The Complete Book of Prepositions

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Learn the proper use of the most confusing
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The Complete Book of Prepositions Index

Aboard 19 (movement), 20 (manner) About 6 (time), 20 (manner) Above- 14 (place), 20 (manner) According to- 20 (manner) Across 17 (movement) Across from- 14 (place) After 6 (time), 20, 21 (manner) Against- 15 (place), 21 (manner) Ahead of- 14 (place) Along 18 (movement) Alongside- 15 (place) Along with- 21 (manner) Amid/Amidst- 16 (place) Among/Amongst- 16 (place) Around 6 (time), 18 (movement), 21 (manner) As- 21 (manner) As far as- 21 (manner) At 6 (time), 12 (place), 22 (manner) Atop- 13 (place) Before 7 (time), 22 (manner) Behind- 14 (place), 22 (manner) Below- 14 (place), 22 (manner) Beneath- 14 (place), 22, 23 (manner) Beside-15 (place), Besides- 23 (manner) Between- 15 (place), 23 (manner) Beyond 17 (movement), 23 (manner) But- 23 (manner)

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By 7 (time), 15 (place), 23, 24 (manner) Concerning- 24 (manner) Despite- 24 (manner) Down 17 (movement) During 9 (time) Except- 24 (manner) For 9 (time), 18 (movement), 24 (manner) From- 7 (time), 18 (movement), 24, 25 (manner) Half Past 6 (time) In 7, 8 (time), 13 (place), 25 (manner) In back of 14 (place) In the back of- 14 (place) In front of- 14 (place) Into 13 (place), 25 (manner) Inside 13 (place) Like- 25 (manner) Minus- 26 (manner) Near- 15 (place) Next to- 15 (place) Notwithstanding- 26 (manner) Of- 15 (place), 26 (manner) Off- 12 (place) On 8 (time), 12 (place), 26 (manner) Onto- 12 (place) On top of- 12 (place) Opposite- 14 (place) Out- 13 (place), 18 (movement) Out of 18 (movement), 27 (manner) Outside- 13 (place), 27 (manner) Over 9 (time), 13 (place), 28 (manner)

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Past 6, 7 (time) Plus- 28 (manner) Prior to 7 (time) Since 8 (time) Till 6, 11 (Time) Through 9, 10 (time), 19 (movement), 28, 29 (manner) Throughout 10 (time), 29 (manner) To- 6, 8 (Time), 17 (movement), 29 (manner) Toward 17 (movement), 29 (manner) Under- 14 (place), 30 (manner) Underneath- 14 (place) Unlike 31 (manner) Until 10 (time) Up 17 (movement) Up to 9 (time) , 31 (manner) With- 31, 32 (manner) Within 11 (time) Without- 32 (manner)

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What is a preposition?
A preposition is a word that links a noun (or pronoun) to other words in a sentence and shows the relationship between them. In the sentence The man sat in the chair, the preposition in shows the relationship of the man to the chair. The most common type of relationships shown by prepositions are temporal (related to time), spatial (related to position), and direction or movement (telling how or where something moves). Prepositions can also show relationships to manner, means or agents, states or conditions, quantities or measures, and purposes. Prepositions can be confusing. One source of confusions is that, in some Sentences, different prepositions can be used to express the same basic meaning . Look at the sentences below as examples. George got in the bus. George got on the bus. Confusion is also created because a single preposition can be used to show different relationships. In one sentence it may be a preposition of time, in another sentence it may be a preposition of position, and in another sentence it may be a preposition of means or manner. Look at these examples. The game was on Saturday. (preposition of time) The pharmacy is on Lincoln Avenue. (preposition of position) That book is on psychology. (preposition thats tells the subject of) The house is on fire. (preposition that indicates a condition or state) The following pages contain most of the more common prepositions and their different usages, with explanations of their use and sample sentences.

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Prepositions of Time
Till or To- use to tell the minutes before the next hour It is a quarter to twelve. (11:45) The train leaves at ten till seven. (6:50) After or Past- use to tell the minutes after the hour It is 20 after three. (3:20) She left for lunch at 5 past 12. (12:05) Half past- use to tell 30 minutes after an hour It is half past six. (6:30) The game starts at half past four. (4:30) At- use to tell specific or exact times such as noon, night, midnight, and a time of day The bus left at 3:05 p.m. (The bus left at precisely 3:05, no sooner or no later) My plane leaves at noon. About and Around- use to tell an approximate time, not a precise time I will be at the library about 8:00. (I may arrive a few minutes before or a few minutes after 8:00) We arrived at the party around 6:00. After- use to tell that an event occurs at a later time I will be there after 4:00. (I will not arrive before or precisely at 4:00 but sometime after 4:00- could be 5 minutes or could be 30 minutes) Perry went to dinner after the game.

