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 Power Distribution

Power density Mean power

Volume distribution density
R
§ 2.405r · § Sz · ~ ~
V SR 2 H qccc(r , z ) q0cccJ 0 ¨ ~ ¸ cos¨ ~ ¸ q ccc qccc 2R J §¨ 2.405R ·¸ 2H sin §¨ SH ·¸
H © R ¹ ©H¹ 0 1 ~ ~
2.405R © R ¹ HS © 2H ¹

R Sr ~ 2 ~
~ sin ~ § R · ªR § SR · § SR ·º
4 3 §R· R q ccc 3q0ccc¨¨ ¸¸ « sin ¨ ~ ¸  cos¨ ~ ¸»
V SR qccc(r ) q0ccc¨¨ ¸¸ © SR ¹ ¬ SR © R ¹ © R ¹¼
3 ©S ¹ r

~
a~b c~ § 2 ·
3
§ Sa · § Sb ·
c q ccc q0ccc ¨ ¸ sin ¨ ~ ¸ sin ¨ ~ ¸
abc © S ¹ © 2a ¹ © 2b ¹
V a ˜b˜c qccc( x, y, z )
§ Sx · § Sy · § Sz ·
q0ccccos¨ ~ ¸ cos¨ ~ ¸ cos¨ ~ ¸
§ Sc ·
©a ¹ ©b ¹ ©c ¹ ˜ sin ¨ ~ ¸
© 2c ¹
b
a
Thermal-hydraulics in Nuclear
Energy Engineering – Lecture 01 Slide No 19
 Peaking Factors (1)
• Peaking factor is a ratio of the maximum to average
power densities in a reactor core
• Peaking factor can be calculated for the whole core
volume: q0ccc qccc 0, 0
f V
qccc 1
V ³
V
qcccdV
• In a cylindrical core, we have in addition radial and axial
peaking factors: ccc qccc r , 0
q 0, z P P
f R zP f A rP
1 1 H /2
³
R
³ qccc r , z P 2S rdr qccc rP , z dz
S R2 0 H  H /2

• Here zP and rP are fixed values of the axial and radial

coordinates at which peaking factors are defined
Thermal-hydraulics in Nuclear
Energy Engineering – Lecture 01 Slide No 20
 Peaking Factors (2)
• For example for a fuel rod located at r=rP distance from
the centreline, the axial peaking factor is found as:

§ 2.405rP ·
q0cccJ 0 ¨ ¸ cos 0
f A rP © R ¹
1 H /2 § 2.405rP · §Sz ·
³
H  H /2
q ccc
0 J 0 ¨
© R ¹
¸ cos ¨
©H ¹
¸ dz

1 SH
1 H /2 §Sz · §S H ·
H ³ H /2
cos ¨ ¸
©H ¹
dz 2 H i
sin ¨ ˜ ¸
©2 H¹

• As can be seen the axial peaking factor does not depend

on rP
Thermal-hydraulics in Nuclear
Energy Engineering – Lecture 01 Slide No 21
 Peaking Factors (3)
• Similarly for a core cross-section located at z=zP, the
radial peaking factor is found as:

§Sz ·
q0cccJ 0 0 cos ¨ P ¸
f R zP © H ¹
1 R § 2.405r · § S zP ·
2 ³0
q ccc
J
0 0¨ ¸ 2 S r cos ¨ ¸ dr
SR © R ¹ © H ¹
1 2.405 ˜ R
1 R § 2.405r · 2.405 R ·
§ 2.40
S R 2 ³0 0 ¨© R ¸¹
J 2S rdr 2 R ˜ J 1¨ ¸
© R ¹

• As can be seen the radial peaking factor does not

depend on zP
Thermal-hydraulics in Nuclear
Energy Engineering – Lecture 01 Slide No 22
 Power Distribution – Peaking
Factors
Assuming extrapolation
Mean power density length equal to zero

R q ccc 0.274824q0ccc
~ ~
2R § 2.405R · 2 H § SH ·
q ccc q0ccc J1 ¨ ~ ¸ sin ¨ ~ ¸
H 2.405R © R ¹ HS © 2H ¹
q0ccc 3.63869q ccc

