c
co ,
f C h i ti L ib r l it y . e a e o r s an e a .

A ird C ghill 6 3 A r gyll S t t Gl g w 884 o , 2 , re e ,

as o , 1

4 51 . S D H [A b u i
. . . m ] B ibl ic l F i c s n e ss an . a n an e .

T h Ki g P rt i ’
4 52 . e n s o on .

4 53 . S lb r
e Earl A ci t F ct
o n e, d F icti c c r i g C hurch
. n en a s an on s on e n n

an d T ith 8 7 6d es .M c mill L d 8 88
v o, s . . a an s, on on , 1

4 54 . S ld
e J h
en , Th H i t ry f T yth
o n . L d 6 8 e s o o es . on on , 1 1

4 55 . Se ymou r J am C k C hri t t h A p c lyp

, [Ch pt r
es oo e . s e o a se . a e on

W l th d it U
ea L w f G ivi g ]
an s se s a o n

T h G i ft f h R y l F mily ;
e S y t m t ic C hri t i
s o t e o a a or, s e a s an
B fi
e ne — it N tur ce n ce dN d s a e an ee .

W B r igg 7 d 8 Ki g S tr t E t T t 8 88
. s, 0 an 0, n ee ,
as , or on o, 1

4 57 . Sh av r M A T e ,
R f T ithi g
. . en e ason s or n .

4 58 . Sh l te 0 Do
on , H igh r I d l . f Ch i t i S t w d hip
n . e ea s o r s an e ar s .

S c e d diti
on e S on .
9 . 1 01

4 59 . Sh p p ar d W J L T h G r c
e ,
f G iv i g A rt icl i F ir t
. . . e a e o n . e n s

C M S S u mm
. . S ch l R p rt
.
9 4 er oo e o , 1 0 .

S li bu y S q u r L d a s r a e, on on

4 60 . S h rt C t ch i m f T ith
o a e A T r ct N 5 s T to e s, . a o . . oron o

46 1 . Sl a Wal t r B Th G r c
o n, fG i i g
e d . e a e o v n . 1 .

M rg S c tt P t r t r B uild i g L d E C
o an o ,
1 2, a e n os e n s, on on , . .

46 2 . Smith A a , G iv i g t f th ir D p P v rty
s . D cu m t n ou o e ee o e . o en

N 4 o . .

463 . Smit h Edwar d Ev r tt

,
C hr i ti S t w rd hip e e . s an e a s .

464 . Smi t h G L , G iv i g G d d ir ct
. N .6 T lk b ut n as o e s . o . . a s a o

C hr i t i G iv i g
s an n 88 8 .
1

46 5 . Smith H gh C B k f R m mb r c
, u Wi O S ri . oo o e e an e . n ne e es .

N 3 o . P ric 8 c t
. e en s .

Smi th M O P J W m B rd f M i i “ ” ’
4 66 . S T
, rs . . f . . . . o en s oa o s s on s o

th I t i r
e n er o 53 D rb r S tr t Cki g U S A
.
,
ea o n ee , ca o, . . .

4 67 . Smi th Si Geor g ,
P ril f W lth E y t M t h di t
r e . e s o ea . s sa a e o s

(E m ic l C f r c
cu en 9 M t/ di t Tim
a p 68 4 on e e n e, 1 01 . e zo s es, .
,

S pt mb
e e9 er 1 L d.
9 on on , 1 0 1
 TH E TI TH E IN S CR I P T UR E

46 8 . Smi th , Wemyss hri ti G ivi g Church . Go d ’

s Way for C s an n .

S i N
e r e s, 8 $ p 3 c t ch o . . 2 e r 100 . en s ea .

R ev W my S mith S t M tth w C hurch B l mi gt

. e ss , . a e
’
s , oo n o n,

4 69 . Smith W R b r t ,
L ctur t h R ligi n ft h S mit
. o e son . e e s on e e o o e e es .

E di b gl 8 89 n ur z, 1

4 70 . Sm k D V S y t m tic B
oc ,
v l c S H w m k k ll
. . s e a e ne o en e . ee o uc s a

I gi S cve 9d (r vi d) diti 894

. e P B E
on e se e on , 1 . . . .

47 1 . Smyly E S Th G r c ,
f G ivi g . . e a e o n .

C hurch M i i ry H u S li bu y S q u r L d E C s s on a o se , a s r a e, on on , . .

4 72 . S m y C ll
o an a s .

4 73 . S m y C ll
o an id a s . .

4 74 . S am W r r H K P r p rti
o es, t G ivi g e ne . . o o on a e n .

Th R d Ju 6 L d 8 96 e e cor ,
ne 2 ,
on on , 1

47 5 . S m A b mi ti
o e f M d m C hurch F i
o c T r ct N 6
na on s o o e n an e . a o . .

476 . S th R b r t
ou , S rm C v t u o e N 46 d . e ons on o e o sne s s . os . an

47 V l III p
. 87 o . O f d 8 3. . 2 . x or , 1 2

4 77 . Sp l ma Si H r y L rg r T r ti
e n, c c r i g T yth
r en . a e ea se on e n n es .

L d 7 8 on on , 1 2

T h H i t ry d F t e f S cril g F urth diti

s o with an a e o a e e , o e on ,

an A pp dix bri gi g h W r k up t en h pr t d t by h n n t e o o t e e se n a e, t e

R ev C F S W . . . L d . 89 5 AR R EN . on on , 1

Hi t y d F t f S cril g
s or E dit d by S M U an J a e o a e e . e A EL .

E D C L
A L ES , H dg
. L d
. 8 88 . o e s, on on , 1

4 80 . Sp r R b r t E
ee , S y t m tic G ivi g
o e Fr m M m i l f . s e a n . o e or a o

H T P i tki
. p 89 F l mi g H R v ll C N w Y k City
. n, . . e n . e e o .
, e or

Sp r Will iam G d R ul f Ch i ti G ivi g A P r ctic l

’
481 . ee , . o s e or r s an n . a a
E s say h S ci c fC hri ti E c my
on t e B B B en e o s an on o . . . .

482 . Sp en ce ,R b rt Th J wi h L w f T ith A G uid t

o e . e e s a o e . e o

C h ri ti L ib r l ity
s S G ld
an d ti G p l e a . ee o an re os e .

4 83 . Sp en cer Dwigh t Church F i c , . n an e .

Sp fi d H T T h L w f Chri ti G ivi g
'

4 84 . u or , . . e a o s an n .

R H T Sp f f d N w B k y W tf d ev . . . u or ,
e us e ,
a or

48 5 . Sp g
ur e on , C H A Ch rful G iv r b l v d f G d S r m . . ee e e o e o o . e on

N 0 835 . P mr . Al b t r L d as s o e a as e ,
on on

4 86 . St t M Th k O fi i g
an on , c t p d WB F M
rs . an -
’

er n s. 10 en s er oz . . .

487 . S t r f O b l ti
a o a on .

4 88 . S t war t E B Th T ith
e , . . e e .

Wi C C/ i g d Wi
n on a L k I di USA o .
,
z ca o an n on a a e, n an a, . . .

Th T ith C v t P l f F i ci g h Ki gd m f
e e o e n an an or n an n t e n o o

C hri t s .

4 90 . St w r t T C S y t m tic B
e a , fi .T h T ithi g S y t m
. s e a ene c e n ce or, e n s e

i
n h N w T t m t C hurch
t e A S rm e b h d f h es a en . e on to e a o t e

A uth r 3 S uth 58 h S tr t P kil d lp k US A

’

o . 12 1, o t ee ,
a e za , . . .
 TH E TI TH E IN S CR I P T UR E

5 14 . Ten th L gi E r l m t B l k f h
e on , n o en an o t e .

J h W B r 646 W hi g S tr t B t U S A
o n . ae , ,
as n t on ee ,
os on , . . .

515 T xt
e h Gr c
s on f G ivi g
t e a e o F 6 O CA n . . 9
°
. . .

5 16 . T H
. C hri ti
. G ivi g 6d d s B ibl H u
an P ilgri m S tr t n . . oz . e o se , ee ,

5 17 . Th k givi g A
an s 4d p d n nn . . er oz .

5 18 .
[Th mp o T ith
son I d f ibl O b rv ti es n e e ns e o r, se a on s on

th O rigi
e d Eff ct fT ith
n an Y k 79 5
e s o e s, e t c . or ,
1

Th r dik H rb rt T h C hurch R ight t T ith fu d ’

5 19 o n e, e e . e s o e s, as o n

i S c i ptur [writt
n r b ut e W rk l V I pp 3 — 8 en a o o s, v o . . . 1 .

L ibr ry fA gl C th lic T h l gy
a o n P rk r O f d 8 56
o
-
a o eo o . a e , x or , 1

5 20 . Th r l d A W O M
o o ,
y D dd M d C N w Y k
. . n on e . o ,
ea o .
, e or

52 1 . Ti d He d U l d by T ithi g
an n o o se n .

5 22 . Till l y Ri h r d A i m dv r i
es e ,
up M S ld I l i t y
c a . n a e s on s on r . e en s
’
s or

of Tyt/ S c d diti
zes . e on L d 6 e on . on on , 1 21

5 23 T ith A D i c ur
e, h O blig ti
s o f P it m L d
se o n t e a on o . an , on on

5 24 . T ith C fr
e c R p iv R di g
on e en e. e s ons e ea n .

52 5 T ith C v e t o e n an .

526 . T ith P ri mitiv

e Th e, e .

52 7 . T ith S criptur l Th
e a , e .

528 T ith F ir t F ruit O f

e s, f ri g G i ft
s - A ll c mm d d by G d s, e n s, s : o an e o .

T ithi g fr m Bu i M St dp i t F r m T/ A m ’
5 29 n o a s n e ss an s an o n . o ze

b d f h P r by ri
assa or o t Ch urch I l l A p il
e 9 3 C/ i g
es te an ,
.
,
r 1 1, 1 0 . z ca o

5 30 T ithi g I it C hri ti
n . ? P s t T tk July 9 4 L d
s an resen ru , ,
1 0 . on on

S3 I T i h i g h C mm d f G d
t n t e o an o o .

53 2 T tt
o J W G ivi g G d C u
en , . . n to o
’
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533 T w l y Ad m C W T h S c rd t l T ith
o n e , a N w Y k 8 55
. . e a e o a e. e or , 1

5 34 T w l y F ra
o n e E M y E xp ri c ;
, ncesW hy I T ith my . e en e o r, e

I c m
n o c t p de . 20 en s P it / d er oz . r c z ar

53 5 T w V ic r A
o n H w h Bl a i g c m d tt
, . o t e e ss n a e . 2 . ne .

M / ll 897 dJ
ars t a ld S L ,
d 1 d N wi / ,
an arro o n s, on o n an or c i

5 36 T R A O d ur f S w t S m ll
. . n od Mo k ll
a ee e . 1 . a rs a

53 7 T l i i P H
re e n e , U d c ivi g P pl i h P i t fT ith
. . n e e n eo e n t e o n o es .

538 T mb ll H Cl y T h L w f h T ith
ru u , . a . e a o t e e .

U it d P r byt ri
n e M M v m t 6 6 W t N th
es e an en s
’
o e en , 1 , es or

Av u A ll gk y P A en e, e an , . .

539 Tu k r A B r ar d A l m givi g
c e , . Ck e n/ B ll D c mb r . s n . u rc z e s, e e e

2 4 9 3
,
1 0 . L d on on

540 Tw di ee W K M e, d hi M . y I t U d Abu ~
. an an s on e : s s e an se .

Ni b t L d 8 56 s e , on on , 1

54 1 . Tw Cl r gym
o A ti M mm
e ; Aen E xp ur . f h n - a on or, n os e o t e
U criptur l S t t m t f M mm
ns a N i b t 83 7
a e en s o a on . s e ,
1

54 2 . Tw Mi i
o ry F u d f h Y u g P pl S ci ty f
ss on a n s o t e o n eo e s
’
o e o

C hri ti E d v u
s an C tr l P r byt ri
n C hurch
ea o r . en a es e an .
 A Y O N TI TH E P A YI N G
B I B L I O GR A P H -

54 3 . T yt h es A E . y c c i g th D ivi R ight fT yth B y

n s sa on e rn n e ne o es .

th A uth r f Tb S
e k i t/ G
o o 8 e 7 na e n ze r as s . vo . 1 00

54 4 . T yth es Th C .
y Pl g i t T yth t L d 64 7
e o un t re
’
s ea a a n s e s, e c . on on , 1

54 5 . U cl B
n e B g en sH w i i
’
v r mpty
a P t idg
. 87 o t s ne e e . ar r e
,
1 2

54 6 . U d rhill T Edgar T ith

n e , .d Of f ri g A P p r r d . es an e n s . a e ea

b f r W rc t r D i c
e o e o C fr es ec o e s an on e e n e .

T E dg r U d rhill M D B
. t G
a W t li n e ,
. .
,
ar n r een , or ces er s z re

54 7 . U d rw d R A
n e oo W ill M , b G d? . P r ic c t. a an ro o e 10 en s .

