8.

1 Biot-Savart law
Definition
Differential current element: a vanishingly small section of a current-carrying filamentary
conductor
Filamentary conductor: a cylindrical conductor of circular cross section as the radius
approches zero
Magnetic field intensity H (A/m) at the point P by differential current element
1) The intensity of dH I : Intensity of current

I dL sin dL :The length of element

dH  :The angle
R2
1 R :Distance between element
2) constant:
4 conductor and point P
IdL sin
 dH 
4R 2
3) The direction of dH is perpendicualr to the surface that
contains dL and R of the two possible normals, that one
(current) I //dL (current direction) should be chosen which is in the direction of progress of a
right-handed screw turned from dL to P i.e. into the page
in the picture.
I dL  a R
 dH  (A/m) (Ampère’s law on the differential current element)
4 R 2
The magnitude of magnetic field intensity by the differential current element
I1dL1  a R12
dH 2  (2) The intensity of the electric field;
4 R122
dQ1
dE 2  a R12
4 0 R12
2

Figure 8.1

※ Biot-Savart’s law can be explained only by intuition, not by experiment, because it is

impossible to attain an infinitesimal length of current.

Continuity equation:   J   v I is a direct current, so v  f t     J  0

t
J  0     Jdv  0   J  dS  0
The current flowing on any closed
surface equals 0
This current flowing in a closed circuit must be our experimental source
This condition is satisfied only by assuming a current flow around a closed path.
Conclusion:
Current flows only on the closed surface, and cannot flow in the differential current element
Integral form of Biot-Savart law: IdL  a R I1dL1  a R12
H dH 2 
4R 2
(3)
4 R122
Only the integral form of the Biot-Savart law can be verified experimentally.

Differential current element(IdL) : IdL  KdS  Jdv (5)

K : surface current density

K  b  I  Kb
IdL  a R K a R dS J  a R dv (6, 7)
 H  
Figure 8.2
4R 2 S 4R 2 vol 4R 2 The total current I within a
transverse width b, in which
there is a uniform surface
The definition of the surface current density K : current density K is Kb.

Surface current flows in a sheet of vanishingly small thickness =>

The current density J =  (∵ I/S(=0))

Surface current density:

Surface current density is measured in amperes per meter width and designated by K
Magnetic field by an infinitely long straight filament carrying a direct current I
IdL  a R
H2  
4R 2
The magnitude of H is not a function of This field is symmetric
a   z ' a z
R  r  r'  a   z' a z a R12 
 2  z '2
R12   2  z 2

dL  da   da  dza z The first two term are zero Figure 8.3
dL  dz'a z
IdL  a R I  dz a z  ( a   z a z ) Idz a I a
 H2     4 (  2  z2 )  2  z2  4 (  2  z2 ) 3 2 4
   ( dz 
4R 2 2
 z )2
3
2

Ia  1
4  (  2  z2 )3 2
a  f (  , z ),   f ( , z )   H dz

The limits are -∞ and + ∞(∵this line is a infinitely long filament)

Ia  1 Ia  dz  Ia z I
H
4 
(  z )
2 2
3
2
dz 
4 

(   z )
2 2
3
2

4  2
  z
2 2
] 
2
a

I
 H a (8)
2
Streamlines of the magnetic field correspond exactly to the potentials of the electric field.
The magnitude of H is proportional to the current, and inversely proportional
to the distance from the center.

Figure 8.4 : The streamlines of the magnetic field intensity about an infinitely
long straight filament carrying a direct current.
The direction of I is into the page
The magnetic field intensity by a finite-length filament(Fig 8.5) Figure 8.4
H at point 2 is most easily expressed in terms of the angles 1 and 2 I
H a
Taking the differential current element Idz´ at point (0, 0, z´) into account, 2