3q0ccc
R ~ 2 ~
§ R · ªR § SR · § SR ·º
q ccc 2
| 0.303964qccc
q ccc 3q0ccc¨¨ ¸¸ « sin ¨ ~ ¸  cos¨ ~ ¸» S
© SR ¹ ¬ SR © R ¹ © R ¹¼
q0ccc 3.28986q ccc
8q0ccc
c ~ q ccc 3
| 0.258012qccc
q ccc c
q0cc
a~b c~ § 2 ·
3
§ Sa · § Sb · § Sc ·
¨ ¸ sin ¨ ~ ¸ sin ¨ ~ ¸ sin ¨ ~ ¸
S
abc © S ¹ © 2a ¹ © 2b ¹ © 2c ¹
q0ccc 3.87579q ccc
b
a
Thermal-hydraulics in Nuclear
Energy Engineering – Lecture 01 Slide No 23
 /0

               !

 &
 0      

  #  1     % 

 2       

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 /0


 /0

 &


 Example – E01_P03
PWR fuel temperature

• Example: Calculate temperature drops in a fuel pellet, gas gap, clad

and thermal boundary layer using the following typical data for
PWR:
Diameters: dFo = 8.25 mm; dGo = 8.43 mm; dCo = 9.70 mm
Thermal conductivity: clad – 11 W/mK; gas gap – 0.6 W/mK; fuel
(UO2) – 2.5 W/m.K
Heat transfer coefficient: h = 45 000 W/m2.K
Linear power density: q’ = 41 kW/m.
What is the maximum allowed linear power density if the fuel
temperature shouldn’t exceed 3073 K and the coolant temperature
is equal to 600 K?

Nuclear Reactor Technology – TH Henryk Anglart

Design Exercises Nuclear Reactor Technology Division Slide No 2
Department of Physics, KTH
 Heat conduction in reactor fuel elements (11)

z Fuel
• The total temperature rise in
Gas gap
the fuel element is thus
Clad
'T 'TF  'TG  'TC  'Tlb TFc  Tlb
TF(0)=TFc
qcccrFo
2
qcccrFo
2
§ rGo · qcccrFo
2
§ rCo · qcccrFo
2
'T  ln ¨¨ ¸¸  ln ¨¨ ¸¸ 
4OF 2OG © rFo ¹ 2OC © rGo ¹ 2rCo h
qcccrFo
2
ª1 2 § rGo · 2 § rCo · 2 º
«  ln ¨¨ ¸¸  ln ¨¨ ¸¸  » 'T
4 O
¬ F OG r O r
© Fo ¹ C © Go ¹ Co ¼r h
rCo
Since qcccSr2
Fo qc (linear power density)
Tlb
qc ª1 2 § rGo · 2 § rCo · 2 º
'T «  ln ¨¨ ¸¸  ln ¨¨ ¸¸  »
4S O
¬ F OG r O r
© Fo ¹ C © Go ¹ Co ¼r h Fuel element

Thermal-Hydraulics in Nuclear
Energy Engineering – Lecture 02 Slide No 33
 E01_P03
Example – PWR fuel temperature

• Solution:
qc 41000
'TF 1305.07 K
4S OF 4S ˜ 2.5

qcccrFo2 § rGo · qc §r · 41000 § 8.43 ·

'TG ln ¨¨ ¸¸ ln ¨¨ Go ¸¸ ln ¨ ¸ 234.73 K
2OG © rFo ¹ 2SOG © rFo ¹ 2S ˜ 0.6 © 8.25 ¹

qc §r · 41000 § 9.7 ·
'TC ln ¨¨ Co ¸¸ ln ¨ ¸ 83.25 K
2SOC © rGo ¹ 2S ˜11 © 8.43 ¹

qcccrFo2 qc 41000
'Tlb 29.9 K
2rCoh 2SrCoh S 0.0097 ˜ 45000

Nuclear Reactor Technology – TH Henryk Anglart

Design Exercises Nuclear Reactor Technology Division Slide No 3
Department of Physics, KTH
 E01_P03
Example – PWR fuel temperature

• The total temperature drop is:

'T 'TF  'TG  'TC  'Tlb 1652.95 K

• The total temperature drop is given as:

qc ª1 2 § rGo · 2 § rCo · 2 º
'T «  ln ¨¨ ¸¸  ln ¨¨ ¸¸  »
4S O
¬ F OG r O r
© Fo ¹ C © Go ¹ Co ¼r h

