ADVERBIAL ADJUNCTS

1. Adverbial adjuncts of Time

A. Adverbial adjuncts of Point of Time (When? At what time?)
My father works at night.
We'll be flying over France at eight thirty tonight.
I'll come some time/ next week.
They arrived the next day / at a quarter past nine.
B. Adverbial adjuncts of Duration or Extent in Time (How long?)
I'd like to go for a week in silence.
The two drivers must stay until the police get there.
He works hard from morning till night.
The bell rang all day long.
It lasted years.
I've been working here since 1981 / since I graduated from my university.
C. Adverbial adjuncts of Frequency (How often? or How many times?):
He comes home late from time to time.
We meet twice a week and eat out every Friday evening.
The roof leaks whenever it rains.
The electrician always / usually / often / sometimes / rarely / never works overtime.
D. Adverbial adjuncts of Temporal Relationship (When?)
After this the conversation sank for a while into mere sociability.
They had arrived before the meeting started.

2. Adverbial adjuncts of Place

A. Adverbial adjuncts of Location or Position (Where?)
They stomped upstairs.
My sister and her boyfriend met at a dance.
I can hardly study at home.
A panamanian passenger bus lay in a ditch.
He always hides where I can never reach.

B. Adverbial adjuncts of Distance or Extent in Space (How far?)

I can't walk much farther.
We ran no more than two blocks.
I'll jog as far as I can.
You should not go too near / too close.
They've walked for seven miles.

C. Adverbial adjuncts of Direction (In what direction?)

A visitor came in.
 A tiger has got out.
We are flying due north.
Opinion is shifting in favour of the new scheme.

D. Adverbial adjuncts of Terminus (Where?)

The director has come home.
Se goes to the church to take a few pictures.
He jumped onto the ground/nto the air.
They go where(ever) they are told.

E. Adverbial adjuncts of Source (From where? From which?)

She graduated from Cambridge with a degree in law.
He borrowed freely from other writers.
He jumped off the roof.
He's come straight back from the construction site.

F. Adverbial adjuncts of Path (by / through / along / via / by way of which?)

They are traveling to France by way of London.
You can go from london to washington via New York.
He jumped out of the window / over the wall.
A lot of vehicles travel along the street.
The train whistled past (the village).
We came by country roads, not by the motor road.
The burglar got in through the window and escaped through the back door.

3. Adverbial adjuncts of Manner (By what way?)

The gears work very smoothly.
She came in gently/n a gentle way.
He jumped this way.
I lingered on purpose.
He behaves quite strangely / in a very strange way / as if he is going to be attacked.

4. Adverbial adjuncts of Behalf or Guise (Who for?, Instead of whom, On behalf of

whom?, What as? or What into?)

I come here as a friend.

Tom came instead of Paul.
He set out poor/as a pauper.
He came back rich / a rich man / as a millionaire.
Mavis left the house a smiling, confident woman.
5. Adverbial adjuncts of Comparison (How?)
Our coach left earlier than it should have done.
This M.C. speaks more fluently than accurately.
He did as much as he could.
The students can't translate as well as their professor does.
You must translate as accurately as possible.
Tthe lip curled like a snail's foot.

6. Adverbial adjuncts of Accompaniment (With / Without whom?, With / Without

what? or And who / what else?)
I went to the ball with the handsome Prince Igor.
I left with someone else.
He's coming downstairs with two sleeping bags over the top of his head.
I can’t live without you.
I've come out without any money.
Tom came as well as Paul.

7. Adverbial adjuncts of Means (How? or By what means?)

Mrs.Brown never travels by air.
They got over to that deserted village on foot / on horseback.
I go to work by bus.
He got here by running all the way from home.

8. Adverbial adjuncts of Instrument (With / Without what?)

The prisoner escaped with only a razor blade.
I can hardly study without an up-to-date dictionary.
She frequently writes in pencil.
You should not read by artificial light.
They usually pay in cash, not by check.
She often sews with cotton thread.