P ci fi c P r P ubl i hi g C mp y O kl d C l f i
a e ss s n o an , a an , a i or n a

54 8 . Uh lh r D
o n, G r har d C hri ti
r . C h rity i th eA ci t . s an a n e n en

C hurch Tr l t d fr m t h G r m
. an s a e o e e an .

S crib r S N w Y k 88 3 ’
ne s o n s, e or ,
1

54 9 . U w r t h Willi am L v i g d G ivi g
ns o , . o n an n .

W l y C f r c O ffi c
es e an C tl S tr t C it y R d
on e e n e e , 2, as e ee ,
oa ,

L d on on

5 50 . Vi ar fCl w r
c o T ith d O ff ri g
e e 5d . e s an e n s . .

Th m E Luf f 69 P c d S tr t I Vi d o as .
, ,
e as o ee ,
/ n sor

55 1 . V ox Clam ti T h G tti g
an d S p di g f M
s . y P ublic e e n an en n o on e .

M orality N 5 , o . .

J m C l rk C 3 4 F l t S tr t L d a es a e o .
, 1 1 , ee ee ,
on on

55 2 . Waffl Alb r t E C hr i ti it y d P r p rty A I t pr t

e, e . s an an o e : n n er e a

ti on . 897 1

G ivi g t th C u
n f Ch i t o W hy h uld I G iv e a se o r s . s o e ?

N 43 o . .

5 54 . I it G d I v tm t ? N
s a oo 4 n es en o . 0 .

55 5 . L k g ea B fi a e 1n A B M U e ne ce n c e . . . . .

5 56 . Wak fi l d Bi h op f T h B t I v t m t F E O C A
e e , s o . e es n es en . . r
”
. . .

5 57 . Wat r w rt h J [T r l t d by J C
e o , . d D cr ft h an s a e . an on s an e ee s o e

C u cil fT r
o n t o en L d . 84 8 on on , 1

5 58 . Wat ki E A T h G i ft B g T h ught d S ugg ti

n s, . . e a . o s an es on s o n

P r p rt i t G ivi g 6d p d
o o on a e P G U n . . er oz . . . .

H w t G iv o 6d p do e P G U
. . er oz . . . .

S t r i g t G ivo 3 dnp d o P G U e . . er oz . . . .

[E dit d b y ] S t i g d O bt i i g
e A Q u t rly P p r
. or n an a n n . ar e a e

S t ri g f G d C u d O bt i i g fr m G d d ’ ’
on o n or o H s a se , an a n n o o s an .

1 88 8 d w rd Tb L d P ti 6d p d P G U
an on a s as e or
’
s or on . . er oz . . . .

T w f ld S t r i g o- o A F w W rd t Y u g M o dn . e o s o o n en an
M id a 3d p
ens d . . erP G U oz . . . .

56 3 Th C hurch m T ith C lub Om l U S A C T C ’

. e an s e . a za , . . . . . .

56 4 . W kly F will O ff ri g S ch m
ee re e - E mm u l Church P d e n e e , at an e , a

di gt n B k
on d P ri ti g f oo s an n n o r.

R J u t 4 Gr t W t R d L d W . o rn e ,
1 , ea e s e rn oa , on on , .

56 5 . W kl y W M G t t i g d G ivi g ;
ee e , . Th S t w r d hip f
. e n an n o r, e e a s o

W lth ea .

U it d B r thr P ub l i h i g H u D yt O/zi 9 4
n e e en s n o se , a on , o, 1 0
 TH E TI TH E I N S CR I P T UR E

566 . W eek s i i A ’
Wag es to M ss o n s, .

A m ric B rd 4 B c S tr t B t U S A e an oa ,
1 , e a on ee ,
os on , . .

G dly T hri ft f F v ur d E gl d
.

56 7 W E M . . . . d S TG
o or a o e n an . 1 . . . .

56 8 W i l y J. C hri ti
e s e S t w rd hip N 34
,
. G s an e a s . o . . r ee n

569 W ll . Am R Th T th L gi
e s, c t os . e en e on . 2 en s .

5 7
0 W l .
y J h es eS r m 5 T h ,
U f M o n y W rk . e on 0 . e se o on e . o s,

l vi p vo 4 . .
, . L d
12 8 9 . on on , 1 2

S rm ( ) T h D g r fR ich
e ( ) R ich
on s : 3) Th 1 e an e o es 2 es e

D g r f I cr i g R ich
an e o n e as n es .

572 Wh ll E P I ll y ur I c m y ur O w ?
. a on , . . s a o n o e o n

5 7 3 W h t Chri ti
. a O w t Chri t s M E an s C e o s . .

h t iv d Wimbl d
.

5 7 4 W . d I G a? 7o H m fi ld R e 1 ,
o e e oa , e on

5 7 5 W h t h ll I G iv u t
. a h L rd ?
s a e n o t e o

57 6 W h t h B ibl
. a y G ivi g N 8 § d
t e P t idg
e sa s on n . O . . . ar r e

57 7 Wh l r C H
. T
ee e Y r th E uphr t
, ( Ch pt r X
. . en ea s on e a es . a e .

T ith G ivi g R viv l ) e- n e a .

A m ric T r ct S ci ty 5 N u S tr t N w Y k
e an a o e ,
1 0, assa ee , e or

5 7 8 Whit k r J
.
ph P r ctic l G uid f h S ucc ful W r k i g
a e , ose . a a e or t e e ss o n

f h W k ly O f
o f ri g i
t e C hri ti C hurch ee d St k e n n a s an . 1 . oc

57 9 Whi t mb H rry T ithi g fr m B u i M S t dp i t

’
. co ,
a . n o a s n e ss an s an o n .

75 c t p en s E L M ill r P I di
e r 100 . US A . . e ,
e ru , n an a,

T ithi g R ligi u D uty

. . .

580 . S h lby ill I di

n a USA e o s . e v e, n an a, . .

Th Th l gy fG ivi g
.

581 Wh i t Gr
.
gh e, e en ou . e eo o o n .

D m tic d F r ig M i i
o es y S ci ty f P r t t t E pi
an o e n ss on ar o e o o e s an s

c p l Church o 8 F
a h A N w Y k 9 ,
2 1, o urt v e n ue , e or , 1 00

Whi t h d Bp C t la dt Th P rivil g d U tility f h

_

58 2 . e ea , . or n . e e e an o t e

T ith St v
e . F t r C P it t b g U S A e e n son os e o .
,
s ur , . . .

58 3 W hy C hurch h uld b F r L fl t F 65 O C A °
. es s o e ee . ea e . . . . .

5 8 4 W hy ? C hri ti S t w rd hip M h di M i i m T
“ ”
. R s an t e a s . et o st ss o n oo s, or on o

58 5 Will iam M
. M P r p rti t G ivi g
s, rs . . o o on a e n .

5 86 Will m tt M
. J B P r p rti t G ivi g T r ct
o ,
rs . . . o o on a e n . a .

46 B d S tr t T t C d , on ee ,
o ron o, ana a

58 7 Willm tt M B
. P r p rti t G ivi g A E x rci
o ,
. B igg . o o on a e n . n e se . r s

5 88 W J C T ith
. . .f ll h S ct . d C hurch P rt I e s, e t c .
, o a t e e s an es a .

F r S tr t T
.

B i S t 88 7 arn co tt on , o e ee ,
a u n on 1

589 W rd b ut Fi c A F g F i ld p 4 9 4
,

. o a o o ur n an e, . orei n e ,
. 2 ,
1 0 .

M th di t P ubli hi g H u
e oC tl S tr t C ity R d L d
s s n o se , 2 , as e ee , oa ,
on on

590 W r hip f G d by O ff ri g N
. o s o o G e n s . o . 20 . reen

59 1 Wy k fi J F Th Chri ti U f M y
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, . A TS
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592 Wyli Jam A Th G p l M i i t y D uty d P rivil g

. e, es . e os e n s r : an e e

f upp rti g it
o s o n N i b t 8 57 . s e ,
1

593 Wyli W T T h Chri ti

. e, G iv r N 3 3
. . P B E e s an e . o . 1 . . . .

5 94 Y .
g Willi m S y t m tic G iv i g h S cr t f S ucc
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a ful . s e a n t e e e o e ss

Church F i c p n an B 6 e . 1s . e r 100 . . 94

59 5. G ivi g G d A rch r
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[LASER ( DI ? zI ZI Z EEHQI RS

F os e , trJ P , 1 75 o e , J W s 2 59 J yc M ur n o,

Judd urphy T 3 7
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F en , A , 1 78 Kan e , T , 26 1 M a
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J 273, s J 364
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ilt g P t c t G T 3 78
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H an n a , J , 2 1 4 M ag e , W , 29 5, 296 o

rri ly P i k J G 386
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H av e rgal, F R , 2 1 8 M a e , M rs J , 300 e

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,

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purg Wyc J f T ith

. . . . .

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t t Wyli J D ll r M mb r hip 4
. . . .
,

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t w rt Wyli D r m fT i h l d 4
. .
,

S e a , E B , 4 88 , 4 89 e , W T , 59 3 ea o t e an 1 2
t w rt ug E x p ditur fChri ti
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,

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, ,

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,

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. .

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et o ist 6
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,
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, ,

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,

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,

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,

e ssa s , 405 a s on e s, 10 o a o nan e ,

Pr p rti t G ivi g f T mp r l S id fG ivi g W r hip by O ff ri g
o o on a e n or e o a e o n o s e n s,

Mi i
,

4 7
ss o n s, 5 0 59 12 0

P : in le d Wa lso n
'

an d b o u n d by H a z e l] , 6 4
Van ey, L d .
, L o n do n an d Ay lc s b u ry .
 PR E FA C E

HE sc h e me o f t h e fo l l o w i n g S t u di e s may “

b e b ri e fly i n di c at e d as fo ll o w s T he O p e n i n g .

c h ap t e r s are i n t e n de d t o s h o w ap ar t fr o m an d , ,

b e fo r e t h e e xi st e n c e o f t h e B i bl e t h at man fr o m
, , ,

t h e b e gi n n i n g r e c o gn i s e d i t as a dut y t o o f
, fe r a
o r t i o n o f h is s u b s t an c e t o h is G o d ; a n d t h at t h e
p
o r t i o n s o de di c at e d t hr o u gh o u t t h e an c i e n t agan
p , p
an d p at ri a rc h al w o r l d w as al mo s t i n v ari abl y a t e n t h
, .

F r o m t h e Je w s i n de e d p ay me n t was r e qu i r e d
, ,

”
o f t w o t e n t h s in addi t i o n t o t i th e an d t o ’
G od s ,

t h e s e t h e R abbi s adde d a f o u r t h as a ar s f r om ou r
pp e ,

s t u di e s i n t h e O ld T e s t ame n t t h e A p o c ry p h a an d
, ,

t h e T al mu d . N o r did t h e F o u n de r O f C hri s t i an i t y
r e p e al t h i s Je w i s h t i t h i n g b u t o n t h e c o n t rary H e
, , ,

e x r e ss e d di s t i n c t a r o v al O f i t
p pp .

Wh e n C h u r c h h ist o ry o n t hi s s ub jec t b e gi ns o u r
'

se c t i o n s o n C at h o l i c o r Un iv e r sa l T e ac h i n g Pr ac t i c e , ,

a n d L e g i s l at i o n t e s t i fy t h at t h e p ri n c i p l e o f t i t h i n g
w as t au g h t an d O b se rv e d fo r s i x t e e n ce n t u ri e s
t h r o ugh o u t t h e C h ri s t i an w o r l d i n c l u di n g E n gl an d
, ,

u n t i l t h e ti me o f H e n ry V I I I .

T h i s mo n ar c h i n st i gat e d p ar l i ame n t t o se i z e t i t h e s
fr o m ab o u t a t h ir d o f t h e p ari s h e s o f E n g l an d an d ,

t o h an d t h e m o v e r t o t h e C r o w n t h e C r o w n f orth,

w i t h r e w ardi n g t h i s p e r fi dy b y at l e as t 3 6 7 g ran t s
of t i the s ,
n o w t r ac e ab l e t o lay me mb e r s o f p arliaT
,

me n t al o n e ; b e s i de s w h i c h H e n ry V I I I an d h is r o y al .

s u c c e s so r s do w n t o Wi ll i am I I I
, ( w h at e v e r o f g o o d
.
 E R E RA CE

t h e y may h av e do n e w i t h so me O f t h e mo n e y ) c o n ,

t in u e d t h e g r a n t i n g o f al i e n at e d t i t h e s t o u w ar ds
p
Of lay p e r s o n s a r e c o r d O f s o me o f w
, h o se
n ame s w i ll b e f o u n d in A p e n d i x B
p .

F u r t h er mo re in A p p e n di x C are p r e s e n t e d n ame s
,

o f n e a r l y 5 0 00 mo de r n b o w n e rs o f t i th e s com
,
y ,

mu t e d r e s p e c t i v e l y at v al u e s fr o m £ 1 0 u p t o n e ar l y ,

6 00 0 a y e ar
,
T h e s e ap p e n di ce s h a v e b e e n c o m
.

o m t h e l at e M r e s A lz e mz z e a t
’ ’
i l ed f r G r v k ’
o es
p .
,

w h e re i n h e s t at e s t h at t h e l ai t y n o w h o l d in E n g l an d ,

an d Wal e s mo r e t h an
, a y e ar in t i t h e s .