• Thus: 4S Tmelt  Tcool kW

c
qmax 61.34
ª1 2 § rGo · 2 § rCo · 2 º m
«  ln ¨¨ ¸¸  ln ¨¨ ¸¸  »
O
¬ F OG r O r
© Fo ¹ C © Go ¹ Co ¼r h
Nuclear Reactor Technology – TH Henryk Anglart
Design Exercises Nuclear Reactor Technology Division Slide No 4
Department of Physics, KTH
 E01_P04
Example - Non-uniform heat flux distribution

• Example: Calculate locations and values of the maximum

temperatures of fuel pellets and clad in a PWR fuel assembly :
Diameters: dFo = 8.25 mm; dGo = 8.43 mm; dCo = 9.70 mm
Thermal conductivity: clad – 11 W/mK; gas gap – 0.6 W/mK; fuel
(UO2) – 2.5 W/m.K
Heat transfer coefficient: h = 45 000 W/m2.K
Mean linear power density: q’ = 41 kW/m. (assume cosine
distribution of the power distribution)
Fuel element height: H = 3.7 m
Extrapolation length d = 7.5 cm
Inlet mass flow rate: W = 10 kg/s
Heated perimeter: PH = 0.762 m
Specific heat: cp = 5458 J/kg.K
Inlet coolant temperature: 569 K

Nuclear Reactor Technology – TH Henryk Anglart

Design Exercises Nuclear Reactor Technology Division Slide No 10
Department of Physics, KTH
 Non-uniform heat flux distribution (1)

• For non-uniform (cosine) heat flux distribution

~
§ Sz · cc
q0 ˜ PH H ª § Sz · § SH ·º
qcc( z ) q0cc ˜ cos¨ ~ ¸ Tlb ( z ) ˜ «sin ¨ ~ ¸  sin ¨ ~ ¸»  Tlbi
©H¹ W ˜ cp S ¬ © H ¹ © 2 H ¹¼

Substituting the above to

qcc
qcc h TCo  Tlb Ÿ TCo Tlb 
h
yields the following outer clad temperature
~
cc
q0 ˜ PH ˜ H ª § Sz · § SH ·º q0cc § Sz ·
TCo ( z ) ˜ «sin ¨ ~ ¸  sin ¨ ~ ¸»  ˜ cos¨ ~ ¸  Tlbi
S ˜W ˜ c p ¬ ©H¹ © 2 H ¹¼ h ©H¹

Thermal-Hydraulics in Nuclear
Energy Engineering – Lecture 02 Slide No 36
 Non-uniform heat flux distribution (2)

• The temperature distribution can be re-written in short as

§ Sz · § Sz ·
TCo z A  B sin ¨ ~ ¸  CCo cos¨ ~ ¸
©H¹ ©H¹
• where

~ ~
q0cc ˜ PH ˜ H § SH · q0cc ˜ PH ˜ H q0cc
A sin ¨ ~ ¸  Tlbi , B , CCo
S ˜W ˜ c p © 2H ¹ S ˜W ˜ c p h

Thermal-Hydraulics in Nuclear
Energy Engineering – Lecture 02 Slide No 37
 Non-uniform heat flux distribution (3)
q’’ z=H/2
• Figure to the right shows the
clad temperature distribution
assuming the cosine axial
TCo,max
power distribution

• It should be noted that the

temperature of the clad outer
surface gets its maximum value
TCo,max at a certain location TCo(z)
zCo,max different from z=0 and
z=-H/2 T
z=H/2 Wi, Tlbi

Thermal-Hydraulics in Nuclear
Energy Engineering – Lecture 02 Slide No 38
 Non-uniform heat flux distribution (4)

• The location of the maximum clad temperature can be

found as:
dTCo z § SzCo ,max · § SzCo ,max ·
0 B cos¨¨ ~ ¸¸  CCo sin ¨¨ ~ ¸¸ 0
dz © H ¹ © H ¹
~
§ SzCo ,max · B H § B ·
tan ¨¨ ~ ¸¸ zCo ,max arctan ¨¨ ¸¸
© H ¹ CCo S © CCo ¹

• Substituting z = zCo,max in the equation for the clad

temperature yields the maximum clad temperature
§ SzCo ,max · § SzCo ,max ·
TCo ,max A  B sin ¨¨ ~ ¸¸  CCo cos¨¨ ~ ¸¸
© H ¹ © H ¹
Thermal-Hydraulics in Nuclear
Energy Engineering – Lecture 02 Slide No 39
 Non-uniform heat flux distribution (5)