R  ya y  ( z  z ' )a z
Idz' a z  [ ya y  ( z  z ' )a z ]
dH 
4 [ y 2  ( z  z ' )]1.5
Idz' ( ya x ) I dz'
  dH  
4 [ y 2  ( z  z ' )]1.5 4 [   ( z  z ' ) 2 ]1.5
2

 z  z' dz '
Here, tan   , sec 2 d  Figure. 8.5
  A finite current filament on the z axis.
I a2  sec d 2
I
4 a1 (  2   2 tan2  )1.5
H    H (sin  2  sin 1 )a (9)
4
Example 8.1
Determine H at P2(0.4, 0.3, 0) in the field of an 8A directed toward from infinity to the
origin on the positive x axis, and then outward to infinity along the y axis?
I
H (sin 2  sin1 )a
solution: 4 
We should consider two factors that affect the point P 2
① The semi-infinite current on the x axis:
1x = -90. Distance  equals to the distance
projected  0.4  Figure 8.6
 2 x  tan 1    53.1
from P2 to the x axis, therefore x = 0.3  0.3 
8 2 12
∴H2(The magnetic intensity of the current on the x H 2 ( x )  (sin 53.1  1)a  (1.8)a  a
4 (0.3) 0.3 
axis):
12
 H 2( x )   az A/ m
The unit vector of H2 is - az 
 0.3 
② The semi-infinite current on the y axis: 1 y   tan1    36.9,  2 y  90,   0.4
 0.4 
③ The magnetic intensity at P2 is the sum of 8 8
H 2( y )  (1  sin 36.9)( a z )   a z
the two fields: 4 (0.4) 

20
H 2  H 2( x )  H 2( y )   a z  6.37a z

D 8.1
Given the following values for P1 and P2, and I1L1, calculate H2:
(a) I1 L1 = 2az A·m, P1(4, 0, 0), P2(0, 3, 0)
(b) I1 L1 = 2az A·m, P1(4, -2, 3), P2(0, 3, 0)
(c) I1 L1 = 2(0.6ax-0.8ay) A·m, P1(4, -2, 3), P2(1, 3, 2)
solution:
I1L1  a R12
(a) H 2   Biot-Savart’s law
4R 212
Here, R12 = -4ax + 3ay , aR12 = -0.8 ax + 0.6 ay.

2 10 6 a z  (0.8a x  0.6a z )
 H 2   12a x  16a y mA / m
4  25
(b) first, R12= -4 ax+5 ay-3 az a R12 
1
 0.8a x  a y  0.6a z 
2
2 10 6 a z  (0.8a x  a y  0.6a z )
 2   7.07a x  5.66a y mA / m
2  4  50
1
(c) R12  3a x  5a y  a z , a R12  (3a x  5a y  a z )
35
 H 2  1.932a x  1.449a y  1.499a z mA / m
 8.2 Ampère’s circuital law
Ampère’s circuital law:
The line integral of H about any closed path is exactly equal to the
direct current enclosed by that path.  H  dL  I (10)
Line integral:
The sum of the differential elements produced by the magnetic field.
The smaller we divide, the better result we can obtain.

Figure 8.7
Application to the fig 8.7 :
when the direction of the magnetic field is perpendicular to the current
(of direction)
-The line integral along the closed path a equals to the current.  H  dL  I
-closed path b shows the same result as a.  H  dL  I
-For the closed path c, The line integral is smaller than the current. In
other words, when we choose the closed path perpendicular to the
magnetic field (the same direction as the current),

 H  dL   HdL cos
2
0
Conclusion :
H is a vector function, and the magnetic intensity is different for each
infinitesimal element, but their sum is always constant.
The example of the Ampere’s circuital law.
The induction of the magnetic intensity by the ampere’s circuital law.
When a current flows into +z direction, (see the picture)
H  f  , z  Hf

H  f    H  dL  I
direction: a dL  a R  a z  a   a
only Hf exists. } H  H  a

If we choose the closed path with a radius of ,

H  H  a   H  a  H z a z (  H  a )
 H  dL   H a  d a   H d 
dL  da    da  dza z (  d a )
2 2
 H  dL   H  d  H   d  H 2  I
0 0

I I
 H  Thus, H  H  a  a
2 2
Magnetic field in the coaxial cable
A coaxial cable carrying a uniformly distributed current I in the inner conductor and –I in the
outer conductor.
With its symmetry, H is not a function of  and z.
Inner conductor is comprised of many filaments.
z component of H is 0 (Fig.8 :magnetic field are offset)
Only H component exists, H is a function of only  .