T h e se fa c t s t o u c h e d u p o n i n S I X c h ap t e r s o n t i t h e
,

as t o o u r ma i n s u b e c t
(
ab u se s b u t p a r e n t h e t i c a l l
y j ) ,

are s u gg e s t e d as h av i n g c o n t ri b u t e d mat e ri a ll y t o a

de c ade n c e o f p e r s o n al t i t h i n g an d t o t h e p r e s e n t l ac k
,

o f a du e s e n s e o f u s t i c e t o w ard man a n d s t e w a r ds h i
j ,
p
t o w a r d G o d o n t h e p ar t o f t h e E n g l i s h p e op l e w ho
, ,

n o w a re c al c u l a t e d t o ap l y f r o m t h e i r i n co me s o n
p ,

an a v e r ag e , fo r re l i g i o u s an d c h ari t abl e p u r p o se s ,

a s u m mo re like o n e t e n t h O f a t i t h e
’

-
.

H ap p i l y h o w e v e r t h e r e are man y w h o ri s e
, , ,

as r e ga r ds t h e amo u n t de v o t e d ab o v e t h i s n u ,

s at i s f ac t o ry a v e r ag e as w i l l b e s e e n b y o u r r e ma r k s
,

o n mo de r n t i t h i n g w h i c h s h o w t h at t i t h i n g in s o me
,

s e n s e o r s h a e h as b e e n t o s o me e x t e n t v o li in t ar il y
p
r a t i se d d u ri n t h l st t h r h u n dr e d y e ars
p c g e a ee

s e c i al l y du ri n g t h e l as t c e n t u ry n div i du a l s
( p
e ) b y i ,

as a l s o b c e r t a i n C h ri s t i an b o di e s c o n g r e g at i o n s
y , ,

a n d so c i e t i e s F r o m t h e s e fac t s are a r g u e d t h e
.

need n an d p o ss i b i l i t y o f r e f o r mat i o n in c h ari t abl e

iv i n g a n d o f a g e n e ral r e s u m t i o n o f t h e r ac t i c e
g ,
p p
of t ithe -
ay i n g
p .
 P R E F A CE

In s u cc e e d n i gt i o n s r e as o n s are su gge s t e d
se c

w hy n o t l e ss a t e n t h o f i n c o me s h o u l d b e s e t
t h an
a ar t ; t o w h o m t h e t i t h e s h o u l d b e p a i d an d h o w
p
admi n i s t e r e d T h e n fo l l o w c h ap t e r s sh o w i n g t h at
.

t h e div i n e p ri n c i p l e O f t i t h i n g is adap t abl e t o mo de r n

mac h i n e ry t o t h e w e e k l y O ffe r t o ry an d t o v ari o u s

, ,

e c c l e s i as t i c al o r an i s at i o n s
g .

A ft e r t hi s an ap p e al fo r c o o p e r at i o n is made t o
,
-

t h e c l e rgy C h u r c h O f
, fi c e rs an d c o ll e c t o r s o f c h ari t
,

abl e fu n ds . A w o rd al s o i s addr e s se d t o t h o s e
w h o are al r e ady t i t h e p ay e r s -
a n d t h i s is f o l l o we d

b y an app e al t o t he l a i t y c o n t e n di n g t h at t i t h e
,

ay i n d e se rv e s t h e ir c o n s i de r at i o n f ro m a n at i o n a l
p g ,

e c o n o mi c , an d s o c i al as w e l l as f
, r o m a r e l i gi o u s ,

oint of v ie w L as t l y a f e w t h o u g h t s are r e s e c t
p .
, p
fu l l y s u b mi tt e d fo r t h e c o n s i de rat i o n O f lay imp ro
riat o rs o f al i e n at e d t i t h e s
p .

T h e au t h o r h as p l e as u r e in t e n de ri n g h is ap
re c iat iv e t h an k s t o t h e r e r e se n t at iv e s o f t h e l at e
p p
M r G r o v e fo r p e r mi ss i o n t o make u se O f h is
.

A lie n at e d Tz t /z es ; al s o t o t h o s e fri e n ds w h o s e ,

c o un se l e n co u r a e me n t an d h e l p h a v e af f o rded
,
g , ,

h im c o ns i de r abl e l i t e r ary a ss i s t an c e A nd n ow .
,

t h i s o u t co me o f e i g h t ye ar s o f s t udy is h u mb l y
s u b mi tt e d t o t h e di s c ri mi nat i n g j u d me n t
g o f t he

le a r n e d t o t h e s o b e r co n s i de rat i o n O f t h e t h o u g h t fu l
, ,

an d t o t h e i n n e r mo s t h e a r t o f e v e ry o n e w h o w i sh e s
”
to l iv e in all go o d co n s c i e n c e b e fo r e G o d an d t o ,

h av e t h at c o n sc i e n c e v o i d o f O ffe n ce t o w ar d me n .

H E NR Y L A NS D E L L , D D . .

M O R D E N C O L L E G E B L AC KH E A T H S E
, ,
. .
 C O N TE N TS

CH A PTER I I I

TH E GR E E KS
P A G
ithi g i G r k myth l gy E v d r d T ip l i
ES

T n n ee o o ; an e an r t o e rr us, 2 1
T h A rgiv d L ip ri —S p rt g r l d th ir
.

e e s an a an s, 22 . a an e n e a s an e

tith 4 — H r d tu
e s, 2 tith i Ph i S m T hr ci
. e o o s on es n o c a, a o s, a a,

d S iph
an 4 X ph tith
n o s, p y r 6 — T ti m y
2 .
-
e no on , a e- a e , 2 . es on

fr m T hucydid
o A ri t tl P i i tr tu A ri t ph de s, s o e, s s a s, s o an e s , an

D m th e —T ti m y fr m G r k r mm ri
os e n e s, g 8 es on o ee a a an s, 2

2 1.— 28

CH A PTE R I V
TH E R OM A N S , P E L A S GI , S I CI L I A N S , E TC .

T ithi gn g l g d ry k i g f R m 9 —R m dict t r
a mo n e en a n s o o e, 2 . o an a o s

an d g r l tithi g p il f w 3 —T ithi g m g
ene a s n s o s o ar, 0 . n a on

R m m rch t f r m r
o an d i l h y p trici
e an s,
3 a e s, an ve a t a an s, 2 .

R m juri prud c d h tith 34 T ithi g m g h

o an s en e an t e e, .
— n a on t e

P l gi S m thr ci
e as S icili
,
G ula d B rit
o 34 a an s, an s , a s, an o n s,

S u mm ry 3 6 — I q uiry W h did tith p yi g b g i ? 3 7 9

.

1
38
a -
a , . n : en e -
n e n 2

p at r i a r c h al
'

C H A TE R P v

AND ABE L

O ffe ri n t ri l thi g
gmae a n s to God , 39
— An e n 1 on n e
. e
'

ci t y c ct d with
f ilur
a i tith p yi g
e n e- a n , 39
—
~B e a n. O f t he S e a n ri g
on ptu gi t
th r j cti f C i
e e e on o a n s
’
Of ri g
fe n , 4 0 — S ac rifi c e s of No a , . h
Abr m d J c b 43
a , an a o , 39
—
44

CH A TE R P VI
A B R A J V A ND jA COB
A br a tith M lch i z d k 4 5 — T ithi g tr c d B byl i ,
ms ’
e to e e e ,
. n a e to a on a

47 E xt
. t— f A br m tithen 47
— J c b w d i
o a
‘ ’
s e s,
’

. a o
’
s vo an ts
c fi rm ti f tith p ayi g 49 S i ifi d ducti fr om
on a on o e -
n , .
— c e nt c e on

p tri rch l tithi g 5 H yp th i f pri m v l rigi n f

a a a n , 0 — . o es s or e a o o

tith payi g 5 Ad m
e -
pr u m bly h fi r t tith
n ,
I — a
’
s so n s es a t e s e

p y r 5 —A b c f wr tt e l a d il c f G i
.
,

a e s, 1 . se n e O i n aw , n s en e O e n e s s,

no o bj cti th r t 53 — P g tith p yi g l r t fr m
e on e e o, a an e -
a n n Ot
'
ea n
'
o

J wi h S criptur 53
.

—
e s 4 5 54
e s,
 C O z VTE N TS

{ IDOSatc
C H A TE R V l l P
’
I S RA E L S TH R E E TI TH E S
P A G ES

Ti th p yi g xpr ly j i d i th P t t uch 56 — T h fi r t
e- a n e e ss e n o ne n e en a e ,
. e s

tith d b rv ti
e , an th r 56 G iv Oby G d h se a on s e e on , .
— en o to t e

L vit e57
—Th c d f tiv l tith i bj ct m d
e s, . e se on ,
or es a , e ts O e ,
o e

f p ym t
o d p r
a l b fit en h ff r r 58 —T h
,
an e so n a e ne to t e o e e ,
. e

third p tith 6 — N
,
or ub titut f c d t ith
O O i s,
’
e, 2 . ot a s s e o r se on e,

wit
as d by T bit J phu d th r M i m id
n e sse o ,
o se s, an o e s a on es to
h t c tr ry twith t di g 64 — T h third tith by
e on a , no s an n ,
. e e,

m d r c mp ri
o e n t xc iv 6 6 o 55 a so n , n o e e ss e, 68

CHA PTE R V I I I
M OS A I C OF F E R I N GS
O th r fi x d cl i m
e I r lit ; c r r gl i g fi f i
e a s on s ae es o ne s, e an n s, rs t ru t s,

h fi r tb r v th y r d bt r 69 — F r will fi '

t e d s o n , an se en ea e o s, .
~ ee O er

i g d v w 7 3 —A i c m f i th u d bu h l
n s an o s, . n n o e o s x o s an s e s

r duc d f urth ft r tithi g 7 6 — M th d f tithi g d

e e on e - o a e n ,
. e o o n an

pr f i b f r G d 7 7 —N tur f vid c fr m h
o e ss o n e o e o , . a e o e en e o t e

P t t uch
en a e tithi g ub idi ry i di ct d fr g as to n ,
s s a ,
n re ,
an a

m t r y 7 9 —4 L w f tith p yi g m wh t i mil r
en a ,
th t
. a O e- a n so e a s a to a

f h S bb th 8 — A d pt ti
O t e af tith p yi g h M
a ic , 1 . a a on O e- a n to t e o sa

law, 8 2 6 9— 8 3

® lb (t es t ament
CH A PTE R I X
F R OM jOS H UA T O S OL O M ON

W rki g
o tith l w duri g t w p ri d 84 — I U d r J hu
n of e a s n o e o s, . . n e os a

an d Judg 8 5 — Th l w t bli h d u d r J hu 8 5
e s, . e a es a s e n e os a, .

L wla u d r Judg 86 — R tur

e ssn e s s Jhvhu dr n e e s, . e ns to e o a n e

J phth h E li d S mu l 8 7 — I I U d r h m rchi
e a , ,
an a e ,
. . n e t e on a e s,

8 9 —S ul ff ri g f p il — vid i t d i g
’
. a s9 D o ek n s o s o s, 0 . a an o n e n ,

— A k br ught t
0 J ru l m d L vit r rg i d sa e an an se
9 . r o o e ,
e es eo ,

— D vid
1 ccu m ulat d f
f ri g — S l m
’
s a d dic a e 1
’
a
9 .
9 O e n s, . o o on s e

ti f h T mpl
on o d hit f ri g
f e 93
— T ith u dr
e e, an s o e n s, . es n e

I r l m rch 93
s ae
’
s on a 84 s,

CH A P TE R X
B E F OR E AND A F TE R TH E CA P TI VI T Y

W rk i g
o tith l w duri g w furth p ri d I I I U d r
n Of e- a s n t o er e o s : . n e

Jud h d I r l 9 5 —R f rm ti
a an drA d J l
s ae ,
. e o a on s u n e s a an e io

sh ph t 96 — G ivi g i h ti m f E lij h d E li h 96
a a ,
. n n t e es O a an s a, .
 P AG ES

C hurch r p ir u d r J h e a I r l tiths n e o as , 9
8 — A mo s . on s ae
’
s e s,
— H z ki h r t r ti P v r tith p yi g d ’
es o a on Of a ss o e , e- a an
99 . e e a s n ,

fi f i
rs t ru T mpl r p ir d ff ri g u d r J i h
t s, 1 00 — e e e a s an O e n s n e os a ,

—I V A ft r h C ptivity — O ff ri g fr m Cyru
.

I oz .
3 . e t e a , 10 e n s o s,

10 — R buildi g d pr t T mpl u d r E zr 4 to a, 1 0
3 e n an e se n s e e n e .

M l chi
a a r bb ry f withh ldi g tith
’
s
“
5
o —N h mi h e
”
or o n e s, 1 0 . e e a
’
s

O f ri g
f e d h p pl
n ,
th c c r i g tith
an 5t e eo
’
e s oa on e n n e s, 10 .