• Noting that: § SzCo ,max · B

tan ¨¨ ~ ¸¸
§ SzCo ,max · © H ¹ CCo
sin ¨¨ ~ ¸¸ r r
2 § SzCo , max
2
© H ¹ · § B ·
1  tan ¨¨ ~ ¸¸ 1  ¨¨ ¸¸
© H ¹ © CCo ¹
and § SzCo ,max · 1 1
cos¨¨ ~ ¸¸ r r
© H ¹ § Sz · § B ·
2
1  tan ¨¨ Co~,max
2
¸¸ 1  ¨¨ ¸¸
© H ¹ © CCo ¹
• The maximum temperature becomes (taking only + sign above,
since zCo,max > 0):

TCo ,max A  B 2  CCo

2

Thermal-Hydraulics in Nuclear
Energy Engineering – Lecture 02 Slide No 40
 Non-uniform heat flux distribution (6)

• Since the clad maximum temperature is located on the

inner surface, it is of interest to find it

TCi z 'TC  TCo z

~
qc rCo q0cc ˜ PH ˜ H ª § Sz · § SH ·º q0cc § Sz ·
ln  ˜ «sin ¨ ~ ¸  sin ¨ ~ ¸»  ˜ cos¨ ~ ¸  Tlbi
2S OC rCi S ˜ W ˜ c p ¬ © H ¹ © 2 H ¹¼ h ©H¹
~
q0cc ˜ PH ˜ H ª § Sz · § SH ·º cc§¨ rCo rCo 1 ·¸ § Sz ·
˜ «sin ¨ ~ ¸  sin ¨ ~ ¸»  q0 ¨ ln  ¸ cos¨ ~ ¸  Tlbi
S ˜W ˜ c p ¬ © H ¹ © 2 H ¹¼ © OC rCi h ¹ © H ¹

Thermal-Hydraulics in Nuclear
Energy Engineering – Lecture 02 Slide No 41
 Non-uniform heat flux distribution (7)

• This temperature can be written again in a short form as

§ Sz · § Sz ·
TCi z A  B sin ¨ ~ ¸  CCi cos¨ ~ ¸
©H¹ ©H¹
• where
~ ~
q0cc ˜ PH ˜ H § SH · q0cc ˜ PH ˜ H § rCo rCo 1 ·
A sin ¨ ~ ¸  Tlbi , B , CCi q0cc¨¨ ln  ¸¸
S ˜W ˜ c p © 2H ¹ S ˜W ˜ c p © OC rCi h ¹

location and value of the maximum temperature are

found in a similar way as for the outer surface:
~
H B
zCi ,max arctan TCi ,max A  B 2  CCi2
S CCi
Thermal-Hydraulics in Nuclear
Energy Engineering – Lecture 02 Slide No 42
 Non-uniform heat flux distribution (8)

• The fuel temperature can be written in short form as

§ Sz · § Sz ·
TFc z A  B sin ¨ ~ ¸  CFc cos¨ ~ ¸
©H¹ ©H¹
• where
§ rCo rCo rCo rGo r 1 ·
CFc q0cc¨¨ ln  ln  Co
 ¸¸
© OC rCi OG rGi 2 OF h¹
and

~ ~
q0cc ˜ PH ˜ H § SH · q0cc ˜ PH ˜ H
A sin ¨ ~ ¸  Tlbi , B
S ˜W ˜ c p © 2H ¹ S ˜W ˜ c p

Thermal-Hydraulics in Nuclear
Energy Engineering – Lecture 02 Slide No 43
 Non-uniform heat flux distribution (9)

• Thus, the location of the maximum fuel temperature and

its value are found

~
H B
z Fc,max arctan TFc,max A  B 2  CFc
2

S CFc

Thermal-Hydraulics in Nuclear
Energy Engineering – Lecture 02 Slide No 44
 E01_P04
Example - Non-uniform heat flux distribution

• Example: Solution
~ c
qav 41000 W
H H  2d cc
3.7  2 ˜ 0.075 3.85 m qav 1.345 ˜106 2
SdCo S ˜ 0.0097 m
H 2 ~
§ Sz · 1 § Sz · 2 H § SH ·
qcc( z ) q0cc ˜ cos¨ ~ ¸
©H¹
cc
qav q0cc ˜
H ³
H 2
cos¨ ~ ¸dz
©H¹
q0cc ˜ sin¨ ~ ¸
SH © 2 H ¹
cc SH
qav S ˜1.345 ˜106 ˜ 3.7 W
q0cc # 2.035 ˜10 6

