 GIVEN – ni hisobga oladigan bulsak

Given his age, he’s remarkably fast runner (GIVEN THE FACT THAT)

 BUT FOR – bo`lmaganda (But for= if not for+ot, olmosh)

But for the traffic jams, I would like it very much.
If not for her, he would never have become such a good doctor.
But for him I should have missed the train.
IF + it +was/were not for (agar bo`lmaganda)- hozirgi zamon
If+ it + had + not + been + for (o`tmishda)

 However + sifat yoki ravish(ADJ/ ADV): наСколько бы не

Qancha bo`lsa ham

No matter + how/what + S + V: Qancha bo`lsa

ham(наСколько бы не )

No matter the + ot(noun)

You should report any incident, however minor it is.

Feeding a baby is a messy job no matter how careful you are.
He visited her everyday no matter the weather.
 ADVERBS(hardly,scarcely,barely)
Hardly had I god into bed when the telephone rang.
Scarcely had he sat down when there was a knock at the door.
Barely had we arrived when it started to rain

 Maqsad ergash gap (ega + kesim+so that + ega+kesim)

 Bo`lishli gap bo`lsa CAN/COULD bazan esa MAY/MIGHT bo`lishi
mumkin, bo`lishsiz gapda esa WILL NOT/WOULD NOT

I`m studying so hard that I can enter the university.

He hurried so that he could go the lesson on time.

 Inverted Conditionals
If you had left home earlier, you wouldn’t have missed the train.
HAD you left home earlier, you wouldn’t have missed the train.

 IF it were + TO+ INFINITIVE – to introduce conditions in

formal contexts (AGAR – bo`lish ehtimoli past)
If it were to be published, the first issue would probably
include small introduction about the people who helped
in the creation of the magazine.
However, displacing such a number of commuters will
need a lot of planning and very good infrastructure, if it
were to succeed.
 INVERSION
HARDLY – Hardly had I woken up the fire alarm went off.
NEVER – Never had I been so surprised before.
SELDOM – Seldom are we forced to stay overtime but
today we were.
RARELY – Rarely have I cooked bread at home.
ONLY THEN – Only then did I realise that everything was
a lie.
 NOT ONLY … BUT – Not only does he go to the gym every
day, but he also runs 5kms.
NO SOONER (как только)– No sooner had I got to work,
my boss called me in.
SCARCELY(едва) – Scarcely had I got off the train when a
truck crashed into the back of a car.
ONLY LATER – Only later did she worry about missing her
plane.
NOWHERE(нигде) – Nowhere have I ever had such bad
service.
LITTLE – Little did he know!
ONLY IN THIS WAY (только так) – Only in this way was
Ally able to open up a business.
IN NO WAY (никак) – In no way was I able to convince
her to come to the party.
ON NO ACCOUNT(ни в коем случае) – On no account
should you do anything without asking your boss first

 Thereby+v+ing(formal)=C1---as a result of this action:

Diets that are high in saturated fat clog up our arteries,
thereby reducing the blood flow to our hearts and brains
He became a citizen in 1978, thereby gaining the right to
vote.
 They express their anger by destroying their own lives
and thereby hurting others, while seeming to be wide-
eyed and innocent.
 Perfect Participle
Having finished dinner, the children were allowed to
play.
Having found a hotel, they looked for somewhere to
have dinner.
Having finished our work, we went home.

 NOT A' + NOUN, EMPHASIS

Can use 'not a' + noun, often with a following passive
structure, for emphasis.
Not a single noise could be heard from inside of any of
the rooms.
Not a long time passes before another Polish city,
Warsaw, hosts a festival.
 NON-FINITE PERFECT CLAUSES (С2)

I myself, having been educated the hard way, would
specifically insist on them getting the best possible
school education.
Having been taught the rights and the wrongs, we had
an idea about everything.
Not having been given precise orders from the top, as
usual he decided to work on his own initiative

 It’s (high/about) time + past subjunctive--We can use the

expression it’s time + subject + past verb form to refer to
the present moment:
Gosh! It’s almost midnight. It’s time we went home.
 It’s time you stopped smoking.
It’s high time you stopped smoking.
 Have + object + past participle (have something done)
 Get + object + past participle (get something done)
I had my car washed.
John will have his house painted.
The students get their essays checked.
 Be supposed to do something
 Be meant to do something --- to be intended to have a
particular result or effect. You use these phrases especially
when something actually fails to achieve what was originally
planned:
The film is supposed to be a serious drama.
The scheme was meant to improve the city's image