T ithi g rg i d 6 — R vi w f tithi g fr m J hu
n o an se ,
10 e e O n o os a to

M l chi
a a 7 ,
10 95
- 0
1 9

fi p ocrup b al
CH A P TE R XI
TI TH I N G I N TI I E AP OCR YI ’
HA

A p cryph l b k illu tr tiv f J wi h ti q uiti

o a oo — T bit
s s a e o e s an e s, 1 10 . o

p y thr tith
a s — di l d dic t
J ee p il fw e s, 1 1 1 u t i e a es s o s O ar, 1 1 1 .

O fi i g by D m triu
.

Ki g S l ucu
’
er n H li d s d e e s, e o o ru s, n e e s, an

Jud M cc b u as —L ib r lity d tith p yi g urg d

a a e s, 1 12 . e a an e- a n e

i T bit
n d E ccl i ticu
o 4
— S u mm ry f vid
an c fr m e s as s, I 1 , a O e en e o

A p cryph o7 a, 1 1 1 10 — 1 1 8

Galmub tc
‘

CHA P TE R XI I
'

TA L 7 UUD [ C TE A CH I N G O N TH E FI RS T AND
S E C ON D TI TH E S

Th e T a l mud . ivi i
M z s/ ma
'

d l an d Gemam , 1 19 —D s on s an t ran s a
ti fAl i / m
on s o B k VI I fi r t tith r gul t wh t
x a, I z o — . oo .
,
on s e, e a es a

is tob tith d a d wh e —T ithi g ppli d

e bu i
,
n e n , 1 20 . n a e to s n e ss

tr cti
an sa — T ithi g c k d fruit tr
o n s, pl t d g
12 1 . n oo e , an s an e ve e

t bl
a d h ill 3 — R ul c c r i g h c d tith
e s, an an t - s, 1 2 , es on e n n t e se on e,

12 4
—N b x ch g d ot c i f it r ck d c mm
to e e an e ,
n or o ns or e o ne o on,

— R d mpti f h c d tith 7 S c d tith i t -

12 5 e e on o e se on e, 12 . e on e n

r l ti
e a r citi g M ic f rmul 8
on to e n9 — o sa o a, 1 2 11 1 29

CHA PTE R XI I I
TH E OR D O UB TF UL TI TH E

T h e D e ma z d ubt ful tith 3 — I x mpti di ff r c

'

or o e, 1 0 . ts e e o n s, e en e s,

an d mi ut r q uir m t n 3
— I b ri g h
e e d e e n s, 1 o . ts ea n on t e un e u

d
c at e buyi g d lli g xch g f c r p ym t f
,
on n an se n ,
e an e O o n, a en O

r t d cc pt c f h pit lity 3 — F ur tith r c g

en ,
an a e an e O os a , 1 1 . o es e o

i di
n se h T l mud n d th ir pplic ti
t e ll la 34 ,
an e a a on to a C ass e s, 1 .

— A ti q uity f T l mudic b
n
y l w d th ir i flu
O c wh a e- a s , an e n en e en

C hri ti ity pp r d 36
s an a 3
— 36
ea e ,
1 1 0 1
 CHA PT E R X V“

UL P E R S ONAL E X A M P L E
’
ST PA S TE A CH I N G A N D
.

P A G ES

P aul i ju cti
’
s n b ut r i i g church fu d
n on s a —H i | i o a s n a n ,
s n st ru c

ti G l ti
on s C ri thi
to d P hilippi
a a b ut givi g
ans, o n an s, an an s a o n ,

6 9 —P ul pplic ti f M ic l i m C hri ti
’
1 . a s a 7 a on o o sa C a s to s an s , 1 0 .

— I l w c c r i g tith br g t d 7 — P ul
'

h ? ’
‘ ‘

S t e a on e n n e a o a e 1 0 . a s

ex mpl a d i tructi e, C ri thi

an d E ph i ns on s to o n an s an e s an s

c c r i g lm givi g d h pit lity 7 3 —T h pr p r

on e n n a s n an os a ,
I . e o e

r cipi t fChri ti l m givi g 74 — P u 1 w t d rd

e en s o s an a s n ,
1 . a
’
s o n s an a

as t o givi g 76 — R r p ct f tir fi ld f r v l ti
n ,
1 . e t os e o en e e O e e a on

as to tith p yi g d b fi e 78
-
D i l fG d
a n an e ne c e n ce , 1 .
— en a o o
’
s

l i m p rti f i c m q uiv l t piritu l rch y

C a to a o on o n o e e a en to s a an a ,

1 80 1 6 8 — 1 80

t at b oltc t each ing

CHA P TE R X VIII
TI TH E TE A CH I N G I N N O R TH A F R I CA , I TA L Y,
A N D F R A N CE

Ca th lic pi i
o od i g gr phic l r 8 T chi g i
n on an ts eo a a a e a, 1 1 - . ea n n

E gypt tith p yi g by C l m t d O rig 8 — B y

on e - a n e en an en, 1 2 .

I id r
s d C
o e i 8 4 — O pi i
an f h N rth A fric
a ss a n , 1 n on s o t e o an

f th r Cypri d A ugu ti 8 4 — T ithi g i A ugu ti

’
a e s an an s ne, 1 n n s ne s

h rv t rm 8 5 T ith p yi g i I t ly t ught by A m
a es se on , 1 .
-
e- a n n a a

br 88 — J r m
ose , 1d G r g ry
. h Gr t 89 —B y
e o e an e o t e ea ,
1 .

A q ui d hn as S ch l m 9
an — Th G llic t f th r e oo e n, 1 1 . e a an a e s

I H il ry P r p r
re n az us
,
d C i a9
— N i th c
,
tury os e ,
an a
e s ar u s, 1 2 . n - en

writ r R db rt d A g b d 93 T w lfh c tury writ r

e s. a e an o ar ,
1
f e t - en e s,

H ug d J h
.

H ild b e C m
e rt u s, f S li bury 94 o, o e st o r, an o n o a s ,
1 .

T chi g f h F r ch ch l m 96
ea n o t e 8 — en s oo e n, 1 1 1 1 96

CH A P TE R X IX

TI TH E TE A CH I N G I N GE R M A N Y A N D TH E E A S T

T ith —p yi g t u ght i G rm y by R up rtu R b

e a n a M auru n e an e s, a an u s s,

an d S tr b 97 I h E t r C hurch
a o, 1 by h v g li t .
— n t e as e n es t e e an e s

S v ri u
e e99
—A l
n C t ti pl by Chry t m
s, 1 . s o at o n s an no e s os o ,
2 00 .

Ch y
- m p r l x mpl
r s ost o
— T chi g fE i h
’
s
p p e son a e a e , 202 . ea n O a

n iu G r g ry N i
s, d E u biu
e o — T ith p yi g az an z e n , an se s, 20 2 . e- a n

t ught i P l ti by A ti chu d A t iu 4 — W
a n a es ne n o s an n as as s, 20 . as

th i u iv r l t chi g tru ? 5 —Th t t fV i c t d

s n e sa ea n e 20 . e es s o n en an

Ch illi gw h ppli d
n f rty th l gi
o rt 6 a 97
— e to o eo o an s, 20 1 20 8
 t at b olic p ract ice ano l egislat ion

CHA PTE R XX

TI TH E L E GI S L A TI O N I N E AS TE R N; A F R I CA N ,

S PA N I S H CO UN CI L S
'
I TA L I A IV, A ND
P A G ES

C o mm u ity f g d i P l ti A l x dri G ul d N rth

n o oo s n a es ne, e an a, a ,
an o

A fric —C fr m d i C hurch c u cil

a, 2 1 0 .
— Th
an o n s a e n . o n s, 2 1 2 .
e

A p t lic l C os o with dir cti c c r i g fi f i

a
”
an o n s, e on s on e n n rst ru t s,
21 — C u c il f A cyr A ti ch d G gr c c r i g a, an an a, e n n
3 . o n s O n n o ,
on

fi f it
rs t ru — C hri ti tithi g wit d by h A p an to t
3 s, 2 1 . s n n e sse e os

li l C
t o ca tituti d by J r m
ons 4
— T ithi g xc d d o n s an e o e, 2 1 . n e ee e

by c rt i f h R m p t ici
e a n O 5
— T ith p yi g i
t e o an a r an s, 21 . e- a n n

C ypru h D ub i B ulg ri
s, o n t d P l ti
e 8 an e, n a a, an a es ne, 21 .

T ith p yi g i e- a E gypt d E thi pi

n 9
— L ib r lity
n f an o a, 21 . e a o

C hri ti i N rth A fric

s an s — T ith n j i d by f urth
o a, 2 2 1 . e s e n o ne o

C u cilo fR m n — E x mpl
O f pri c ly givi g m g
o e, 221 . a es o n e n a on

l ity
a — T ith
,
j i d by S y d f F riuli 3 — T it h
22 2 e s e n o ne no o , 22 _ es

d cr d i Ch rl m g
e ee c pi ul ri by L I V d
n a e a ne s
’
a t a es eo . an

G r g ry V I I
e o 3
— O d i d i k i gd m f N pl.
,
22 d . r a ne . n n o O a es an

S icily 4
— T ith p yi g
,
22 h f urth C u cil f L t r
. e- a n at t e o o n O a e an

an d h C u cil f T r
t e t 4 — T ith i S p i h Cou cil
o n O en ,
22 . es n an s n s

O f S vill d T l d
e 5e an o e 9
— o, 2 2 20 22 6

CH A TE R P XX I
TI TH E L E GI SL A TI O N I N F R A N CE , GE R M A N Y, A ND

P r actic l gi l ti
e an d tith i F r c 7 —T ith p yi g
e s a on as to es n an e , 2 2 . e- a n

j i d by C u cil f O rl
e n o ne 8 —M d c mpul ry by
o n o e an s, 2 2 . a e o so

se c d C u cil f M c
on d h C u cil f R u
o n o8
‘

a
i on an t e o n O o e n, 22 .

Fr ch church
en rly d w d wit h tith 3 — P p i es ea en o e e s, 2 0 . e n s
’

fi r t i mp ri l l w f rci g p y m t f tith 3 M itig t d

,

s e a a en o n a en o e, 2 0 . a e

by A rchbi h p H r rd but c fi r m d by C h rl m g 3
s o e a ,
on e a e a ne, 2 1 .

— T ith p yi g rd r d by f urth C u cil f A rl

e- a n d h
o e e o o n O e s an t e

C u cil o f (h
n ill 3 O—L ui h S i mpl m d tith
va on , 2 2 . o s t e e a e es

r c v r bl
e o l w
e 3a — Ar eld f B r ci d B rd
at a ,
2 2 . no o es a an e rn a

O f C l irv ux ppr vi g ti h 33 — T ith p yi g d pt d

a a a o n t e s, 2 . e- a n a o e

by B v ri a a
34
— C h rl m gan s, l f tith 2 34 . a e a ne s
’ ‘

z ea or e s, 2 .

C u cil
o fM i
n d M tz l i m tith
s o 3 6 — T ith p yi g
a n t z an e C a e s, 2 . e- a n

i p it ti l 38 — T ith i Hu g ry d P l ad 3 8
n en en a s, 2 . es n n a an o n ,
2 ;
i N rth r E i p a d I c l d 4 — S u mm ry f p
“

n o e n t ro e n e an ,
2 0 . a o re

c di g f ur ch pt r ; 4 — A h i i y a tith p yi g f
e n o a e s 2 1 . ut o t s to e -
a n O

th St t e d f h C hurch
a e an 4 o t 7 e ,
2 2 22 -
24 5
 t it hing in E nglanh
CH A P TE R XX II
B R I TI S H A ND E A R L Y S A X ON TI TH I N G
P A G ES

T ith p yi g i B riti h S x D i h N r m
e- a n n d rly s ,
a on, an s ,
o an , an ea

E gli h C hurch p ri d
n s 46 Tr c f B riti h P g e o s, 2 .
-
a es o s a an

tithi g 46 — T ti m y of G i ld
n ,
2 B riti h C hri ti
. es on ra us to s s an

tithi g 4 7 — G r m
n ,
L upu
2 d C d .
4 8 —B d e an n s, s, an a oe , 2 e e on

tith p yi g 49 — P r cti d by B dh r
e- a n ,
L i di f r
2 . a se a e i at n s a ne ,

or H ly I l d 4 9 — A ugu ti f C t rbury f mili r with

o s an ,
2 s n o an e a a

tith p yi g 5 — H i c rr p d c with G r g ry 5
e- a n ,
2 0 . s o es on en e e o ,
2 1 .