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Past- use to tell that an event occurs after something else in time OR that something will happen at a later time (similar to after) It was past the usually time for the children to go to bed. (It is now 10:00; they usually go to bed at 8:00) The snow storm shouldnt last past the weekend. (The storm should be over by Sunday night) Before and Prior to- use to tell that an event occurs earlier in time Kelly was at school before 7:30. (Kelly could have arrived at school at 7:00 or 7:15 or 7:25, but no earlier than 7:30) Prior to starting college, John traveled throughout Asia. In- use to tell the amount of time before an event begins The game will start in 30 minutes. (It is now 4:30, the game will start at 5:00) She will leave in two hours. By- use to tell an event will occur no later than a specified time All applicants should be there by 9:00. (Applicants can be there at 8:00, 8:15, 8:30, or 8:45, but not after 9:00) The painting of the house will be finished by next week. From- use to tell the beginning time of an event They will begin practicing for the concert from 1:00. (Practice will begin at 1:00 and continue for an unspecified time) It rained continually from Wednesday to Saturday.

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To- use to tell an ending time of an event They will study from 1:00 to 4:00. (Study will end at 4:00) Most people work from Monday to Friday. Since- use to tell that an event started in the past He had been driving since 4:00 AM. (He started driving at 5:00 AM but is no longer driving.) They have been fishing since dawn. (They started fishing at dawn and are still fishing.) On- use to tell specific days of the week or dates My mother is going to the doctor on Monday. There will be a picnic in the park on the Fourth of July.

S 1 8

M 2 9

T 3 10

W 4 11 18 25

T 5 12 19 26

F 6 13 20 27

S 7 14 21 28

15 16 16 22 23 24

In- use to tell nonspecific times during a day, a month, a season, or a year He likes to exercise in the morning. It's very hot and humid in summer. He graduated from college in 1989. Their anniversary is in August. January April July October February May August November March June September December

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For- use to tell the length of time of an event I studied for three hours today. We were on vacation in Thailand for three weeks. September 1 8 2 9 3 10 4 11 18 25 5 12 19 26 6 13 20 27 7 14 21 28

15 16 16 22 23 24 29 30 31

Up to- use to tell the total amount of time for an event Young children need up to 10 hours of sleep a night. Doctors can work up to 60 hours a week. Over- use to tell that the duration of an activity will go beyond a certain time OR a certain length of time It shouldnt take over 15 minutes to assemble the bike. It will take over two days to complete the job. During- use to tell an event occurs over a period of time OR within a period of time (same as through) Some of the guests slept during the ceremony. A thunderstorm hit the valley during the afternoon. Through- use to tell that an activity occurs during a period of time (same as throughout and during) I frequently work at my desk through lunch. My father labored in the garden through the afternoon.

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Through- use to tell that an activity or event occurs between two periods of time Many predators are active from dusk through dawn. The great Depression lasted from 1929 through 1945. 1925 1931 1937 1943 1926 1932 1938 1944 1927 1933 1939 1945 1928 1934 1940 1946 1929 1935 1941 1947 1930 1936 1942 1948

Throughout- use to tell that an event occurs during a period of time (same as through). I didnt hear a lot of the movie because the couple next to me talked throughout the whole thing. It snowed throughout the winter. January April July October February May August November March June September December

Until- use to tell that an event will occur up to a certain time OR the ending time of an event Most young children can hardly wait until Christmas morning to open their presents. He will be in the hospital until Friday.