4 possible cases of coaxial cable:  H  dL  I

I
1) a    b : H 
2
  H  dL  H 2  I
2
2)   a :The current that goes through the closed path I en  I
I en 1 2 I a2
 H   I 2   H  2  I en
2 2 a 2a 2 Figure 8.8
 2  b2
3) b    c (inside the outer conductor) : From b to    I
c2  b2
From 0 to a : I c
  b  c  r
I c2   2
2 2 2 2
  I  I  I  2   I 2  H 
 c b
2
 c  b2 2 c 2  b 2 b
a
4)   c (outside the outer conductor) : H =0 H  2  0
∵ total current that flows through the closed path is 0  H   0
Example : Magnetic field intensity as a function of radius in coaxial cable with b= 3a, c=4a
I
  a  H 
2a 2
I
a    b  H 
2
I c2   2 I 16a 2   2
b    c  H  
2 c 2  b 2 2 (16   )a 2
>c  H=0
Figure 8.9

-there’s no magnetic field outside a coaxial line.

-No matter how large current flows inside, H=0 outside the line.
- In other words, a coaxial line doesn’t affect or isn’t affected by any
circuit around it.
The intensity of the magnetic field by the current flowing in the infinite sheet
A sheet of current flowing in the positive y direction and located in the z=0 plane
Assumption: uniformly distributed surface current. K  K y a y
If the sheet is subdivided into a number of filaments,
Hy = 0 : (the opposite direction to the current)
Hz = 0 : cancelled by the symmetrically located pair of filaments. Figure 8.10

Conclusion : only an Hx component is present

If we choose 1-1′-2′-2-1path,
All its straight line segments are perpendicular to Hx.
Applying the ampere’s law for a closed path   H  dL  I  H  dL   H  dL
11

H x1 L  H x2 ( L)  K y L  H x1  H x 2  K y ①   H  dL
1  2

Although 3-3′-2′-2′-3was choosen, the same current is enclosed, and   H  dL

2  2
H x3  H x2  K y ②   H  dL
2 1
Therefore Hx3 = Hx1  Hx is the same for all negative z.

The intensity of the magnetic field is the same at any distance from the infinite sheet.
The magnetic field intensity above and below the sheet ; H x1  H x 2  K y
Because of the symmetry, the magnetic field on one side of the
current sheet is the negative of that on the other.

1
Hx  1
2 Ky ( z  0) ( H x1 )  H  K  a N (11)
2
H x   1 2 K y ( z  0) (  H x 2 ) aN  az
If a second sheet of current flowing in the opposite direction, K=-Ky ay, is placed at z=h,
1 1
#1  H x  Ky z  0 ( z  h ) Hx   Ky h  0 ( z  h)
2 2
1 1
#2  H x   K y zd Hx  Ky zh
2 2
1 1
 0 zh   Hx 
2
Ky  Ky  Ky
2
1 1 #2
z  0   Hx   Ky  Ky  0 ↖
2 2
1 1 ↘
z  h   Hx   Ky  Ky  0 #1
2 2
H  K  aN 0 zh
H0 z  0, z  h
The magnetic field intensity by an infinitely long solenoid with radius a and uniform current
density Ka af ) solenoid : works like a rolled sheet

In figure (a), we see that from the center of a solenoid, current is seen in all
directions, making them all cancelled.

The direction of magnetic field   a  a  a N  a  (a  )  a z

The intensity of magnetic field   a  a  a N  a  (a  )  a z

H  K aa z  K  a N (   a) (14) Figure 8.11 (a)

H0 (   a)

If the solenoid has a finite length d and consists of N closely wound turns of a
filament that carries a current I,
NI
Ka 
d
NI
H az (well within the solenoid) (15)
d
This approximation is useful if it is not applied closer than two
radii to the open ends, not closer to the solenoid surface than twice
Figure 8.11 (b)
the separation between turns.
Magnetic field intensity by a toroid
(a)An ideal toroid carrying a surface current K in the direction shown.
(b)An N-turn toroid carrying a filamentary current I

(a)The magnetic intensity for the ideal case is,Figure 8.12(a)

0  a
H  Ka a (inside toroid)

(16)
H=0 (outside)

(b) For the N-turn toroid of Figure 8.12(b), we have the good approximations,
NI
H a (inside toroid)
2 (17)
H=0 (outside)
We only consider points removed from the toroidal surface by several
times the separate between turns.