T ith m ti d i T h d r P mf t l 53 — E rly ’ ’ ‘

es en on e n eo o e s e en za ,
2 . a

S x a onl w pr b bly i clud d tith 53 — T ith

a s ji d
o a n e e s, 2 . e s e n o ne

at Pi hal d C l hy h
n c an
54
— O ff gi ft f t th
e an ea c t ,
2 . as
’
O a en ,

— E h lw lf tith l w f W
t x — E xt i f ’
2 55 . e 55 u s e a or e s se ,
2 , e ns on o

C h rt r h wh l f E gl d 56 — S lb
a e to t e c mm t o e o n an ,
2 . e orn e s
’
o en

E h lw lf gr t 58 — A lfr d h G r t m r th ’
on t e u s an ,
2 . e t e ea o e an a

tith p y r 59
e- a e ,
2 4 6 — 2 260

CH A P T E R XX I I I
'

TI TH J N O UN D E R S A X ON , D A N I S H , A N D N OR M A N
K I N GS
T ith l w f A th l t
e a d E d mu d
s o 6 dg r c rciv e s an an n ,
2 1 .
— E a
’
s oe e

tith l w 6 — C fi m d by E th lr d
e a s, 2 64 — T ithi g
2 .
on r e e e 2 . n

u d r C ut 6 5 — E dw rd h C f
n e an l w dp
e, 2 . a t e o n e sso r s
’
a s an er

son a l x mpl 6 5 C e f fE lf i c
a c r i g tith
e, 2 .
-
ano n s O r C on e n n e s,

2 6 6 — W illi m h
. C qu r r fim i af pr c di g t e on e o
’
s con i at o n O e e n

tith l w 6 7 — T ithi g u d r H ry I S t ph
e a s, 2 d . n n e en .
, e en, an

H ry H 68 — T h m a B ck t tith p y r 7
en .
,
2 . o as e e a e- a e ,
2 0 .

R ich rd I d Ki g J h c
a c r i g tith 7
. an 6 — n o n on e n n e s, 2 0 2 1 27 0

C HA PT E R X XI V
E N GL I S H TI TH I N G F R O M M A GIVA CH A R TA TO
ED WA R D VI

Th e r t Ch rt r
G ea i h p Nig r rr g m t with
a e ,
27 1 — B . s o e
’
s a an e en

L d citiz f tith p yi g 7 — A tt mpt by rch

on on ens or e- a n ,
2 2 . e s a

bi h p
s u i f r mity i tith p yi g 74 — C rciv l w
o s at n o n e- a n ,
2 . oe e a s

u d r E dw rd I l l 7 5 —T ithi g i d y f Ch uc r d
n e a .
,
2 . n n a s o a e an

Wycli ff 7 — P it t q u ti d e, 1 tith i r ig f
0 . en en s es on e as t o es n e n O

H ry V I 7 7 — R u ll pr chi g b t tith c d m d
en .
,
2 . sse
’
s ea n a ou es on e ne ,

2 7 8 — E rly tith
. l w f H ry
a V I I I 7 8 —T ith l gi l e a s o en ,
2 . e e s a

ti u d r E dw rd V I 79 R vi w f tith p yi g
on n e a . 2 .
-
e e O e- a n in

E gl n d 8 an ,
2 0 7
— 2 1 2 82
 C ON TE N TS

CHA PTE R XX VI I I
CA LA M 1 T1 E S B E F A LL I IVG TH E S A CR I L E G I O US
‘

P A G ES

S p lm
e r c rd r f c l miti f ll wi g cril g 3 9
an a e o e o a a es o o n sa e e, 1 .

W hitgi ft d cryi g cril g E liz b th 3 — M i f rtu

e n sa e e to a e ,
20 . s o ne s

b f lli g H ry VI I I d h i pri cip l cc mplic 3

e a n en . an s n a a o e s, 20 .

A dv r iti v rt k i g piritu l p r
e s es S u ff ri g
o f e a n s a ee s, -
e n s O

t mp r l p
e wh uppr d m t ri 3 — Wh t
o a e e rs o s e s se o n as e e s, 22 . a

b f ll H ry f mily d h lp r with S p lm c mm t
e e en
’
s a an e e s, e an s
’
o en

th r 3 6 e e on , 2 —
3 9 3 1 27

CHA P TE R X X I X
D E CA D E N CE OF E N GL I S H TI TH I N G

E ffe ct f di h t l gi l ti
s o i h p yi g 3 8 —L y p o
s on e s e s a on o n
'
t t e- a
'

n ,
2 . a
'

s se s

i f tith
s on cri m 3 9 S i f h t i i bu i g
o es a e, 2 .
— n o t e na on n a s n

tith 33 —F d l withh ldi g fpr di l tith 33

e s, o rau ii e n t o n o a
e a e s, 2 .

D c d c f p r l tith p yi g 3 3 P r l tith
.

e a en e O e s on a e -
a n ,
2 — . e so n a e

p yi g c ti u u fr m S x ti m 33 — P y
a n on f tith
n o s o a on e s, 2 . a rn e n t o es

a tt t d es eth i ti m f Ch uc r 33 3 —Ch i h l y i
on oa n e O a e ,
. c e e
’
s n

ju cti b ut p y m t fp r l tith 334 M difi i

n on a o a en o e son a e s, .
- o c at o n

fp r l tithi g u d r E dw rd VI 3 34 —P r l tith
‘

O e so n a n n e a .
, . e so n a es

u d r Ch rl I d th ir d cli 3 3 5
n e a es 3 8 .
,
an e e ne
,
2 -
336

CH A P TE R XXX
C ON S E Q UE N CE S OF TI TH E R OB B E R Y
E vil s ll wi g li ti
fo o f tith
n
‘

337
—
aSim y e na d l y on o .
e s, . on ,
an a

p tr 33 8 — P v l c f m ll b fi 3 3 8 — F ilur
a o n s, . re a en e o s a ene ce s , . a e

o fH . ry G v r m t imp
en
’
s imp o i h d p ri h
e n en to ro v e
’

ove r s e a s e s,

33 8 I ju tic f thr milli

.
— n s f tith i l yh
e o d 3 39 ee on s O es n a an s, .

I mp v ri h d b fi h ld by cl rgy m f priv t m
o e s e e ne ce s e e en o a e e an s,

3 39 P up ri ti
.
— f pr
a t d y Church p pl 34
e sa on o e se n -
a eo e, 1 .

T h ir l c k f criptur l
e a rvic i upp rti g h mi i try
o s a se e n s o n t e n s ,

34
— E x mpl
1 . f i ju tic a f l ity t w rd cl rgy 3 4
es o n s e o a o a s e ,
2 .

N gl ct f cl rgy
e e m ti m cru l 34 3 L w t d rd f
o e so e es e , .
— o s an a O

p r i Cip l n i di c t d th reby 3 44 n —I d q u t ida e f e e ,

. na e a e e as O re

S p b l
O I I Sl
y
‘

pr di g
l lt C hri ti ity
as t o s
34 5
— S m ll pr p r ea n s an ,
a o o

ti f p pul ti n f titl d p pl wh upp rt mi

.
‘

on o o a o ,
or O e eo e, o s o s si o n s,

34 5
— I g ri g f t w rd hip by w r f pr p rty 3 4 7
. no n O s e a s o ne s o o e
,
.

L w t o d rd f givi g i dic t d by H pit l S u d y F u d

s an a o n n a e os a n a n

I di ff r c u ff ri g c ct d with I di f mi
,

34 8 — . n e en e to s e n on n e e n an a n e s,

349 S m ll . v r g gi ft v f ub cripti th t
- a a e a e s e en or s s ons a are

p pul r 3 5 — E gli h g i v r put blu h by P g r bu k d

o a ,
0 n s e s to s a an s, e e

by J w d m d by Chri ti F th r d c u cil d
.

e s, Co n e ne s an a e s an o n s, an

d b ed r bb r f G d 3 5
e as to
“
o —
33 7 3 5
e s o o ,
”
1 2
 CO N T E N TS OF VO L UM E II

MO DE R N TITH ING
CHA PTE R XXXI
P R E S E N T-D A Y GI VI N G : F R O /l] S TA TI S TI CS A ND

O B S E R VA T I O N

Es ti m t d i c m f p pl f G r t B r it i 3 53 S t ti tic
a e n o e o eo e o ea a n, .
— a s s

fr m
o r tu t ax d c u 3 54 — P r p rti giv f
e rn s an e ns s, . o o on en or

r ligi u d h rit bl purp

e o s an 3 56C L ath p c t a e o se s, .
-
e ss an 1 er en .

ni E gl d d A m ric 3 56 C mp ri with th r it m
n an an e a, .
— o a so n o e e s

O f p ex di 3 57e iiT hi ti m t i
t ure , b pr d u duly
— s es a e s not to e e ss e n ,

35 8 —D iffi l
.
y f c rt i i g h m u t b t w d i
cu t o as e a n n t e a o n es o e n

ch rity 3 59 C l rgy m
a ,
c ll ct r d d mi i tr t r f
.
— e e n as o e o s an a n s a o s o

ch rity 3 6 — T ti m y fr m uth A dd B k 36
a ,
0 . es on o a or s
’
ress oo ,
1 .

T w hu dr d giv r r ughly l
o n e i fi d 36 — R ich cl rgy m
e s o C as s e ,
2 . e e n,

6 — L ib r l w m
2 b k r d m rch t 36 3 L rg
a an s , an e an s , — a e
3 . e o e n, e .

g iv r fr m
e s m ll i c mo 3 6 6 s a n —
3 5 3 366 o e s,

CH A P T E R XXX I I
P R E S E N T-D A Y GI VI N G A N D H O N OR A R Y WOR KI N G

Gi v r d h r ry w r k r 36 7 — H r y i cumb t 3 6 7
e s an on o a o e s, . o n o ar n e n s, .

C l ric l build r
e d upp rt r
a f ch l 3 7 —C l ric l
e s an s o e s o s o o s, O . e a

s upp rt r f r ligi u ci ti 37 — H r ry mi i i
o e s O e o s so e e s, 1 . on o a s s o n ar e s ,
— L di upp rt i priv t i tituti —Uur
37 1 .
g a es s37 5 o n a e ns o n s, . e

m d l y w rk r
u n e rat e d l rg giv r 3 7 5 C l ric l
a o e s an a e e s, .
— e a

lit r ry giv r 37 7 — H lp r f tud t d p r r l ti

e a e s, . e e s o s e n s an oo e a o n s,

3 79
— E xtr m i dic t d by pr t d y givi g 3 8
e es n a e e se n - a n ,
0 .

F w e f giv r l c k f y t m
ne s s o d pr p rti e d ds
,
a o s s e an o o o n , an nee

o f m r xc ll t w y 3 8
a o e e e en —
3 7 38
6 a ,
0 2
 C O N TE N TS

CH A PTE R X XX I I I
M OD E R N TI TH I N G B Y I N D I VI D UA L S

E vil i flu c tith p yi g f H ry V I I I 3 8 3 —S urviv l f

n en e on e- a n o en ,
. a O

tithi g v rth l 3 8 4 —R ult f S p lm writi g

.

’
n , ne e e e ss, . es s O e an s n s,

8 —I mpr pri ti r t r d 8 — G d t w rd hip f

3 4 .
3 5 o a on s es o e ,
.
oo s e a s o

B i h p W il
s o3 86 — Gr v i t d d li t fr t r d tith
so n , . o e s
’
n en e s o es o e e s,

8 — A uth r r rch B riti h M u u m ’

8 ; D at
3 7 . o s
3 7 e se a es s se , . e an

N w ll L li
o e d B i h p W il
, es tith p y r 3 89
e , an s o so n as e- a e s, .

T ith p y r fr m uth r ddr b k 39 —B i h p d

- ’
e a e s o a o s a e ss oo ,
1 . s o s an

cl rgy 39 — F ur l di 3 94 — A R u i c l l 39 5
e , 1 . o a e s, . ss an o on e ,
.

F r g i g x mpl
o e o n r ult f i q uiry 396 — T h
e a e s n ot a es o se t n , e

l t W E G l d t 398
.

a e . .
3 8 3 398
a s one, .

CHA TER P XXX I V

M O D E R N TI TH I N G B Y CO MM UN I TI E S A ND
.

C ON G R E GA TI ON S

Re ligi u c mmu iti pr cti i g tith p yi g 399 — S m rit

o s o n es a s n e -
a n
,
. a a an s

at N blu 399
— M d
a r J w 4
— M r vi
s, d . o e n e s, 00 . o a an s an

W ly es e 4
—Th I rvi git 4 3 M r m
an s, 4 4 01 . e n e s, 0 .
- o on s , 0

S t ph Church yu k 4 6 S t B rb r
.

S t M e en s
’
an a n 0
— an a a a a
.
, ,
.

B pti t c
a gr g ti 4 9 —Th Chri ti I r lit Church
s on e a on, 0 . e s an s ae e ,

— C hurch
11 f E gl d Di c C fr c r luti e san
4 . O n an o on e e n e e so o n s,

4 13 —
399 4 1 4

CHA P T E R xxx v
TI TH E - P A mvc ; S O CI E TI E S

Fo r m ti by h P h ri
a on t e 4 5 a se e s o ft h fi r t tith p ayi g
e ci ty s e- n so e , 1 .

E t bli h m t by tith p y r
s a s fC en di S ci ty f h e- a e s o an a an o e O t e
Tr ury f G d 4 6 — E gli h S ci ty f h T r ury f
e as o o ,
1 . n s o e o t e e as o

G d 4 6— I
o ,
rigi pr c dur d c tituti 4 6
1 . ts o n, o e e, an ons o n, 1 .