Sun

Mon

Tues

Wed

Thurs

Fri

Sat

Entered In Hospital Hospital

In In Will Leave Hospital Hospital Hospital

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Till- use to tell that an event will occur up to a certain time (same as until) Mary will work fulltime till her baby arrives. John is working part time till his college classes begin in September. Note: Till and until can be used interchangeably; however, until is usually used at the at the beginning of a sentence. Within- use to tell the latest time an event must occur or end The road construction must be finished within a year. (No longer than a year.) He must take the exam within the next three weeks. September 1 8 15 22 29 2 9 16 23 30 3 10 16 24 31 4 11 18 25 NOW 12 19 EXAM 6 13 20 27 7 14 21 28

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Prepositions of Place or Position

At- use to tell the specific location of a person or thing There are swings and a slide at the park. Mr. Smith lives at 123 S. Park Avenue. On- use to tell the location of places on specific streets, avenues, etc. His business is on Larson Avenue. I live on Tulip street. On and on top of- use to tell that a person or thing is touching the surface of something. (same as on top of, opposite of off, ) The box is on the table. The cat is on top of the refrigerator. The teacher put the dunce hat on top of the students head. There are a bunch of bananas on the counter. Onto- use to tell that a person or thing puts or places itself on something else The cowboy got onto the horse. The cat jumped onto the bed. Off- use to tell that a person or thing is not on something else (opposite of on) OR away from something He took the frying pan off the stove. Please keep off the grass. Off- use to tell that a person or thing is at some distance from something else There are islands off the coast. Catalina is off the coast of California.

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Atop- same as on and on top of, although not used as frequently The castle is atop the mountain. The clock atop the cabinet has stopped. In and inside- use to tell that a person or thing is within a specific location OR is enclosed by something The files are inside the cabinet. They have lived in London for three years. The children are playing inside the house. The students are in the library studying. Into- use to tell that a person or thing is inside of something else (similar to in, opposite of out of) The fish were put into the fishbowl. The thief broke into the house at midnight. Out- use to tell the location of a person or thing that is in an unenclosed place (opposite of in) The tractor is out back in the field. They parked the delivery truck out back. Outside- use to tell that someone or something is in an unenclosed place (opposite if inside, similar to out) Children should always play soccer outside the house. Many offices workers go outside for a break. Above and over- use to tell that a person or thing is higher than another object The light is above the table. The mother was leaning over her baby when changing his diaper. The painting is over the sofa. There is a map over the desk.

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Below, Under, Beneath, and Underneath- use to tell that a person or thing is located at a lower point than something else Below the window, there are blooming flowers. The temperature is 20 degrees below freezing. The canisters are beneath the bowls in the cupboard. The man is hiding under the bed. The bowl is underneath the sink. Across from and Opposite- use to tell that a person or thing is on the other side of someone or something else The clerk is across from the customer. The library is across from the park. The park is opposite the hotel. My friend sits opposite me in math class. Ahead of and In front of- use to tell that a person or thing is directly ahead of another (opposite of behind and in back of) Larry is ahead of Matt in the queue. Teachers always stand in front of students in a classroom. Mary is ahead of Jenny in the race. The car in front of us is burning oil. Behind and In back of: use to tell that a person or thing is directly in back of another (opposite of in front of or ahead of) The man is walking behind the horse. Karen is standing behind the man in the grey coat. The people in back of me are very rude. I get nervous when someone stands in back of me. In the back of: use to tell that a person or thing is located in the rear of something else Many timid students like to side in the back of the classroom. There is utility room in the back of the house.

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Against: use to tell that a person or thing is touching something else The ladder is against the elephant. The soccer player is leaning against the fence. Beside, Next to, and Alongside- use to tell that a person or thing is at the side of something else The lamp is next to the chair. Jason is standing next to the locker. Paula is sitting beside her husband on the sofa. The coffee pot is beside the toaster. The car is parked alongside the curb. The building alongside the river were made of red brick. By: use to tell that a person or thing is close to something else (similar to beside and net to) The stool is by the dresser. The night stand is by the bed. Near- use to tell that a person or thing is close to something else, but at a farther distance than by The house is near the lake. Sam is standing near the cheerleaders. Between: use to tell that a person or thing is in the middle of two other things The fork is between the spoon and the knife. The car is between the buildings. Of: use to tell the location of something The factory is north of the river. The boy ran down the middle of the road.

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Among or Amongst: use to tell that a person or thing is within a group OR are located near or around other things (similar to amid and amidst) The boaters were among a school of sharks. Even amongst the wealthy, Bill Gates stands out. Amid or Amidst: use to tell that a person or thing is surrounded by or in the middle of something else The tourist was standing amidst the native. The innocent bystanders were amid the rioters.

