Developing of Quaternary Pumped Storage Hydropower For Dynamic Studies

This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been
fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TSTE.2020.2980585, IEEE
Transactions on Sustainable Energy
IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy 1
Investigating of Quaternary Pumped Storage

Hydropower for Dynamic Studies
Zerui Dong, Member, IEEE, Jin Tan, Member, IEEE, Eduard Muljadi, Fellow, IEEE,
Robert Nelms, Fellow, IEEE, Antoine St-Hilaire, Matthew Pevarnik, Mark Jacobson
Abstract—Quaternary pumped storage hydropower (Q-PSH) traditional thermal power generation in the 21st century,
technology, as one of the new advanced-PSH technology, has been because of the economics and the zero energy emissions [1].
developed by taking advantage of Conventional-PSH (C-PSH) and However, power systems reliability will be declining with the
Adjustable Speed-PSH (AS-PSH). By combining adjustable-speed
decrease of available rotating inertia due to the replacement of
pump unit and conventional hydropower turbine unit in the
quaternary configuration, Q-PSH has the more competitive conventional rotating generators by inverter-based renewable
capability of providing fast power support in the future high generation, with the overall impact on the deterioration of the
renewable penetrated power system. Acting as energy storage (ES), frequency response of the grid when there is not additional
Q-PSH provides promising power supply to deal with the backup capacity is placed [2, 3].
uncertainty and variability from renewable energy generation. This An inverter-based variable generation has increased
paper focuses on the dynamic modeling of Q-PSH technology
significantly with higher renewable energy penetration into the
employing full-converter machine and the impact of Q-PSH on the
frequency response in a system. The detailed model of Q-PSH is
grid. Energy storage (ES) is an effective solution to balance the
developed and implemented in the IEEE 14-bus system based on GE variability of renewable generation. Among available ES
Positive Sequence Load Flow (PSLF) platform, which captures the options, pumped storage hydropower (PSH) is considered to be
dynamic of multiple operation modes, especially hydraulic short- a mature ES solution available in a very large capacity [4].
circuit (HSC) operation mode. Several cases are set up to reveal the Although the battery energy storage system (BESS) is also a
advantages of Q-PSH technology when power electronic based popular option, due to battery technology, BESS is energy
renewable energy generation is deployed in the system. Sensitivity storage with limited capacity and does not have natural rotating
studies of the controller in pump governor show the impact of inertia [2]. The output power is limited by the current-carrying
parameters in pump response performance. The comparison case
capability of the power semiconductor switches. In addition,
illustrates the impact of frequency response provided by the Q-PSH
in the system.
BESS has a short-term lifetime as compared to a PSH system.
The compressed air energy storage (CAES) is another
Index Terms—quaternary, pumped storage, hydropower, technology which can compete with the PSH technology in
dynamic modeling, hydraulic short-circuit, frequency response providing bulk energy storage [5]. The CAES has a large
capacity, up to 300MW typically, which is larger than most of
ES technology except PSH [6]. However, the CAES unit has to
I. INTRODUCTION be associated with a gas turbine plant which causes additional
emission [7]. In addition, the CAES is geographically sensitive
W ITH the worsening pollution, the greenhouse effect
becomes a reality and can be experienced in the global
climate change over the past decades. The fossil fuel power
that it should be built near to the naturally formed or artificial
underground cave. Because of this, there are only two
commissioned CAES units and several planed units in the world.
generation is becoming a less popular option to generate Therefore, PSH technology is still a better solution in bulk
electricity considering the impacts on the environment. energy storage from financial and overall efficiency.
Emission reduction and sustainable power generation have been Currently, in the United States, there is 20 GW of PSH in
a long-term global goal. Renewable energy represented by solar operation, all of which are Conventional-PSH (C-PSH). This
energy and wind energy has been chosen to replace the system can only provide frequency regulation in the generating
mode but not in pumping mode. This limitation makes C-PSH
Manuscript received OCT 09, 2019; revised JAN 23, 2020. This work was
unfit for future needs to balance variable generation for an
authored in part by Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC, the manager and
operator of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory for the U.S. Department extremely high renewable penetration. The advanced-PSH
of Energy (DOE) under Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308. Paper No. TSTE- technology evolves from C-PSH, has gained its popularity due
01098-2019. to their superior capability in providing frequency regulation in
Z. Dong, E. Muljadi and R. Nelms are with Department of Electrical and all modes of operation [8].
Computer Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA, 36830 (e-mail: In this paper, we are investigating the Quaternary-PSH (Q-
ZZD0003@auburn.edu, mze0018@auburn.edu)
J. Tan and M. Jacobson are with National Renewable Energy Laboratory PSH). The quaternary set is a type of hydropower plant
(NREL), Golden, CO, USA, 15013 configuration. In this configuration, the turbine and the pump
A. St-Hilaire is with GE Renewable Energy, Brossard, QC, Canada, J4Z0N5 are mechanically independent hydraulic machines: they have
M. Pevarnik is with GE Renewable Energy, Greenwood Village, CO, USA, their own shaft line with their own speed and separate electric
80111
Special thanks to E. Bailey from Absaroka, USA, C. Hodge from machines, separate intake, and out-take, and control/regulation
GridDynamic, USA, R. Dham from DOE, USA, and M. Racine from GE systems [9, 10]. In our development, a conventional hydropower
Renewable Energy for their valuable suggestions and discussion. turbine unit and an adjustable-speed pump unit are placed in the
Digital Object Identifier 00.0000/TSTE. 01098-2019
1949-3029 (c) 2020 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
Authorized licensed use limited to: University of Canberra. Downloaded on April 27,2020 at 14:28:36 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TSTE.2020.2980585, IEEE
Quaternary PSH dual-machine system