9. Adverbial adjuncts of Cause and of Reason (Why?)

He [was buried under bricks, and] died of head injures.
We missed the plane through being held up on the motorway.
The old man walked slowly because of his bad legs / because his legs are bad.
I went there because I was told.
I've been waiting here as I know you'll certainly come and pick me up.
The plan fell down because it proved to be expensive.
He thrives on positive criticism.
10. Adverbial adjuncts of Contingency (Why? – A reason of something which might
have happened, or which may happen.)
They decided to retreat at once for fear (that) / lest they should be cut from the main
force.
You should leave immediately in case of fire.
You had better not ski in case the weather is really bad.
We started early for fear of a possible traffic jam.

11. Adverbial adjuncts of Purpose (What for? or ‘For what purpose?)

I've got to write to report what I've been doing so far.
She just works for her own account.
He's gone on business, not for pleasure.
I jog for the sake of my health.
The ground crew even crawled into the un-pressurised luggage compartments so as not
to be left behind.
They always walk so that/in order that they may/night get plenty of exercise.

12. Adverbial adjuncts of Result

He drank so much that he's got stomachache.
My father smoked so heavily that he got lung cancer.
He jumped so high that he easily crossed the barrier.
The third couple danced so beautifully that all the examiners awarded them the maximal
point.
13. Adverbial adjuncts of Concession
He doesn’t succeed however hard he tries.
She fails however much she does.
They kept on swimming (even) though / in spite of the fact that the weather was bad /
despite / in spite of the bad weather.
[1700 miners have been out for seven months and,] despite intimidation, no one has gone
back to work.
14. Adverbial adjuncts of Condition (Under what condition(s)?)
These people cannot operate unless they receive support.
You may leave right now provided that you work overtime tomorrow.
We can play as long as it doesn't rain.
You can leave, if necessary.
And if you were in the mood we could at least go.
15. Adverbial adjuncts of Degree or Extent (How much?, How many?, To what degree?,
or To which extent?)
[The government had predicted that] rateable values would rise by about seven times.
 The land tenure system varies slightly from place to place.
He pointed very obviously at the woman in the fur coat.
He can hardly have arrived yet.
The girl slipped and almost fell.
She’s getting on a bit now.
I had to agree partially/completely/to a certain extent.
I quite agree/understand.
I can’t agree more.
16. Adverbial adjuncts of Addition or Restriction
1. Adverbial adjuncts of Addition (Additive Adjuncts)
She also plays well.
I did, too.
I didn't, either.
2. Adverbial adjuncts of Restriction (Restrictive adjuncts)
I'm only joking.
Well, they just fell behind, you know.

Notes:
 Adverbial adjuncts may precede and / or follow the Vgrp of the VP.
 Two or more adverbial adjuncts of different types may occur together.
 A number of nouns or noun phrases can, and sometimes must, appear without prepositions
when they are the adverbial adjuncts of time, of place or even of manner in VPs. (e.g.
Tuesday; the next day; last night; next week; the day before yesterday; yesterday
afternoon; all the time; every Friday evening; some time; home; there; here; then; this
way; a bit; a lot; a pauper; a rich man; a smiling, confident woman; etc. )

He travels a lot (Degree) from and to Hanoi (Source and Terminus).

She wrote quickly (Manner) in order to finish in time (Purpose).
The cat crept silently (Manner) towards the bird (Direction).
I want to go somewhere slightly more exotic (Terminus) for a change (Purpose).
He will certainly (Degree) die if you don’t call a doctor (Condition).
We have lived here (Location) for ten years (Extent in Time).
We went to Rome (Terminus) by Milan and Florence (Path).
A van carrying farm workers ran off a foggy rural road (Source) and plunged into a
murky canal (Terminus) today (Point of Time).
He's coming downstairs (Direction) with two sleeping bags over the top of his head
(Accompaniment).
She slid over the questions (Path) without answering them (Manner).
 Daddy came home (Terminus) from work (Source) earlier than usual (Manner).
The project would go forwards (Direction) as planned (Manner).
The jumbo jet flew up (direction) into the open air (terminus).

STRUCTURAL AMBIGUITY

1. a nice man’s fur coat

2. a large woman’s garment
3. an advanced learner’s dictionary
4. a camel’s hair brush
5. that greasy kid stuff
6. the basic book service
7. a foreign language teacher
8. an old car enthusiast
9. a more ferocious curries