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Prepositions for Movement or Direction

Up: use to tell about movement to a higher place OR that person or thing is in a higher place The hikers climbed up the mountain. The Smiths live up the hill. Down: use to tell that a person or thing is in a descending direction OR that something is further along than another The man walked down the stairs. She lives down the street. To: use to tell a destination OR in which direction to go Go down the street and turn to the left. Mr. Willis is going to Rome for business. Toward: use to tell the movement of a person or thing that is in the same direction as something else The alien spaceships are traveling toward the earth. The girls walked toward the lake. Across- use to tell that a person or thing moves from one side to the other OR is on the other side of something else The man walked across the field with his dog. There is a drug store across the street. Beyond- use to tell that a person or thing is farther away than something else The mountains are beyond the field. Things beyond the horizon can not be seen.

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Around- use to tell that a person or thing circles something else OR to tell that one changes direction and goes in the opposite direction The men ran around the corner of the house. The man turned around and walked back to his office. Out- use to tell about movement or direction from inside to outside of something (similar to outside) The man ran out the door when the fire started. The farmer looked out the window at the approaching storm. Out of- use to tell about movement of a person or thing from within something to the outside of something else The teacher walked out of the room. The kids went out of the house to play in the yard. For- use to tell about the destination of a person or thing The train departed for Seoul an hour ago. He leaves for work at the same time everyday. From- use to tell the starting point of movement OR to tell the source or origin of something The plane is flying from Madrid to Rome. The doctor is from New York. Along- use to tell that a person or thing follows the length of something else OR that something is continuously beside something else The hiker walked along the path. The boat sailed along the coast.

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Through- use to tell that a person or thing goes from one end to the other of something OR goes across something The cars drove through the tunnel. The plane flew through the eye of the storm. Through- use to tell that a person or thing goes past or beyond something else I got a ticket for driving through a stop sign. I had to walk through the woods to get to the meadow. Through- use to tell that a person or thing goes from one to the other OR goes from one stage of development to another I had to go through several people before I got the problem resolved. The manuscript has gone through many revisions. Aboard- use to mean get in, on, or onto a ship, train, or bus The train conductor walked along the platform yelling All aboard the train. We got aboard the ship 30 minutes before it sailed.

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Prepositions of Manner, Means, States, Quantities, and Purposes

Aboard- use to mean to be in agreement with someone or something The vice president was aboard the presidents economic policy. Not all members of the board were aboard with the chairmans suggestions to increase sales. According to- use to tell that something is stated or reported by someone or something else They have been fired, according to her. This medicine can prolong your life by five years according to this report. About- use to tell the subject of a book, story, etc. The book is about chimpanzees in the wild. The movie was about the life of Henry the VIII. About- use to tell an approximation of something He is about twelve years old. Its about 75 degrees outside. Above- use to tell that something is earlier on a page This principle is demonstrated in the above illustrations. Headlines are above the fold in a newspaper. After- use to tell that something occurs or appears later in a series In the English alphabet N comes after M. The Jurassic period of geology comes after the Triassic period. After- use to tell that a person or thing is in pursuit of something else The lion ran after the gazelle. The policeman chased after the criminal in order to arrest him.

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Against- use to tell an opposition to something It is against the law to lie in court. Many people are against the death penalty. Along with- use to indicate agreement with someone or something OR to be in the company of someone else The chairman, along with most of the other board members, approved the plan. My younger brother came along with me and my friends to the movie. Around- use to tell an approximation of something (same as about) He is around 250 pounds. The TV cost around $800. Around- use to tell that an activity occurred in all different directions We looked around the classroom for an eraser. My sisters and I shopped around town for a birthday present for our mother. As- use to tell that something is in a role, function, or status of something else In his role as a policeman, he has to appear tough. As a mother, I am always concerned about my childrens health. As far as- use to tell about the degree or extent of something, usually used to mean "concerning" or "in regard to" As far as I am concerned, people should think before they speak. Rap music is terrible as far as Im concerned. At- use to tell the condition of something The countries have been at war for years. Someone who is not working is at rest.