Figure 8.12(a), (b)

8.3 Curl

Applying Ampere’s circuital law to the perimeter of a differential

surface element and discuss the third and last of the special
derivatives of vector analysis.
Take a center value H  H x 0a x  H y 0a y  H z 0a z as a reference value,
And choose the direction of traverse as 1-2-3-4-1

 H  dL   H  dL
1 2   H  dL 23   H  dL 34   H  dL 41 Figure 8.13
The mathmatical form of the definition:

(Curl H ) N  lim
 H  dL (21) SN :the planar area enclosed by the closed line integral
S N  0 S N Subscript N: The component of the cur l which is normal to
the surface enclosed by the closed path
Curl in rectangular coordinates;
 ax ay az 
 H z H y   H x H z   H y H x     
Curl H    a x    a y    a z    (22)
 y z   z x   x y   x y z 
 H x Hy H z 

Curl is written in terms of the vector operation Curl H    H (24)

 H z H y   H x H z   H y H x 
Curl H    H    a x    a y    a z  J (27)
 y z   z x   x y 

 H  dL  I Curl H    H  J (28)
 E  dL  0 Curl E    E  0
(29)
(28) is the point form of Ampere’s circuital law,
the second of Maxwell’s four equations of non-time-varying conditions
(29) is the third equation
(Curl H ) N  lim
 H  dL
S N  0 S N
① The area of the closed path is 0 . (Sn limits to 0) ∴ Curl is defined as a point
② But curl is not 0.
③ Curl of the closed(or open) path equals the current density J at a point

The expressions for curl H in various coordinates

Rectangular  H z H y   H x H z   H y H x 
Curl H    a x    a y    a z (22)
coordinate  y z   z x   x y 

 1 H z H    H  H z   1  ( H  ) 1 H  
Cylindrical   H    a     a   
  
az (25)
coordinate    z   z     

Spherical 1   ( H  sin ) H  1  1 H r  (rH  )  1   (rH ) H r 

H     r
a     
a   a
coordinate r sin     r  sin  r  r  r  

(26)
The examples of the curl measurement
Figure (a): curl meter shows a component of the curl of the water
velocity into the page .
Figure (b): The curl of the magnetic field intensity about an infinity
long filament

Question : Does it rotate? If so, which direction??

Answer: it rotates clockwise.

Another example: the figure below.

 I 
 H  dL  I
Actually, H   a So,
 2 
 I  I
H   a  0  a   a  0  a z
 2  2
 1 H z H    H H z   1 ( H  ) 1 H  
  H    a      a    a z
    z   z        
그림 8.14
H 1 H  1   I 
   a  az  0   0
z      2 
Eaxmple 8.2
Another example of curl H from the definition and of the evaluation of another line intergral

H = 0.2 z2 ax for z > 0, and H = 0 eleswhere.

We have a square path with side d, centered at y = 0(0, 0, z 1) in the y=0 plane
where.
z1 > ½ d
We evaluate the line intergral of H along the four segment, beginning at the top

 H  dL  0.2( z
1  1 2 d ) 2 d  0  0.2( z1  1 2 d ) 2 d  0  0.4 z1d 2
Figure 8.15

  H   lim 
H  dL 0.4 z d 2
In the limit as the area approaches zero, we find y  lim 1
 0.4 z1
d 0 d2 d 0 d 2

Other components are zero, so   H y  dlim  H  dL

 0.4 z1
2
0 d2
So,  H= 0.4z1ay

ax ay az
    
Other method: H 
x y

z z
 
0.2 z 2 a y 
y
 
0.2 z 2 a z  0.4 za y

0.2 z 2 0 0
8.4 Stoke’s Theorem
Breaking up into incremental surfaces of area S.
(each of these incremental surfaces can be considered as flat)
we can apply the definition of the curl to one of these incremental surfaces;

 H  dL S
   H N    H   a N
S
here aN : The unit vector normal to S
Figure 8.16
The subscript S on dL∆S: The closed path is the perimeter of an incremental area S
This result can be also written  H  dL ΔS    H   a N ΔS    H   S    H  dL ΔS     H   S

When we evaluate the closed line integral for every S  H  dL     H   S

S

Some cancellation will occur because every interior wall is covered once in each direction.
The only boundaries on which cancellation cannot occur form the outside boundary.