~ § SH · 2 ˜ 3.85 m2
2 H sin¨ ~ ¸
© 2H ¹ ~
q0cc ˜ PH ˜ H § SH ·
A sin ¨ ~ ¸  Tlbi
S ˜W ˜ c p © 2H ¹
2.035 ˜106 ˜ 0.762 ˜ 3.85 § S ˜ 3.7 ·
sin ¨ ¸  569 # 603.75 K
S ˜10 ˜ 5458 © 2 ˜ 3.85 ¹
Nuclear Reactor Technology – TH Henryk Anglart
Design Exercises Nuclear Reactor Technology Division Slide No 11
Department of Physics, KTH
 E01_P04
Example - Non-uniform heat flux distribution

• Example: Solution
~
q0cc ˜ PH ˜ H 2.035 ˜106 ˜ 0.762 ˜ 3.85
B # 34.82 K
S ˜W ˜ c p S ˜10 ˜ 5458
q0cc 2.035 ˜106 ˜ 0.762 ˜ 3.85
CCo # 45.22 K
h 45000
§ rCo rCo 1 · § 0.00485 9.7 1 ·
CCi q0cc¨¨ ln  ¸¸ 2.035 ˜106 ¨ ln  ¸ # 171.12 K
© OC rGo h ¹ © 11 8.43 45000 ¹

§ rCo rCo rCo rGo r 1 ·

CFc q0cc¨¨ ln  ln  Co
 ¸¸ 2499.97 K
© OC rGo OG rFo 2 OF h¹
Nuclear Reactor Technology – TH Henryk Anglart
Design Exercises Nuclear Reactor Technology Division Slide No 12
Department of Physics, KTH
 E01_P04
Example - Non-uniform heat flux distribution

• Example: Solution
~
H § B ·
zCo,max arctan¨¨ ¸¸ 0.804 m TCo,max A  B 2  CCo
2
660.82 K
S © CCo ¹
~
H § B ·
zCi,max arctan¨¨ ¸¸ 0.246 m TCi,max A  B 2  CCi2 778.38 K
S © CCi ¹
~
H § B ·
z Fc ,max arctan¨¨ ¸¸ 0.017 m TFc ,max A  B 2  CFc
2
3103.96 K
S © CFc ¹

Nuclear Reactor Technology – TH Henryk Anglart

Design Exercises Nuclear Reactor Technology Division Slide No 13
Department of Physics, KTH
 E01_P04
Example - Non-uniform heat flux distribution

3500
Clad outer surface
Clad inner surface
3000
Fuel centerline

2500
Temperature [K]

2000

1500

1000

500
-2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Distance, [m]

Nuclear Reactor Technology – TH Henryk Anglart

Design Exercises Nuclear Reactor Technology Division Slide No 14
Department of Physics, KTH
 (


        
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Heat Transfer in Rod Bundles (5)

Markoczy (1972) performed study of experimental data

(over 63 bundles of different geometry)
He proposed the following correlation:
­ 2 3 § p ·2
Nu bundle ° ¨¨ ¸¸  1 triangular
1  0.91 Re 0.1 Pr 0.4 1  2e  B ° S © dr ¹
Nu DB B ® 2
° 4 §¨ p ·¸
° S ¨ d ¸ 1 square
¯ © r¹

Validity region: 3 103<Re<106; 0.66<Pr<5; 1.02<p/dr<2.5

Thermal-Hydraulics in Nuclear
Energy Engineering – Lecture 02 Slide No 20
 (


        
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Decay heat in Fission Reactors (3)

• In a simplified analysis, a one-equation model can be used to

approximate the decay power after shutdown

• As an example, using this model for a reactor with 3500 MWt during
normal operation, the power after shut down drops to 227.5 MWt – still
a considerable thermal power that requires efficient reactor cooling

• According to this model, the decay heat is given as follows:

Shutdown
qD 0.065 ª 1 1 º t=0 t=top
0.2 « 0.2
 0.2 »
Reactor t>top
q top ¬T T 1 ¼ T t  top top

•Here qD is the decay heat, q is the reactor thermal power before shut-down, top is
the reactor operation time [s] and t is time after reactor start-up [s]

Thermal-hydraulics in Nuclear
Energy Engineering – Lecture 01 Slide No 26
 3


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