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At- use to tell an action is directed toward something else The woman looked at the paintings in the museum. The politician waved at his supporters in the crowd. Before- use to tell that something is earlier than something else in a series or list The letter C comes before the letter D in the English alphabet. The word mention comes before the word mentor in the dictionary. Behind- use to tell that someone or something is not as far along as they should be The student was behind in his studies. The project was behind schedule. Behind- use to tell about the cause or origin of something Many people think that pollution is behind global warming. The principal questioned all the students to determine who was behind the prank. Below- use to tell that something is later on a page See the sentences below for examples. Page numbers are frequently printed below the text in a book. Beneath- use to tell that something is unworthy or unbefitting of something Some people feel that working at menial jobs is beneath them. Begging for forgiveness from my wife is beneath me. Beneath- use to tell that something is covered or concealed by something else The cars on the street lay beneath two feet of snow after the storm. Truth often lies beneath a layer of lies.

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Besides- use to mean also or as well as I study other subjects besides math. Besides English, I can speak Russian and Chinese. Between- use to tell that something is midway or within a range of two other things or amounts B comes between A and C in the alphabet. A new TV can cost between $500 and $600. Between- use to tell about options among choices I cant decide between the red or yellow dress. The couple is having trouble choosing between Hawaii and Florida for vacation. Beyond- use to tell that something exceeds what is expected or believed It is beyond belief that they could have done that. The movie was beyond my expectations. But- use to tell of an exception (same as except) I finish all of my homework but math. I like all sweets but chocolate. Note: But is used more often as a conjunction than as a preposition. By- use to tell the means of something We travel from New York to Chicago by train. The book was written by Stephen King. By- use to tell something by units Many grains are sold by weight. Many things are cheaper by the dozen. Concerning- use to mean about or connected with something else I talked to him concerning his behavior. He reads everything there is concerning polar bears.

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Despite- use to mean in spite of We played a round of golf despite the hot humid weather. Despite not preparing, the speech he gave was captivating. Except- use to tell that something is not included in something else (same as but) I answered all the questions except one. Everyone in my family has been to Disneyland except me. For- use to tell agreement for something Im all for womens right. The committee voted for the controversial hiring policy. For- use to tell the purpose of something The man bought car for his wife. We had a birthday party for my sister. From- use to tell about a cause of something His exhaustion was caused from exposure to the elements. My mother suffered from diabetes. From- use to tell about a range of something There are from 20 to 30 kinds of snakes indigenous to Arizona. Temperatures in summer in the southwest are from 1000 to 1100 . From- use to tell about the source of information We heard there was a tornado from my mother. I found out about the riots in LA from TV. In- use to tell about a condition The driver was in a hurry because he was late for work. The new employee left the meeting in complete confusion.

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In- use to tell about being a member of a group My niece is in the high school band. I was once a captain in the Navy. In- use to tell what a person is wearing My father always goes to work in a suit. Some women like men in uniform. Into- use to tell about a change of condition A tadpole changes into a frog. A cocoon changes into a butterfly. Like- use to tell that something resembles something else He looks like my father. It sounds like a helicopter. Like- use to tell that something is possible It looks like rain. It seems like you are going to be sick. Like- use to tell about something that someone wants to do (many times used with feel and has the meaning of want) I feel like having steak for dinner. I dont feel like studying right now. Minus- use to tell that something is lacking or without something else OR use in arithmetic to tell that something is decreased by some amount Twenty five minus five is twenty. That is the manuscript for the book minus the table of contents. Notwithstanding- use to mean although or in spite of the fact We went to the party notwithstanding our parent disapproval. I drink alcohol on occasion notwithstanding my doctors orders.

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Of- use to tell that one thing is possessed, owned, or belongs to another The musical compositions of the famous composer is very melodic. That empty lot is the property of the city. Of- use to tell that a person is part of a group He is a member of the football team. She is not one of us. Of- use to tell about the measurement units of something The ground was covered with two feet of snow. I need a quart of gasoline for the lawn mower. On- use to tell about a state or condition The auto workers are on strike. The apartment building was on fire. On- use to tell about the subject or topic (same as about) A book is on geology can be very informative. I saw a documentary on slave trading last night. On- use to tell about the means of something Many retired people live on fixed incomes. There are too many commercials on TV. Out of- use to tell about the movement from one condition to another The patient came out of the coma after five days. When the woman came out of her trance she was agitated. Out of- use to tell of the origin, source, or cause of something The bottle is made out of plastic. He did what he did out of stupidity.

