THE MAGNETIC INDUCTION

1. Definition of the magnetic induction

2. Straight Current of finite length
3. Axial induction of Circular Current
4. Infinite plane uniform current sheet
5. Moving point charge
Definition Of The Magnetic Induction
Ampere’s law can be written as:
  ˆ
  0 I ' ds 'R 
FC 'C   Ids   C ' R 2  
C  4

with   0 I ' ds 'Rˆ Magnetic Induction/Magnetic
B(r )   2 Flux Density/Biot-
4 C ' R savart Laws

 Hence    
FC 'C   Ids  B (r )
C
Straight Current Of Finite Length
 ,
, ,
,

Refer fig.a

Refer fig.b
Refer fig.b
Axial Induction Of Circular Current

r  zzˆ

r '  x' xˆ  y ' yˆ
 acos  ' xˆ  sin yˆ 

R  a cos  ' xˆ  a sin  ' yˆ  zzˆ
2 2 2
R a z

ds '  ad '  sin  ' xˆ  cos  ' yˆ 
 
ds 'R  ad ' z cos  ' xˆ  sin  ' yˆ   azˆ 
Hence,

  0 I ' a z cos  ' xˆ  sin  ' yˆ   azˆ 

2
B( z )   d '
4 0 2
a z 2

3/ 2

0 I ' a 2
 zˆ

2 a2  z 
2 3/ 2

How the induction when z=0 or

z>>a ?
Infinite plane uniform current sheet

K ' K ' yˆ

r  xxˆ  yyˆ  zzˆ

r '  x' xˆ  y ' yˆ

R  x  x 'xˆ   y  y ' yˆ  zzˆ
R 2
 2
 2
 x  x'  y  y '  z 2

da '  dx' dy '

  
K ' R  K ' yˆ  R  K ' zxˆ   x' x zˆ 
Hence,
 0 K '    zxˆ   x' x zˆ dx' dy '
B
4   x  x'2   y  y '2  z 2
 
3/ 2


0 K '  
 zxˆ  X ' zˆ dx' dy '
  
4  X ' Y '  z
2 2 2
3/ 2

Where X '  x' x ; Y '  y ' y

Moving Point Charge
Magnetic Induction

Suplement
 Biot-Savart Law

• The analogue of Coulomb’s Law is dB(r)
the Biot-Savart Law r-r’
r

• Consider a current loop (I)

O r’
dℓ’

• For element dℓ there is an

o  d' x(r  r' )
associated element field dB dB(r )  3
4 r  r'
dB perpendicular to both dℓ’ and r-r’
same 1/(4r2) dependence
o is “permeability of free space”
defined as 4 x 10-7 Wb A-1 m-1
o  d' x(r  r' )
B(r ) 
Integrate to get B-S Law 4  r  r' 3

 B-S Law examples
I
(1) Infinitely long straight conductor dℓ 

dℓ and r, r’ in the page r’ z r - r’

dB is out of the page
O  dB
B forms circles r
centred on the conductor  r
sin  = cos 
Apply B-S Law to get: r 2
z 
2 1/2

o I
B
2 r
B
 B-S Law examples
(2) “on-axis” field of circular loop
dℓ
Loop perpendicular to page, radius a
r - r’ dB
dℓ out of page and r, r’ in the page r’
I r 
On-axis element dB is in the page, a z dBz
perpendicular to r - r’, at  to axis.

Magnitude of element dB

 o I d  o I d a a
dB   dB z  cos cos  
4 r - r ' 2
4 r - r ' 2
r - r' 
a2  z2 
1/2

Integrating around loop, only z-components of dB survive

The on-axis field is “axial”
 On-axis field of circular loop
dℓ
o I r - r’ dB
Bonaxis   dB z  2
cos  d
4 r - r ' r’
I r 
o I o Ia 2 a z dBz
 2
cos 2 a   3
4 r - r ' 2 r - r'

Introduce axial distance z,

where |r-r’|2 = a2 + z2
o I a 2
Bonaxis 

2a z 2 2

3
2

2 limiting cases:

z 0 o I z a o Ia 2
B on  axis  and Bonaxis 
2a 2z 3
 B field of large current loop
• Electrostatics – began with sheet of electric monopoles
• Magnetostatics – begin sheet of magnetic dipoles
• Sheet of magnetic dipoles equivalent to current loop
• Magnetic moment for one dipole m = I  area 
for loop M = I A area A

• Magnetic dipoles one current loop

• Evaluate B field along axis passing through loop
 B field of large current loop
• Consider line integral B.dℓ from loop
• Contour C is closed by large semi-circle which contributes zero to
line integral
I (enclosed by C)
a
z→-∞ C z→+∞

 
o I a 2dz
C B.d  2  a2  z2 3/2  0 (semi  circle)  o I  B.d
 oI

a 2dz oI/2
 a 2 

2
z 
2 3/2