So,  H  dL     H   S
S
 Stokes’s theorem
Examples of Stokes’s theorem
 H  dL     H   S
S
H  6r sin  a r  18r sin cos a
The first path segment: r =4.0, 0 ≤  ≤ 0.1, f = 0
The second path segment: r =4.0,  = 0.1, 0 ≤ f ≤ 0.3
The third path segment: r =4.0, 0 ≤  ≤ 0.1, f = 0.3
(spherical
Differential path element dL : dL  dra r  rda  r sinda coordinate)
The first term is zero on all three segments of the path since r=4 and dr=0.
The second is zero on segment 2 since  is constant, dL  rda  r sinda
Figure 8.17
The third term is zero on both segments 1 and 3.
Thus,
 H  dL         H rd   H r sind   H rd   H r sind
1 2 3 1 2 3 2
∵ H =0
 18(4) sin 0.1 cos 4 sin 0.1d  288 sin 0.1 sin 0.3  22.2

0.3
   2
H dL
0

And we attack the surface integral with    H   S

S
1 1 1  dS  r 2 sindd a r
H  (36 r sin cos cos )a r   6r cos  36 r sin cos a
r sin r  sin 
0.1
0.3 0.1 0.3
   H   dS   
1
 (36 cos cos )16 sindd   576 ( sin 2  ) cos d
S 0 0 0 2 0
 288 sin 2 0.1 sin 0.3  22.2A The same result
Proof of Ampère’s circular law by Stokes theorem
 H  J
Method:
If we dot each side by dS,    H   dS   J  dS
S S

And intergrate each side over the same surface S

S   H   dS   H  dL (left had side)
 H  dL     H   S
S

 J  dS  I
S
(right hand side)

Therefore we get  H  dL  I
The current I, described as being “enclosed by the closed path,” is also current passing
through any of the infinite number of surfaces which have the closed path as a perimeter.
The proof of vector expression.
If A represents any vector field, how can we find another expression for • ( A)?
The result must be a scalar, and we may let this • ( A) be T or • ( A)= T     A   T

Multiplying by dv and intergrating throughout any volume v      A  dv  

vol vol
Tdv

We first apply the divergence theorem to the left side, vol     A  dv  S   A   dS  vol Tdv
   A   dS
S    Ddv   D  dS
S

The surface integral of the curl if A over the closed surface surrounding the volume v
produces 0.
Stokes relates the surface integral of the curl of A over the open surface enclosed by a given
closed path
∴ For a open path, it produces non-zero value
For a closed path, it produces 0

Example ; If we think of the path as the opening of a laundry bag and the open surface as the
surface of the bag itself, we see that as we gradually approach a closed surface by pulling on the
drawstrings, the closed path becomes smaller and smaller and finally disappears as the surface
becomes closed, Hence by applying Stokes’ theorem, T dv = 0  T = 0 i.e.
    A   0
The point form of the Ampere’s circuital law  H= J
Applying divergence on each side • ( H)= • J = 0
We get an equation on current • J = 0
8.5 Magnetic flux and magnetic flux density
Definition : μ0 : 4π10-7 (H/m) D=ε0E
magnetic flux density B (permeability)
B=μ0H (Wb/m2) (free space only unit: H/m
Magnetic flux Ф : the total flux passing through any designated area
Φ   B  dS Wb
Analogy between Magnetic flux Φ
}
S

Ψ   D  dS  Q and electric flux Y

S

Y:
The charge Q is the source of the lines of electric flux and
these lines begin and terminate on positive and negative charge, respectavely
Φ:
No source has been discovered for the lines of magnetic flux.
Around the infinitely long straight filament carrying a direct current I,
the H field formed concentric circles.
Hence, Gauss’s law for the magnetic field is  B  dS  0
S

The total magnetic flux that pass through any surface is 0. The total electric flux that pass
through any surface is equal to the charge enclosed

D  dS  Q
S
Application of the divergence theorem  B  dS     B  dv  0
s
 B  0
The example of the use of flux and flux density in magnetic fields.
The magnetic flux contained between the conductors (Figure 8.8 (a))

Φ   B  dS H 
I
( a    b)
S
2
0 I Figure 8.8 (a)
B  0H  a
2
dS  ddza

When a length is d, and the flux crossing any radial plane extending
from r = a to r = b, and from z = 0 to z = d,
d 0 I
b
   B  dS  
0 a 2
a  ddza  dS  ddza
S

d b  I d b  I 0 I b 1 0 I
  ddz   dz  
2 a 
d  z 0     
0 0 d d b
d z ln
0 a 2 0 a 2 0
2 a

 I b  Id b
 d 0 ln  0 ln
2 a 2 a
Maxwell’s equations
Maxwell’s equations as they apply to static electric fields and steady magnetic fields
1)   D   v     Ddv    dv 
v  D  dS  Q   D  dS  Q    v dv
vol S S vol