L t b x f hildr 4 9 — S lv ti A rmy tithi g

en en o es or C en , 1 a a on n ,

d f r m f pl dg — C hurch m tith club f ’

an o 4 Th O e e, 20 . e an s e o

Om h — I ac titutia pl dg d pr
ts y r 4
— Th
on s on , e e, an a e ,
21 . e

T th L gi
en d i rigi 4 4 — T r f r c
e on , h
an ts o n, 2 . an s e e n e to t e

U it d S ci ty f C hri ti
n e E d v ur 4 5 — I
o e ll g d
o s an n ea o ,
2 . ts a e e

en or l m t f tw ty th u d tith g iv r 4 7 — A i t c
en O en o san e- e s, 2 . ss s an e

O f M K f Chic g
r .
4 7
— F r m ti
an e Wi
o f a o, 2 . o a on at n on a o

Tw ti th C tury T ith r A ci ti f A m ric 4 7 ’

en e en e s sso a on O e a, 2 .

h i i d tith c v t 4 7 — T h A ci '
I ts c arac t e r st c s an e o e n an ,
2 .
e sso a

ti f Chri ti S t w rd f C d 4 9 — I bj ct
on o s an e a s O an a a, 2 . ts O e s,

m th ed d f m
o f pplic ti
s, anf m m b r hip 4 9
or
—
4 5 43 o a a on or e e s ,
2 1 2
 CON TE N TS

w ill ? ithi g pr ct i d i B ibl ti m

4 6 2 — T . d i p n as a se n e e s, an n re

R f r m ti
e o c turi 4 6 3 — S ffi i ly i dic tiv f h will
a on en e s, u c e nt n a e o t e

f G d 4 6 3 — R pr mulg ti f tithi g l w c ry
.

o o , . o e- o a on o n a s n t ne e ssa ,

464 464
-
4 57

CH A P TE R X X X I X
A TE N TH A T L E A ST : S OM E R E A S ON S WII Y

No t l th e ss t th r an bl I F G d gl ry
a en
”
e aso n a e — . or o
’
s o as
Ow r L dl rd d Ki g 4 6 5 — I I F h dv c m t
,

ne an o an n L or t e a an e en
, , ,
. .

f G d Ki gd m 4 6 7 — I I I F h giv r t mp r l g d
’ ’
o o s n o . or t e e s e o a oo
— T ti m i f B i h p W il
.

Th m M rti
, ,

6
4 9 . es on e s K o s o son , o as an e , a n

H S utt d th r — xp ri c d h w i
’
. 6
4 9
on , A h an o e s, . ut or s e e en e
,
an o

acc u t d f 4 7 3 — I V F h giv r piritu l g d 4 7 4

o n e o r, . . or t e e
’
s s a oo ,
.

— C duciv on right m y r l ti with G d 4 7 4 — T

e to on e e a on s o o
, .

d v l p m t f piritu l li f 4 7 5 — H lp ful pirit lity i

e e o en o s a e, . e to s ua n

bu i 47 5
s n e ss— O pi i
,
f G rg M ull r d C
. n on s o eo e e an an o n

C hri t ph r 4 7 6 — T ithi g
s o e ch c k c v t u
, 4 76 n ,
a e to o e o s n e s s, .

C hri t i lib s h yan gr c It i m bl d

e ra t ,
a a e, s o re e s se to
giv th r c iv l fti f thi t d rd 4 7 8
,
.

”
e an to . e e e : o n e ss o s s an a ,

r why 4 78 —P yi g tith i h
.

Th e e ason i g G d
,
. a n e s on o u r n to o ,

d c v ni t m 4 79 —I i mp t p l t
,

an on e en to d an , . t ar s e asan n e ss an

me t l ti f cti
n a sa s a thr b fi t fr m
on , ee en e s o

pr p rti t gi i g 4 8 — 1 h lp f l h rt r ligi 4 8
o o on a e v n 0 7 s e u to ea e on , 1
—
i
. .
,

P r y r f B i h p W il
a e wh
o tti g m y id f
s o so n , en . se n _
on e as e or

G o d, 4 8 1 ,
-
465 -
48 2

CHA P TE R XL

TO WH OM S H O UL D TI TH E B E P A I D ?

The t th
en c rily p y bl
n ot ne cl rgy d wh y 4 83
e ssa a a e to e an , .

Of fic Of Levitic l pri th d m r
es xt iv th th
a f es oo o e e en s e an o se o

Chri ti mi i t r
s an 4 84 G d mi i t r
n s e m ti m s, . o
’
s n s e s, so e es

l y m 4 8 53—T ith h uld b p id G d 4 86 —D i ti cti

a e n, e s o e a to o , . s n on

b tw p yi g d d mi i t ri g h tith 4 86 D i ib
e e en a n an a n s e n t e e, .
— st r u

ti h uld b cc rdi g h will f G d 4 87 N ll

on s o e a o n to t e o o ,
.
- ot a

givi g i Chri ti givi g 4 8 8 H th lib r lity di ff r t

n s s an n , .
- ea en e a e en

fr m C hri ti
o l v 4 8 7 — G ivi g th t pl
s an o lf 4 88 e, n a e ase s se ,
.

G ivi g fr m l w m tiv
.

n o 4 88 — I v lu t ry givi g d
o o e s, n o n a n ,
an

givi g fg i
.

n w y as 4 88
a R ight gi vi g c tr
a i o a n, . n en es n

pl i g G d; 4 89 Th L rd H
e as n o d h L rd tith .
— e o
’
s o u se
'
an t e o
’
s e,

8
4 9
—
A m ric
. vi w 49
e — I dividu l d c rp r t givi g
an e s, 0 n a an o o a e n ,

g r r tr gr
.

49
— D1 . f an i e — P r o l xp ri c e o e ss o n , e son a e e en e,

8 —
4 3 4 94
 CON T E N TS

CHA PTER XL I

H O W S H O UL D TI TH E B E A D M I N I S TE R E D ?

criptur l bj ct wh r xp d h tith 4 9 5 — D u y f
‘

S a o e s e e on to e en t e e, .
t o

supp r i g public w r hip d h m d f r ig mi i

o t n o s ,
an o e an o e n ss on s,

6 — S criptur l cl i m f h p r — St t id th t to
49 .
4 97 a a s o e oo ,
. a e a e

p r oo —P y m t f t x
,
i r l ti tithi g 498a en o a es n e a on to n , .

L d w r d r t 4 99 — P r r l tiv u d r h L w
an o ne s an a e s, . oo e a e s, n e t e a

an d u d r h G p l 4 99 —T h
n t w rd giv cc u t f
e t e os e , . e s e a to e a o n o

hi m l f G d 5 se to o —
49 5 5
,
02 02

CHA PTER X L I I
TI TH I N G A D A P TA B L E TO M O D E R N M A CH I N E R Y

Ti th p yi g i mpr ctic bl ly h u willi g 5 4 — A t ith

e- a n a a e on to t e n n ,
0 . e

e xc d d by l v r f lc h l d f pl ur 5 4 — T ithi g
ee e o e s o a o o an o e as e, 0 . n

pr cti d by tw ty th u d f h T th L gi 5 5
a se en o s an o t e en e on , 0 .

I m gi ry di ffi culti
a na ig r c f x ct i c m 5 5 es ; as n o an e o e a n o e, 0 .

C t ff d it 5 5 N u d r l w but gr c 5 6
an n o a or ,
”
0 . ot n e a ,
a e,
”
0 .

W h uld giv ll 5 7 — O bj cti

e s o f cu d 5 7 —H w e a ,
”
0 . e on s o sse ,
0 . o

m y tith p yi g b
a r u cit t d 5 8 — C v r i
e- a n e es s a e ? 0 . on e s on n ot

e no ugh 5 9 — P ulpit mu t t ch 5 9 — B ibl h uld b

,
0 . s ea ,
0 . e s o e

s tudi d 5 — T pic f B ibl tudy 5 R ult fr m

e
,
10 . o s or e s ,
11 — . es s o

B ibl C l 5
e B d fH p C fi m
as se s, d y u g 12 — . an s o o e
,
on r e e s , an o n

v t 5 — I mp rt c f priv t ch rity cc u t
s e r an s
,
12 . o an e o a e a a o n s,
—
5 13 5 3
0 5 14

CH A PTE R X L I I I
TI TH I N G I N C ONN E C TI ON WI TH TH E OF F E R T OR Y

P r actic al tithi g w r h ip 5 5 —T h givi g f h

n as an ac t of o s ,
1 . e n o t e

m ft
asse s o gl ct d 5 6 — W hit k r pl f w r k i g
en ne e e ,
1 . a e
’
s an or o n

t h ff rt ry
e 5 6
O — S ugg ti
e o fr m A m ric
, 5 7 1 . es ons o e a, 1 .

T h ught ougg t d by ff rt ry c i 5 8 —C mp ri
s s f
es e O e o o n s, 1 . o a so n o

c i with u mb r f w r hipp r 5 9 — L t b x f h
o ns n e o o s e s, 1 en en o es o t e
— V lu f ff ri g i k i d — l ll d by ust rat e
5 21 .
5 a e o o e n s n n ,
21 .

M S purgr .
; d h S P G Mi i e on t N z r th 5 an t e . . . ss on a a a e ,
21 .

Th L rde C r r G uild 5 H w h ff rt ry m y
o
’
s o ne
”
,
22 — . o t e O e o a

b eid d by lit r tur d c rr p d c 5 4 — D P t

a e e a e an o es on en e, 2 . r . en e

c t pl ; d h i xp ri c 5 4
os
’
s an an —
5 5 5 s e e en e, 2 1 26
 C H A FT E R XL IV
F I N A N CE M E E TI N GS A N D O R GA N I S A TI O N S

Me e ti g f c id ri g fi c 5 7 — H w b c duct d
n s or o ns e n n an e s, 2 . o to e on e ,

8 — T ti g by b ll t —R p iv r di g s tith
5 2 .
5 9es n a o ,
2 . es ons e ea n on e

p yi g 53 H w r f rm
a — n , f ct d 53
f I . N d f o e o s are e e e ,
1 ee .
o

v h m c i pi r 53 — O pi i f M G l ad t 53
.

e e en e n on e e s, 1 n on o r s on e , 2

H i d ir f ci ti 533 — T h p w r f m
. .

s wes e or a n e as s o a on, e o e o co

bi ti illu tr t d by W l y 533 — Th T th L gi
na on, s a e es e ,
e en e on,

53 5
— S p ci
. m f tith p yieg pl dg 53 5
—M r th
ens o e- a n e e s, o e an

r l m t d d 536 A m ric B pti t C mmi i

.

en o en nee e — e an a s o ss o n on
, .

sy t m tic b fi
s e a 53 7 I rigi d r
e ne f c e n ce , . ts o n an a ea o

o p r tie a 53 7
—I rg i ti 5 38 I pl
o n s,
5 38 . ts o an s a o n , .
-
ts an s ,

T ith — p yi g m g A m ric B pti t 54 —N d f

.

e a n a on e an a s s, o ee o

rg i ti i h Church f E gl d 54
.

o an s a on — 4
t an
n
5 7 5 e o n ,
0 2 0

CH A PTE R X LV
O

A N A PP E A L .
TO TH E CL E R G Y

Th e cl rgy l k d
e r f r m r 54 D iffi l i fr m w t f
oo e t o as e o e s, 1 —. cu t e s o an o

th ught 54 — M K
o ,
P w t ti 1P 40 t 54 3 — S
. ir . an e s
’
e o le z:
°

z , . ens

i
t Ve n e s s an d h p r l l m t 544 U willi g
'
t e e so n a e e en ,
.
— n n n e ss to
b r r pr ch 54 5 T mpt ti
ea e oa k l rg d v rl k .
— e a on t o se e a e an o e oo

m ll d ti
,

s a 54 6 A wid r
ona utl k c ry 54 7
o n s, .
— e o oo ne e ssa , .

Fi ci l x mi ti f p ri h 54 8 U i q u pp rtu iti
n an a e a na on o a s e s, .
— n e o o n es

f h cl rgy 54 9 T h ir ffi c r c g i d r p ct d d
’
o t e e — e o e e o n se es e e an
, , ,

th m lv ft l v d 549 W illi g
e se es o f h l ity
en b o e ,
— n n e ss o t e a to e

t cl rgy r t r wh t th ir pr d c r
.

l d 55 — C
e ,
1 . an n o e es o e a e e e e s so s

t bli h d ? 5 5 — S ucc
es a s e f cl rgy b h l f f F r ig
1 . e sse s o e on e a o o e n

Mi i d T mp r
ss on s c 55 — T hi d y f urpri
an e e an e, 2 . s, a a o s se s ,

5 53 A h cl
— rgy bl m
re 554t — A uth re h rtc mi ge to a e ? . o
’
s s o o n s,

—O pp rtu iti f d put ti pr ch r d mi i r

.

5 54 o n es o e a on ea e s an ss on e s,

— T chi g fr m xp ri c l d t
.

6 — M G d
555 ea 5 5 n o e e en e, . r . a s on e an

C l t 5 56 — J c b w urg d up cl rgy 557

.

’
D e an o e a o s vo e on e , .