Grid Joint Point Transformer
Electrical Power
Synchronous Fixed Speed
Turbine Water Flow Exciter
Higher Converter Excitation Voltage Machine Turbine Shaft
Unit Penstock
Reservoir SM Speed Mechanical
Fixed Valve
Grid SM
Synchronous Torque
Electrical Power
Speed Machine
Full-size Synchronous Variable
Shaft Turbine/ Grid
T/P Terminal Converter Machine Pump Mechanical Speed Shaft
T Higher Pump Runner Voltage
Power Command
Torque
Reservoir
P Pump Runner Power Demand Power Pump Flow Pump
Frequency
Order Mechanical
Pump Sub-penstock Fixed Turbine Distribution + + Frequency Power
Variable T Σ Penstock Pump
Unit Speed SM Runner Function Controller Speed
SM Speed Main Shaft
Shaft Penstock Shared Flow
Pump Pressure
Power Order Turbine Flow Turbine
Lower Lower Gate
P T/P Mechanical
Reservoir Reservoir Governor
Gate Ref
Valve
Value
Penstock Turbine
Power
Quaternary PSH (Q-PSH) Conventional PSH (C-PSH) Quaternary PSH Governor

Turbine Pressure
Fig. 1. Simplified structure of Q-PSH and C-PSH
Fig. 2. Structure of Q-PSH system
quaternary configuration. These two units are connected to