2)   E  0     E   dS   0  dS   E  dL  0   E  dL  0
3)   H  J     H   dS   J  dS   H  dL  I   H  dL  I   J  dS
S S

4)   B  0     Bdv   0dv   B  dS  0   B  dS  0
What they suggest:
• The electric flux passing through the closed surface equals to the charge inside
• Line integral of a electric fields along the closed path is zero.
• The sum of the line integrals of the magnetic fields passing through the closed surface
equals a current
• The sum of the magnetic flux passing through the closed surface is zero.
∵ there is no source for magnetic field

Other expressions;
D   0E E  V
B  0H H  Vm
 8.6 The scalar and vector magnetic potentials

Up to now: electric field possibly corresponding to magnetic field ∴ the definition of a

potential function which can be found from the current distribution and from which the
magnetic fields can be determined.
Scalar magnetic potential
Assuming the existance of a scalar magnetic potential, which designate V m, whose negative
gradient gives the magnetic field intensity (∵negative sign is found in the expression of
electric potential)

H  Vm E  V
f f f
  f   0 f  ax  a y  az
Can we really us this expression??? x y z

  H    Vm   J ax ay az
The curl of the gradient of any scalar is identically zero,   f   
x

y

z
f f f
so for this expression H  Vm to be defined, J must be 0 x y z
i.e. the current density must be zero throughout the region in which the scalar  f  f
 ax 
magnetic potential is so defined y z z y
 f  f
H  Vm (at J = 0 )  ay 
z x x z
 f  f
The scalar magnetic potential is applicable in the case of permanent magnets.  az 
y x x y
0
Another way to prove its availability: H  Vm
Does Vm satisfy Laplace’s equation?
(free space) B  0
  B     0 H    0  Vm    2 0Vm  0
  2Vm  0 Hence, Scalarmagnetic potential satisfies Laplace equation.
The difference between V and Vm
V is a single-valued function of position (There is only one value associated with each point
in space)
Vm is not multi-valued.
Example :Coaxial cable
V 1 V V
V  a  a  az
For a magnetic potential to be defined: J = 0    z
The region that satisfies this condition in a coaxial cable
is between conductors(a < r < b)
I
The magnetic potential in this region: H  2
a
Fig 8.8 (a)
Where I is the total current flowing in the az direction in the inner conductor. H  V
m
We can find H by intergrating the appropriate component of the gradient of Vm Applying
this, we can find Vm I 1 Vm Vm I I
 Vm |      Vm   
2    2 2
(assume the constant of intergation as zero)
 Vm at the point P, where φ = π/4?

If we let Vm be zero at φ = 0 and proceed counterclockwise around the circle,

the magnetic potential goes negative linearly.

I
When we have made one circiut, the potential Vm   
2
I
is –I, but that was the point at which we said the potential Vm at    
2 4
was zero a moment ago.
 9 17
VmP 
I 1
(2n  ) (n  0,1,2,...)
At P  ,  ,  , and
4 4 4 2 4
7 15 23 1
VmP  I (n  ) (n  0,1,2,...)
or   ,   ,   , and
4 4 4 8
Everytime we make another complete lap around the current in the region a < < b , the result
of the intergration increases by I.
∴ Vmp is a multi-valued function .
The reason for this multivalueness

In the electrostatic case, E = 0 and∮E • dL =0, and they are independent of the path
a
Vab   E  dL
But in the magnetistatic case, H = 0 (wherever J=0) but b

∮H • dL = I even if J is zero along the path of intergration.

Everytime we make another complete lap aorund the current, the result of the integration
increases by Imulti valued function Different result according to the path chosen
If no current I is enclosed by the path, (i.e I = 0)
Then a single-valued potential function may be defined.
a
Vm,ab   H  dL (specified path) (45)
b

Magnetic scalr potential Vm is not a consevative field, while

Electrostatic potential is a conservative one
If we erect a barrier at f= and not to select a path which crosses this plane,
I  I
Only Vm    (     )  VmP   are present, which are single valued.
2 4 8
Vector Magnetic Potential (expressed by A)