C l ric l xp ri c f G d f ith ful fi ci l

.
,

e a e e i en es o o
’
s a n e ss n n an a

ff ir
a a 55 8 — I cit m t
s, r tri v .
h p t d n i mpr v e en to e e e t e as an o e

h futur —
t e 5 6 e, 2 5 4 5 6 1 2

CHA PTE R XL VI
TO CH UR CH O F F I CE R S , PVA R D E N S , A ND S I D E S M E N

T ith p
e- yi g n
ati lly l y m
n q u ti 6
5 3
—
e ss eR f rm b a a a an 5 es on, . e o to e

h lp d f rw rd by Church ffi c r 564 —T ithi g r c mm d d

e e o a o e s, . n e o en e
 CO N TE N T S

gr u d 6o n uth r m g tith p y r 6 4 H w
s, 02 .
—A o
’
s e s sa e to e- a e s, o .
-
o

hi m l f t ught se —R rv i wit i g tith p yi g

a , e se e n n e ss n to e- a n

e xp ri c 6 5 —T h l ft h d d h ri ght 6 6 — A m ric
e en e, 0 e e an an t e ,
0 . e an

c ur g b ut tithi g 6 6 S purg
o a e a ut bi gr phy 6 7
o n ,
o .
-
e on s a
’
o o a ,
0 .

P w r fp r
o e l t ti m y 6 7 — G d c u hi d r d by
o e so n a es on ,
0 . o
’
s a se n e e

o v r — itiv
e 6 8 — C mi g f G d Ki gd m d l y d
se n s e n e s s, 0 . o n o o
’
s n o e a e

6 8 — A d mi i tr ti f h tith 6 9 — T ith p yi g t t
,

0 . n s a on o t e e, 0 . e- a n s a es

m hip 6 — R
an s mbl c , tru t hip 6 —H rv t
lo . e se an e to s ees ro a es

i mpli wi g 6 — O rigi f S y t m tic B fi

.
,

es so n ,
11 . n o s e a e ne c e n ce

S ci ty 6
o — Ne d f pr p g ti g tithi g pri cipl 6 3
,
12 . ee o o a a n n n e s, 1

C mp ri with th r bj ct f ch rity 6 3 — C p
.

o a so n o e o e s o a , 1 o rre s on

d c with C C hri t ph r 6 4 f ct uth r

.

en e I f h an o n s o e ,
1 .
-
ts e e on t e a o ,

6 4 — C mm d r P c c k
1 . o d pl f public ti f thi
an e o o an an s or a on o s

b k 6 5 — P riv cy f givi g b r p ct d 6 7 — A pp l
oo ,
1 . a o n to e es e e ,
1 ea

tith p y r r lv d x mi th m lv 6 9 — T
.

to e a e s, t o e so e , an e a ne e se e s, 1 o

a pp rti h L rd m y pr d f tithi g pri cipl

o on t e o
’
s on e to s ea o n n e s,

6 9—T
1 put f rth i dividu l ff rt 6 9 T c mbi
o d o n a e o ,
1 — o o ne an

pr vr 69
.

e se e e, 1 6 —6 01 20

CHA P TE R XL IX
AN A PPE AL TO TH E LAI T Y

T ith p yi g fr m ti l d ci l p i t f vi w 6
e- a n o na on a an so a o n s o e ,
21 .

M Gl d t pi i th r M R igby 22 —
'
’ ’
r . a 6
s on e s T fi O n on e e on , . r . s zt e

T erum tfi 6 3 —T ith p yi g c duciv

o ,
h ty d
2 . e- a n on e to on e s an

r tituti 6 3 — I llu tr t d by xp ri c f uth r 6 4

es on , 2 . s a e e e en e o a o ,
2 .

T ithi g l y m q u ti 6 5 — P r t ff ct f p t ’
n as a a an s es on, 2 . e se n e e s o as

a bu f tith 6 5 — S p l m S ld
se o d Gr v e s, di 2 . e an , e e n, an o e as s

i t r t d r f rm r 6 6 — V lu f l y t ti m y 6 7
n e es e e o e s, 2 . a e o a es on ,
2 .

Cl m t S p lm
e en d M d Wi t 6 7 eN d f l y an an r . e n on, 2 .
— ee o a

h lp 6 8 Ab u di g thir t f w lth 6 8 I ffi i y
e ,
2 .
- o n n s or ea ,
2 .
— n su c e nc

o f p rli m t ry l gi l ti
a a 6 8 — Sc p f
en a uth r i e s a on , 2 o e or a o s n

g r l 6 8 —A dit r d d f G r v 6 9 — A G r v
.

ene a ,
2 . n e o nee e or o e, 2 . s o e

hi m l f f r w 6 9 — M m ri l tic f G r v 6 3
se o e sa ,
2 . e o a no e o o e, 0 .

T pic
o di g furth r lucid ti 63 —M rg d tith d
s nee n e e a on , o . e e e s an

a bb y l d 6 3 — N d f C hri ti t t m 6 3
e an s, o . ee o s an s a es e n, I .

P rli m t ry r tur w t d 63 — G r v
a a en a c rily e ns an e ,
I . o e n ot ne e ssa

i f llibl 6 33 — A W ilb rf rc
n a e, d d f tith r tituti e o e ne e e or e es on,

6 3 4 — R vi i
.

. f cl ric l i c m
e ugh 6 34 R
s on o e a n o es not eno , .
- e

vi i d d f l y r ct r p i 6 3 5 —L y r ct r
,

’ ’
s on nee e o a e o s o ss e ss o n s , . a e o s

e v i f r p
as o n ibility 6 36 — S h uld
o th r T ithi g
es on s ,
o an o e n

S ci ty b i
o e ugur t d 6 36 e na 6 637 a e ? 2 1-
 C ON TE N TS

CH A P TE R L

TH O UGH TS F OR L A Y I M P R O P R I A TO R S

h ch pt r ft r th ught 63 8 uth
T is a e an a tt ti c ll d
e -
o , .
—A or s
’
a en on a e to
Gr v Al m fd T / ight th r by th r w — L
' '
’
o e s 6 39 ze z e z l z es , . e e o n on

S p lm e 63 9 N m
an , f gr t fr m G r v rr g d
. a es o 2,ooo an e e s o o e a an e

lph b tic lly f A pp dix B 639 — C mp r d with

a a e a or en , . o a e

S p lm e 64 —A pp
an , dix C f m d r l y w r f tith
o . en o o e n a -
o ne s o e s,

6 4 — F ct
o . c c r i g l y i mpr pri t r 6 4 —O rigi l
a s on e n n a o a o s, I . na

gi ft f tith 6 4 A d mi i tr ti
s o e s, tru t d cl rgy 6 4 1 .
-
n s a on e n s e to e ,
1 .

—B ch r ct r f m f h R f r m r 64 B tr y l
ase a a e o so e o t e e o e s, I .
-
e a a

f tru t 6 4 — A bu
o s
,
f C hurch m2 .y 64 —Am u ti g se o one ,
2 . o n n to
milli t rli g 64 3 — H ldi g C hurch pr p rty
ons s e n
,
. o n o e n ot n e ce s

ily
sar cril g 644 D i ff culty f lit r l r t r ti 6 44
sa e e, .
— i o e a es o a on , .

A uth f ur f ld xp ri
or s
’
c 64 5 —~P urch
o flo d 64 5 e e en e, . ase o an ,
.

E xch g ftith 6 46 — L d fu k w titl 6 47 —L rd

an e o e s, . an o n no n e
,
. o

S cud m r a r t r r ftith 64 9 E x mpl fM h m t

o e as a es o e o e s, . a e o a o e ,

64 9 A l t. D uk
-
f N rthu mb rl
a e d 6 5 —I t c f e o o e an ,
o . n s an es o

M H r 65.
—A d h l t E rl B
.
,
o uch p 5 A f ct
. m 6 — n t e a e a ea a ,
2 . re a s

c c r i g i mpr p i t r truly t t d 6 53 — O ught thi g

on e n n o r a o s s a e ? . n s

so b to 6 53 — W h t A rchbi h p W hitgi ft
e ? d th r t ught
. a s o an o e s a

c c r i g cril g 6 53 —M u t thi g
on e n n sa rmi e e, . s n s so e a n ?

Bi h p W id p r m t r f m ti 6 5 5 ’
s o e stc o t t s e as on e an e n e or a on, .

H t p pl
on e s d w it f A ct f P rli m t 6 5 5
eo e ne e n ot a or s o a a en ,
.

A uth r f r w ll r d r 6 56 6 38 6 56 —
’
o s a e e to ea e ,

A PPE N D I C E S

B . L I ST OF C R O WN L A Y G R A N TE ES
-
or T I T H ES F ROM

H EN R Y VI I I . To WI LLI AM I I I .

C . R O UG H L I ST O F M O D E R N L A Y -O WN E R S OF A L I E N AT E D
T I T H ES

C H R O NO L O G Y

G EN E R A L I ND E X
I ND E X O F T E X T S I LL UST R AT E D O R R E F E R RE D T O .

'

Vol I is to be
. . u n derst ood u n less Ol /z er w z se

G E N ES I S .
CH P
A . P A G E

70 xv fii 3 1 70
69 16 17 71
lb 49 7 xx L 5 n 4 84
71 xx fii 2 1 ~—3 74
xxiv
.

19 -2 1
xx u 21 73 70
xxv
. .

63 1 —1 1
. 20 xv .
41
—1 1
23 n 4 66 2 78
x xv
. .

— 77
11 3 0
3 3
ii
.

30 5 77
5 80 13
1 3 —1 5 78
N UM BE R S .
14 1 28
xxx n r 25 IL 4 74
viii . 23— 6 .

XVI I I
JO S H UA .

x xx fi i 18
20
xxxv D E U I ER O NO M Y
’ ‘

xxxviii
.
.

. 24
66
E X O D US .
60
xiii 2 71
60
xxii
.

29 7 0, 232
—
58
.

22 7 .

7‘
xx 111 . 1 0, 1 1 11 .
4 97
27 63
15
—
xxv 1 73
28 9 .

xxx
.

. 13
1 1— 14
99
71
xv . 1, 2 n .
497
xxxiv . 20 ii .
5 79
7 . 8. IO
72
74
xx xv n 7 73 1 2 —1 5 IL 497
L EV I T I C US .
v 59 1 S A M UE L .

72
16 in 57 9 i . 21 88
73 11 1 3, 1 4 88
xv
. .

1 2— 2 2
11
3 28
.

E tc .
,
e tc .
, e tc .
 r m H DT H O LO G Y , OR D O S EG H Y ,
‘

'
C u ll e d fro m Un as ke d Op in i o n s an d x
E p re s s io n s of A p p re c i a io n f o m t r
B I S H O P S , C L E RG Y , E DI T O R S , . e tc . ,

The Archbis hop of Can te rbury l k f rw rd i f writ “

I
'

a t o an ortun t
v r bu y I m d thi y r i li yl
pp es : oo o o o

t ri g c t t
mas e n it s o n e n s b ut yOu k n o wh ow o e - s a an s ea s e y
bu i r th v r
,
”
to be s e an e e

) y th t h ch m i l rg d
.

h Bi h p f M
T e h t (D K s o Io anc es e r r. nox sa s se e a t e s e e s a e an

b ld d w rthy f y ur rgy d l r i g I h p h v m k tim

o an o o o ene an ea n n o e to a e, or a e, e to

difi d by y ur w rk wh il t
.
,

b e e e o o s

Bi h p H dl y M / ( f D urh m) dd
s o an Al ! I e m ti m f l if my
ou e o a a s:
“ as so e es ee as
r di g d y w r v r but it i quit
ea n a s d I h ll h p
e e o mk m r l
e s not e so , an s a O e to a e so e ea

acqu i t c with y ur m iv c ll cti f f ct d th ught

a n an e r lly gr t
o
,

ass e o e on o a s an o s on a ea ea

subj ct e
”
1

( f O x f rd) writ T h S cr d T th m d l f
.

’
P f S
ro essor ayce i o o es e a e en s a o e o

sch l rly c mpl t

o a d b u d pr duc
o ff ct d
e e n e ss , an is o n to o e an e e
’
an

f L d pr g I h ll v r d l k y th r
,

Th A h d e rc eacon o on on e sa e s : s a ne e nee to oo at an o e

b k h m tt r g i
oo on t e a e a an

Bi h p l gh m S cr t ry f h C M S xpr pi i I f l ur
.

s o n a h e e a o t e e e sses t e o n on ee s e
th t h r di g f th b k ill pr v b th i t r ti g d i tructiv d if
.
, . . .
,

a t e ea n o ese oo s w o e o n e es n an ns e , an
th y h lp I truly h p th y will m k p pl m r f lly r l iz h cr d
e e as o e e to a e eo e o e u ea e t e sa e

d ty f givi g y will h v i curr d d bt f gr titud fr m ll th wh li k

u o
,

n ou a e n
,

e a e o a e o a o se o, e
r lv
o u se g d i tryi g r i fu d f h x t i f h M t r
e s, are
,

en age n n to a se n s or t e e e n s on o t e as e
’
s

K i gd m
”
n o

( f O x f rd ) x cl i m i q uiri gly pr i d f
.