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Out of- use to tell the location of an activity He works out of his house. Many salesmen work primarily out of their cars. Out of- use to tell about a state or condition beyond the expected or usual Due to the medications he is taking, his behavior was out of control. I havent played for a while, so I am out of practice. Out of- use to tell about the proportion of something Seven out of ten people agree with the government policy. Only two out of twenty students understood what the professor was saying. Out of- use to tell about no longer having something The store ran out of the product. My children become upset if they are out of their favorite cereal. Out of- use to tell about the motivation of something The man was listened to out of politeness. The woman criticized her father-in-law out of anger. Outside- use to tell that something is beyond the limits of something else I cant relate to that because it is outside my experience. Finding life on other planets is outside the realm of probability. Over- use to tell that something covers something else A quilt was put over the bed. I put a napkin over the cake to keep the flies off it. Over- use to tell that something exceeds something The bike cost over $300. It took over twelve hours to make the trip.

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Over- use to tell that something occurs during a period of time I have studied for the test over the last two weeks. My wife and I discussed our vacation plans over dinner. Over- use to indicate the means of something We scheduled the meeting over the telephone. All correspondence from our clients is over the Internet. Plus- use in arithmetic to tell that something is increased by some amount Seven plus five is twelve. 25 plus 5 is 30. Plus- use to mean in addition to something else (use instead of and) She has beauty plus intelligence. The job offers a great salary plus fringe benefits. Through- use to indicate the means of something I learned to play guitar though constant practice. People learn a new language though using it. Through- use to tell the reason for something or as a consequence of something The children ran away through fear. The project was such a success through their efforts. Through- use to tell that something has ended, (use instead of done) I am through for the day. When you are through washing the dishes make your bed. Throughout- use to tell that something is in every part of something else There is crime throughout the world. Corruption is throughout the government agencies and bureaus.

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To- use to tell about comparisons I prefer football to basketball. Many American prefer meat to fish. To- use to tell about a purpose They went to the pharmacy to buy aspirin. I took the class to learn Spanish. Toward or towards- use to tell about obtaining or having something in the future OR about giving help or contributions to something use instead of for) My brother is saving money toward a new car. The food drive at school donated canned goods towards the homeless. Toward(s)- use to tell that something occurs in time just before something else It started snowing toward dawn. Elementary students get antsy towards the end of the day. Toward(s)- use to tell about an attitude or feeling about something (same as with respect to and regarding) My fathers attitude toward gambling is well known. My feeling towards the holiday season is bah-humbug. Under- use to tell that something is less than something else The dinner cost under $20. The class usually has under 50 students in it. Under- use to tell the circumstances or state of something The new Civic Center is still under construction. The policy is currently under discussion with management.

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Under- use to tell that something is beneath a heading or within the category of something else The books were classified under fiction. Genus is under family in a biological classification of organisms. Under- use to tell that something is lower in rank or importance of something else OR is subject to the authority, direction, and supervision of someone or something else A private is under a general in rank. The Department of Developmental Disabilities is under the authority of the Department of Economic Security. Under- use to tell that a person is subject to the instruction or advice of someone else He studied piano under Palmer. Miss Shelly learned the law under Judge Hamilton. Under- use to tell a person or thing is protected or controlled by someone or something else The prisoner is under guard at all times. Animals in a zoo are under the protection of the zoo keepers. Under- use to tell that a nautical vehicle is powered by the means indicated The ship left the harbor under sail. Unlike use to tell that a person or thing is different than someone or something else OR not typical of someone or something It is unlike him to act so strangely. Pigeons are active during the day, unlike owls. Up to- use to tell that an event occurs as far as something else Up to now I have never wanted to get married. He read up to page 546 in the book before he fell asleep.

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Up to- use to tell that something depends on someone or something else Whether you come home for Christmas is up to you. I would like to give you a raise, but its up to the boss, not me. Up to- use to tell that a person or thing is as good as someone or something else OR a person is ready for something The womans work performance was not up to standard. Im up for the trip to New York. With-use to tell that a person or thing accompanies another Mr. Larson left the party with Ms. Smith. I always carry my passport with me when I travel. With- use to tell that a person or thing has or contains something else Thats the man with the money. That brochure comes with a map of the area. With- use to tell the manner of something I will eat this meal with pleasure. You can learn how to use this software with ease. With- use to tell the means of doing something The leaking pipe was fixed with solder. The socks were mended with yarn. Without- use to tell about not having something I left home without my wallet. Its raining so dont leave without an umbrella.

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Notes

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Notes

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