VECTOR  the curl of any vector is a vector ,and the divergence of it is zero.
    A   0     A   0
}  B   A (46)
B  0
B 1 When A satisfies this condition, it is called vector.
In the Magnetic field, H   A
0 0
So for H, 1 The curl operation applied twice to the
H  J  H   A  J vector A determines the current density J
0
Expression of A : Here,     A    A    2 A
 0 IdL
R: A (47) By applying curls twice to A (unit: Wb/m), we can produce J
4R
The direction of A:the same as the current I R:The distance between line element dL and
the point where we try to determine A
Differential form of (47)
 0 IdL  dL
Comparison of A and V A V  L (4-19)
 0 IdL 4R 40 R
dA  (48) 1) The source in the line:V is line voltage, A is line current
4R
2) Inversely proportional to R, the distance between source and system
3) Include permeability and magnetic permeability
Vector magnetic potential by the differential current element  0 IdL
dA 
The direction of the dA is the same as that of I. dL  dza z 4R
IN THE FIGURE

coordinate : cylindrical coordinate. R  a   za z

 0 Idz a z
to determine dA at p ( , f , z) dA 
4  2  z 2
 0 Idz dA  0 dA  0
elements; dAz  (49)
4   z
2 2

The magnitude of the vector magnetic potential varies inversely with

the distance to the current element, being strongest in the Figure 8.8 (a)
neighborhood of the current and gradually falling off to zero at
 1 Az A   A A 
distant points    A    a      z a
   z   z  

B    A  dB    dA  1 ( A ) 1 A 
   a z
     
dB 1 1  dAz 
dH     dA   a
0 0  0     (By applying the elements of (49))
Idz 
 a A obtained by K or J
4  2  z 2 3 2  (by applying to (49))
 0 KdS
A (50)
This result is the same as the value given by the Biot-Savart law. S 4R
 Jdv
A 0 (51)
v 4R

R  A0
8.7 Derivation of the steady-magnetic-field laws
 0 IdL
Proof of the several relationships between the magnetic fields quantities. A
4R
Definition of H IdL  a R
H 0 Jdv
4R 2 A
vol 4R
0 Jdv
A Use the expression B = m0H (free space)
vol 4R
B =  A

Point definition: (x1, y1, z1) : the current element

(x2, y2, z2 ) : The point where we try to find A
Differential volume element dv1  dx1dy1dz1 (rectangular coordinate)
The variables of integration are x1, y1, z1.
Line vector between two points is R12  x2  x1 a x   y2  y1 a y  z2  z1 a z

0 J1dv1
Placing a subscript on the del operator we abtain: A 2  vol
4R12
B2 2  A2 1  0 J1dv1
So H, H2    2  
0 0 0 vol 4R
12

1 J1dv1

4 
vol
2 
R12
(The order of partial differentiation and integration is
immaterial)
1  J1 

4 vol  2 R12 dv1
   (dv is scalar)
  J1 
H2 
1
vol  R12 
4
  2   dv1    VJ   V   J  V (  J ) with
1
R12
: V & J1 : J

 1   x1, y1, z1 are the partial derivatives of a

1 1
 2  J1 dv1
4 vol 
 
 2   J1 
R12  R12 
function ,taken with respect to the
variables x2, y2, z2
1  1 

4 vol  2 R12   J1dv1
  (=0)
We can consider only the first term.
 
 2  
1 1  R12  ( x2  x1 )a x  ( y2  y1 )a y  ( z2  z1 )a z
First,  2 ?
R12  ( x  x )2  ( y  y )2  ( z  z )2 
 2 1 2 1 2 1  R12  ( x2  x1 ) 2  ( y2  y1 ) 2  ( z2  z1 ) 2
1 2[( x2  x1 )a x  ( y2  y1 )a y  ( z 2  z1 )a z ]   
2   2  ax  ay  az
R12 2[( x2  x1 ) 2  ( y2  y1 ) 2  ( z 2  z1 ) 2 ]3 / 2 x2 y2 z2
R12 a R12 R12 R12
      a R12  
R123 R 2
12 R12 R12
1 a R12  J1 J1  a R12
 H2  
4 
vol R122
dv1  
vol 4R122
dv1

Replacing I1dL1 by J1dv

I1dL1  a R12 IdL  a R
H2  
,
4R 2
12
the same as (3) (3) H   4R 2
 0 Jdv
. A  vol is possible to be use
4R
The proof of   H = J using Ampère circuital law in point form

    A 
B 1
H    (57)
0 0
    A  (  A)   2 A (58)
} Substituting (58) into (57),
H 
1
(  A)   A
2
(60)
0

 •A is the divergence of A
1) •A calculation of the righthand side of (60) 2 A is the Laplacian of A