C Ch i p h r s to G d b
"

an on er o o e a s n n : o e a se or

h g
t e t d u f l w rk which H h guid d d bl d y pr duc
re a an se u o e as e an e na e ou to o e.
I th r
s r c tly publi h d b k which i m r lik ly b u d b y G d
e e an y e en s e oo s o e e to e se o to
dr w pr mpt h lp f h v r multiplyi g br ch f H i w rk f l v d
a o ut o e or t e e e n an es o s o o o e an
m rcy m g
e ig r t d h rr wful ?
a on th e n o an an t e so o
”

Other Corresp on de n ts ofvarious de n ominations have exp re sse d the mse lves thus
Th e Ch ie fRabbi ( Dr Adler) e ma ks cr d th v ry v lu bl
T he S a e T e n is a e a a e, r r
l r d lu i u c pil ti b li v th t J wi h p ct th r i
.

ea ne an d m n o s o m a on I e e e a t he e s as e e e n
b c rr ctly tr t d
.

”
h as e e n o e ea e

zi
.

f h Am i S h l M “
Th Edi e (E i
tor l) Ch o h S dt e e r can p scop a urc un ay c oo aga ne
writ I h v l k d v r i
es cur ry w y m f h ch pt r d m
a e oo e o e n a so a so e o t e a e s, an a
pl d i mm ly H pi g th t y ur w r k will g i t v ry Ch rch
.

e ase e n se o n a o o o n o e e u
h w rld w ll v ry p ri h lib y I r m i
” .

”
hb yi
rar n t e o , as e as e e a s i ar , e a n, e tc .

Th Edi e f h N i l Ch
tor h p k f h i f rm ti uppli d
o t e
“
at on a urc s ea s o t e n o a on s e as
f ci ti g
”
as d
na n , an

M Alf d R C
r /i g N w Y rk
re licit r r m rk My l w p rtn r
on lr n a e o so o e a s :
“
a a e
pick d up f y ur v lum d r d it f h l f
.
,
.
f

e one o d y! o o e s an ea or a a a

D Pi r (C g i l) Edi
ers on i Ch f f h onMi i y R i w f th
regat ona tor- n 1e o t e
”
ss on ar ev e o e
W ld h t t d dit ri lly whil f ly wi h th t v ry p t r
.

or M
as s a e e o a : e an e we c an sa e s a e e as o
d r mi t Church m mb r might h v c py f thi m u m t l w rk
, ,

an o ne n e e a e a o o s on en a o
p
on gi vi g n .
’

Th R Ri h d D k ( M h di t Ch
e ev h fC c ar d ) writ Y hv u e et o s urc o ana a es :
“
ou a e
d gr t rvic h c u f G d i g r l d h c u f right
. .

on e a ea se e to t e a se o o n e ne a an to t e a se o
givi g i p rticul r by h public ti f y ur gr t w rk Y ur b k i h
n n a a t e a on o o ea
,

o o oo s t e
g d fri d f v ry g d c u c f rth I mu t b much i y ur d bt
, .

"
oo en H o e e oo a se en e o s e n o e

h) b rv I d r y th t
. .

Th R P K A
e l i (P
e v. by i F Ch uch te r on e res te r an ree urc o se es a e sa a
N c f r mi t I h ll fi d m thi g i it which will m
. .

'
as a st re nuo us on on o s s a n so e n s n ak e a
M f pi i
e re n ce b tw which h w v r wi l ly cc tu t h b
o o n on e ee n us, o e e l on a en a e t e su

i l gr m t b tw
st an t a a i ll h gr t
ee en ti l which li h r t f
e e e n us n a t e ea e sse n a s e at t e oo o
thi tr c d tly i mp rt t m tt r
s an s e n Th S cr d T
en th i ctly h o an a e
‘
e a e en s ex a t e
b k which h wh l B riti h p p l d h pr t m rg cy
.

"
oo t e o e s eo e nee s at t e e se n e e en .
 H CH T E DH OF B R EV I T I E S
F r o m u w rd
p a s of

120 NO T C ES I OF THE P R ES S .

I t is an x tr rdi ry duty which D L d ll h u d rt k

e ao na m ly t r an s e as n e a e n, na e o
di cu ubj ct fr m v ry p i t fvi w d th r by pp l t th c ci c ,
.

s ss t h e s e o e e o n o e an e e a ea o e on s en e

f v ry i dividu l — B l hh
,
”
o e e n h L l G id a ac e at oca u e

d ll h writt ch l rly w rk d h f ct th t h d
.

f rc
.

D L r ans e as en a s o a o an t e a a e oes not o e

pi i up h r d— but di cu f irly h p f v ry
.
,

hi s O n on s on d
t e ea e r, s sse s a t e r os an con s o e e

q u ti es dd i v lu Th R d
on, a s to ts a e . e ecor .

hi b k i lightly b put id whil it t m with i t r ti g

s oo s not one to e as e, e ee s n e es n
s id light hi t ry cr d d pr f
e s on Th L dy
s o sa e an o ane .
”
e a .

ur th t h cc mpli h d uth r h v ry r f l ti fi d
,

W e are s e a t e a o s e a o as e e e as o n to ee sa s e

th t h h r d r d h h l Church f Chri t i gul rly v lu bl d

a e as en e e to t e w o e o s a s n a a a e an
i mp rt t rvic i h pr p r ti fhi
o an se w rk Th G id
e n t e e a a on o s new o .
”
e u e .

W q u ti wh th r th r i w r k which tr v r
e es on w ll d wi ly
e e e e s a o a e se s so e an so se

h wh l q u t i f y t m tic r ligi u givi g W M ”

t e o e es on o y s s e a e o s n . est e rn erc u r .

Th wh l c f tith givi g— givi g t th m r fi c m

“
e o e ase or h e- n n on e - e n or o e o n o e to t e

se rvic f G d— i x h u tiv ly tr t d
e o o v r b f r j i h Mi i y
s e a s e ea e as ne e e o e .
”—
ew s ss on ar

Th m t i piri g p rt f h b k i
e os h ns cd t l cti givi
n g x mpl a o t e oo s t e an e o a se on n e a es

o f lfse ifi i g b-sacr f cti — Ch h f I

c n d G e ne a ons . u rc o re la n a

Th p rti which i t r t m t i h
e o on d dic t d h d cripti f n e e s s us os s t e o ne e a e to t e es on o

t h v ri u f rm
e a f tithi g
o pr— crib d by h L w d ft rw rd x p u d d
s o s o n as es e t e a an a e a s e o n e

i gr t r d t il by h R bbi
,

n ea e
j i h W ld
e a t e a s ew s or

A d it m y f ly b id th t thr ugh ut h
.

v lum th r i dull
.

n a sa e e sa a o o t e tw o o es e e s n ot a
p g S d y S h l Ch i l
a e .
-
un a c oo r on c e

h w rk i much m r th
.

B ut t e hi t ric l I t i i t ly pr ctic l d
o s o e an s o a s n e n se a a an on

thi id i p ticul r d rv b tudi—d by w rk r i ll church d by

.
,

s s e n ar a e se es to e s e o e s n a o ur e s, an
a ll wh i t r t d i phil thr py S d y H m
o are n e es e n an o .
"
z¢ n a at o e .

A v ry c mpl t ex p iti i giv f tithi g i E gl d fr m B riti h ti m

o e e e os on s en o n n n an o s es
h pr t D L d ll f rl ly x p h bu which cr pt i h ,

to t e e se n r an s e ea e ss e o se s t e a se s e n at t e
ti m f h R f rm ti wh h Church —r bb d by u crupul u c urti r
. .

e o t e e o a o n, en t e w as o e ns o s o e s,
an d h l y i mpr pri t r pr g i t b i g
t e a B h o B h d O
a o A / s an n o e n .
”
er s, u c s, a n x on rc ne o

it will b b th d d tr g if th y d e ff ct m thi g i h
o sa an s an e e o n ot e e so e n n t e

d i r cti f high r t d rd f givi g th bt i m g Chri ti g r lly

e on o a e s an a o n an o a ns a on s an s ene a
d E gli h church m i p rticul r
,
”
an n s N i l Ch h en n a a .
- ai on a u rc

v lu f th b k th r f r li
.

Th e a e o much i h m
e se f oo s, e e o e, es n ot so n t e ass o
i f r m ti
n o a i t r ti g d i mp r tiv q u ti f r ligi
o n o n an n e es i h c g t n an e a e es on o e o n as n t e o en
r i g d ucc ful d v ur bri g h m
e aso n n an s ll r d r
e ss f en ea o to n o e to a ea e s a se n se o
o blig ti a H ld f P
on .
”
e ra o e ace .

“
O f r i th t
ur but
ea thu i t will b pr p r d p d 6
s a no o ne an e n s as e e a e to s en 1 s.
i purch i g h v lu m
n as n h d m d ttr ctiv th ugh th y
t e o A d it i
e s, an so e an a a e o e are n s
h p pl thu i t h ught r d D L d ll b k
.

h
’
t e eo e w o are not en s as s w o o to ea r an s e s oo
W b dly d— w cru d h l ubj ct f y t m tic d pr p r
. .

e a h
ne e a ne sa e on t e w o e s e o s s e a an o o
i t givi g L d M i i
l on a e n S i y Ch
.
”
i l on on ss on a r
y oc et ron c e

I c t b x p ct d th t th bulky v lum will r ch h m f h

.

t an n o e e e e a e se two o es ea t e ass o t y
p pl d y it i mi tly d ir bl th t th y h uld d
eo e, an et s d th t
e ne n es a e a e s o o so , an a
na ti h ld l r g i h ld d l g f rg tt duty f y t m tic givi g
on s ou ea n a a n t e o an on -o o en o s s e a n ,
t h c u e f r li gi
a se o d ch rity Th r e i A m ricon v r l ci ti
an a e e are n e a se e a so e es for
c ur g m t fpr p rti t givi g d b gi i g h b m d h r
.

t h e en o a e en o o o on a e n an a e nn n as e en a e e e

but h m v m t i till i i i f cy d it i i c r ly b h p d th t
t e o e en s s n ts n an
,

an s s n e e to e o e a
D L r d ll will b bl giv it h d d i mp t ith r by m —fthi
an s e e a e to e t e nee
,

e e us , e e e an s o s

i v lu bl b k by m l xh u tiv d m r h dy tr ti
.

”
n a a e oo , or Th so e ess e a s e an o e an ea se . e
H osp it al .
 BY TH E SA ME A UTH OR .

RUS S I A N C ENT RA L A S IA ,
IN C IN G LUD
'

KULDJ A, B O KHARA KH IV A A ND , , M ERv .

I n T wo V o lu m e s, 4 25 .

r l ti H SG e man T
L r an s a on : I RT O N, E I PZ I G .

A lt g th r D L o d ll r
e e b pr ud f w rk which i r lly
r an s e h as e aso n to e o o a o s ea

m t l
.

m on u T m
en a .
”
Th e i es .

Si c
“
h f th r f hi t ry [H r d tu ]
n e t e a d ubt wh th r m r
e o s o e o o s we o e e a o e

c mpl t b k ft r i k i d h b writt —C h Q
.
_

o e e oo a e ly R i
ts n as e en en . /z u rc u arte r ev ew .

Up R i C tr l A i th r i b k i h E gli h l u g d
on uss an en a s a e e s no oo n t e n s ang a e , an

p r b bly l gu g b c mp r d with it Ch h M i i y
o a i n ot n an y an a e, to e o a e .
— u rc ss on ar

I n fe llzl
ge n cer .

T H RO UGH C ENT R A L
"

A S IA .

With a Map an d Ap p e n dix on g h arfFro n tie r

th e Russo-Af .

I n O ne Vo l u me , 1 2s .

C H I NE S E C E N TR A L A SIA .
'

A Rl o E To L I TTL E T I BET .

I n T wo V o l u me s 3 65 , .

hi urk i t N p l d th r c u tri
C ne se T d p bt f gr ti ~
s an , e a an o e o n e s ow e a ee de o a

tud h E gli h C hurch m

,

e to t e h h dn much f th m
s d th an w o as on e so or e ; an os e

ho t y h m ght b pr ud f uch f ll w c u try m ”

w s a at o e ou to e o o s a e o - o n an .

Ch h B
u rc e l ls .

D L “ d ll r h cc d d i pl ci g b f r h r di g p blic
an s e as su ee e n a n e o e t e ea n u a

ok which m u m t l i ch r t r f it i h r c rd f u mb r f
.

w r is on en a n a ac e or s t e e o o a n e o

chi v m t w rthy f h m d f m f E gli h g tl m — C

,

a e e en s o o t e na e an a e o an n s en e an . i ty

T H RO UG H S IB ER IA .

( O u t of p r in t i n E nglish ) .

rm T r l ti H C
Ge an J
an s a on : . O ST E NO BI E , . ENA .

S w di h T r l ti A
e s B S
an s a on : L B E RT O NN I E R , T OC K H O L M .

D i h Tr
an s l ti 0 H D C
an s a on : . . E L B A N CO , O P EN H A G E N .

H is t ti m y
es i i mply h b t th t x i t
on s s t e es a e s s
”
(a R u ssian
writ r ) —
.

e . F raser) s Al agaz in e .

En gli h diti
s e o n s as a b v publi h d b y
o e s e

P
S A M SO N L O W, M A R S T O N CO .
,
L O ND O N .
UN I VE R S I T Y O F C A L I FO R N I A L I B R AR Y
L o s An gl
e es

T hi
s b o o k is D UE on th e l t d t t mp d b l w
as a e s a e e o .