Chapter 8

The Steady Magnetic Field

Lecture 1

Dr. Essam Sourour

http://teaching.alexeng.edu.eg/EE/sourour/

1
Some Notations
• Bold letters are for Vector (magnitude and
direction)
• Cross product of vector A and B produces
a vector  on their surface:

2
Useful Integration

dx x
 
c 2
x 
2 3/ 2
c 2
c x
2 2

3
Biot-Savart Law (1)
• Magnetic field intensity (unit A/m) due to
differential DC element

4
Biot-Savart Law (2)
• Direct Current must flow in a closed loop
• Total magnetic filed intensity is:

• Note that aR is a unit vector in the direction

of R , i.e. from current filament to point 2

5
Types of Current
• Filamentary Current • Surface Current K in • Volume Current J in
I in Ampere A/m A/m2
• Current element is: • Current element is: • Current element is:

I dl K  dl  K dS
 dW  dl  Jdv
JdS
I I

I dl  K dS  J dv
6
Biot-Savart Law (3)
I dl  aˆR
H  
4 R 2

K  aˆR dS
H  
surf
4 R 2

J  aˆR dv
H 
vol
 4 R 2

7
Example 1: Infinite line current
• Find the magnetic
field intensity at
distance  from the
current I on the z axis
• Due to symmetry we
can put point 2 on the
y axis
• Apply Biot-Savart law

I ˆ
H  
2
8
 Example 1 Solution
I dl  aˆR dl  dz zˆ
H   R   2  z 2 
4 R 2

R   rˆ  z zˆ
R
I

dz zˆ    rˆ  z zˆ  aˆR 
H    2  z 2 3/2 R
4  
I ˆ  dz
 
4    2  z 2  3/2

I ˆ
 
2
9
Example 1 Notes
• The magnetic field rotates around the
current
• The magnetic field reduces with 1/
Magnitude of H as rho changes. I=1
1.6

1.4

1.2

0.8
H

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
rho

10
Example 2: Current in a loop
• Find the magnetic field intensity on the z
axis due to a circular current loop with
radius 

I 2
H  zˆ
2 z  
2

2 3/2

11
 Example 2: Solution
I dl  aˆR dl  d  ˆ
H  
4 R 2 R   2  z 2 
I
2
d  ˆ   z zˆ   rˆ  R  z zˆ   rˆ
H  
4  2  z 2 
3/2
0
R
I 2
d   zrˆ     zˆ   aˆR 
  R
4  2  z 2 
3/2
0

 
 2 2

I  

4   2  z 2 
3/2 z 0 ˆ
rd    zˆ 0 
d 
   
 zero because 
 rˆ  xˆ cos  yˆ sin  
 2I
 zˆ
2   z
2

2 3/2

12
Example 2 Notes
• If we fix H is maximum when z=0 at the
center of the loop
• If z=0, H reduces as  increases (|H|=I/2)
• If z0, H is the same for positive and
negative z
• If we fix z (but z  0 and > 0), H is
maximum at:   2z
H
• Try to prove this value by   0

13
Example 2: Effect of Height z
Magnitude of H as z changes. rho =1 and I=1
0.5

0.45

0.4

0.35

0.3

0.25
H

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
z

14
Example 2: Effect of Radius 
Magnitide of H as rho changes. I=1 and z=1
0.2

0.18

0.16

0.14

0.12

0.1
H

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
rho

15