Divergence of A is 2•A2 and

 0 J1 dv  0 J1  0 J1dv1
2  A2  2     2  dv1 (61)  A2   1
v 4R 4 vol 4R
12
vol R12 12 V
R12
0   1  1     VJ   V   J  V (  J)
 vol  R12  R12
 J        J  dv1 (62) J1  A
4
1 2 2 1
 
1 R Second term is 0,.x1, y1, z1 are the partial
2   12 derivatives of a function ,taken with respect to the
R12 R123 1 1
1 R  1   2 variables x2, y2, z2
1  12 R12 R12
R12 R123

0   1    1  J1 
Equation (62) 2  A 2  vol  1  1 R12  dv1  40
 J      J 
vol  R12 1 1 1  R12  dv1
  
4     (63) dv
J  
0   J1  dt

4 vol 1    dv1
 12 
R
(=0) ∵we only consider magnetostatic

 0   J1  0 J1
2  A2  
4 vol 1  R12 dv1  Divergence
  2  A2   S1 R12  dS1 (※)
  4

J  B  dS     B  dv  0
How to calculate S 1  dS1 ?
s

1 R
12
method 1 :
S1 encloses the volume throughout which we are interesting.
Because the original intergral expression of A was an integration
such as to include the effect of all the current.
A doesn’t change with a slightly larger surface. On this larger
surface J=0, and the closed surface integral is zero.

Method 2 :
J1
Gaussian law on the magnetic field is 0.  S1 R
12
 dS1  0

so, The right hand side of ※ ,2•A2, is 0. 2•A2 = 0

Hence, the first term of the righthand side of (60) is 0.

expression(60) can be expressed as flollows : (60)   H  1 (  A)   2 A 

0
H 
1
0
(  A)   A     A
2 1 2
In cloclusion, the right hdside of the expression(60)
0
2) How to calculate the second term???  2 A
(60)   H 
1
0
(  A)   A
2

This term is the Laplacian of the vector A.

Method:comparison A with the similar expression for electrostatic potential
 0 J x dv
A x  vol ① A (①)and V (② ) can be derived according to the table below
4R
dv ① 0 Jx Ax ① -0J
V  vol ② 
40 R ② 1/0  V ② -/0

One expression can be obtained from the other by a straightforward change of

variable
Jx for r, μ0와 1/μ0 and Ax for V
Taking the form of Poisson equation for V;  2 Ax    0 J x  2 A  0 J
 2V  

0
{
  2 Ay    0 J y or
 2 Az    0 J z
 2V  
 (62)
0
In conclusion H 
1
0
(  A)   A 2

The first term is 0

The second term is 2 A = - moJ, so

H 
1
0
(  A)   A  1
2
0J  J  H = J
0
 The example if the vector magnetic potential in a coaxial cable
The vector magnetic potential A in the region between conductors
(Direction of I in the inner conductor is assumed az)
The cuurent density between two conductors: J = 0
(inner radius a, outer radius b)
So  A    0 J   A  0
2 2

 2 A   2 Axa x   2 Ay a y   2 Az a z and  2 A   2 A a    2 A a   2 Az a z

A is in the same direction as I

Current is entirely in the z direction in the problem. In rectangular and cylindrical coordinates,
the z component of the vector Laplacian is the scalar Laplacian of the z component of A.
1   Az  1  2 Az  2 Az
  A   Az a z  0 (65)
2 2
 Az 
2
   2  0 (Cylindrical coordinate)
z       2  2 z

Thinking symmetrical thoughts shows us that Az is a function only of r and thus

1 d  dAz 
 2 Az   0
 d  d 
dAz dAz C1
  C1    Az  C1 ln   C2
d d  
  b  Az  0
}C 2  C1 ln b  Az  C1 ln
b
In order to relate C1 to the sources, we may take the curl of A
Az C  1 Az A   A A 
 A   a   1 a  B B   A   A    a      z a
     z   z  

B C1  1  ( A ) 1 A 
obtain H, H    
  
a az
0 0    
only Az is present for A , Az = f(r)
and evaluate the line integral of H
2 C1 2C1
 H  dL  I   
00 
a  da  
0
Thus,  C1    0 I or Az   0 I ln b   
  Az  C1 ln  Az  C1 ln
2 2   b b
C1 I
and H   , as before
 0  2
0 I b
Figure 8.20 Az  ln
2 
A plot of Az for b=5a.
A decreases as distance from the concentrated
current source increases
Figure 8.20