operation order to the two separate units (turbine and pump units).
reservoirs by a set of penstocks. In the penstock system, main
A controller of hydraulic matrix block is developed to describe
penstocks which have a larger diameter is used to connect
the water flow interaction at the joint point of the turbine and
chambers and reservoirs. When the main penstocks are close to
pump sub-penstock where a circulating water flow appears in the
chambers, they are split into two parallel sub-penstocks paths;
HSC mode. Also, a detailed wicket gate system and tunable
one is connected to the turbine runner and the other one is to the
transient time constants are included in this model to simulate
pump runner as shown in Fig. 1. In our design, the turbine unit
different models from different manufacturers.
and pump unit are operated in their specific operation mode or
The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section II
as a condenser (always online). In the generating mode, the
describes the dynamic modeling and mechanism of Q-PSH
water only flows to turbine unit whereas the pump unit is acted
technology. Section III studies and discusses the performance
as a condenser in the system. Same as generating mode, in the
of the frequency regulation provided by the Q-PSH and the
pumping mode, the pump unit pumps water and the turbine unit
comparison among PSH technologies. The conclusion is given
is operated as a synchronous condenser. When these two units
in Section IV.
working together, it is obviously that the main penstock is
shared by water flow in different direction from turbine unit
sub-penstock and pump unit sub-penstock which allows the Q- II. Q-PSH SYSTEM MODELING
PSH to implement hydraulic short-circuit (HSC) mode. Compared with other PSH technologies, Q-PSH combines
According to previous work on HSC mode in advanced-PSH several characteristics from C-PSH and adjustable speed-PSH
unit [11], the HSC mode keeps the features of frequency technologies. A dual-machine dual-shaft system is used in Q-
regulation in the pumping operation and the quick operation PSH which is shown in Fig. 2. In this configuration, the
mode switching. synchronous machine and its exciter are placed to operate as the
Benefitting from the combination of adjustable-speed pump turbine directly connected to the grid, another synchronous
and conventional hydropower unit, Q-PSH has the capability to machine operating as the adjustable speed pump is connected
provide frequency regulation whether it is in generating mode, to the grid through a full-size converter. The whole Q-PSH
pumping mode or HSC mode whereas the ternary PSH (T-PSH) system is controlled by the distribution block in the governor.
as another type of advanced-PSH technology can only respond The power order (reference) generated by distribution block is
in generating mode and HSC mode. Since the deployment of
sent to the pump system and turbine system separately. In a Q-
the adjustable-speed pump, the full-size converter can help the
PSH, the adjustable-speed pump and the turbine unit are
Q-PSH unit provide quicker and better responses to the system
operated simultaneously during HSC mode. Various algorithms
than the T-PSH unit. In additional, benefitting dual-machine
system and frequency responsiveness in all modes make Q-PSH can be developed to deploy frequency regulations on the grid.
show more flexibility in operation and more reliable frequency The frequency regulation can be achieved in all modes of
service as compared with the T-PSH technology. operations (pump, turbine, or HSC). The whole system is
Currently, there is no publicly available dynamic model for Q- modeled and introduced in this section.
PSH in the existing commercial software such as Siemens PTI A. Electric Machine System
Power System Simulator (PSS/E) and GE Positive Sequence
Load Flow (PSLF) [12, 13]. In order to study the dynamic In the quaternary configuration, two electrical machines with
performance of Q-PSH in the grid, we developed the first-of-its- their shaft system and runner system are placed in the separate
kind Q-PSH dynamic model based on GE PSLF platform. Two chambers. In the turbine part, a grid-connected hydro
machine systems in Q-PSH are used to drive a conventional synchronous generator system is modeled. In the pump part, an
turbine and an adjustable-speed pump separately. Based on adjustable-speed pump is modeled as a full power converter
previous other types of advanced-PSH governor modeling work connected to the ac motor (a similar concept used in the Type 4
[14], a new pumping unit governor based on a full-size converter wind turbine model). This model simplifies the mechanical
system is developed, and it is combined with the conventional dynamics and flux dynamic to reflect the rapid response of the
turbine governor model to get the new Q-PSH governor. In this power converter [12, 15]. The power orders for each machine
Q-PSH governor model, a distribution block is designed to send system are sent by distribution function in governor model
which makes two machine systems electrically coupled.

B. Operation Mode Control
A distribution block is designed to control the operation mode
of two machine systems in Q-PSH system based on our
previous work [14]. The Q-PSH system has two separate
electrical machine systems which can be operated together or
as two independent units in some situations. The function of the
distribution block is designed to include all operation modes.
The equation shown below describes the relationship between
system power demand and power orders sending to pump part
and turbine part.
 Pord _ p   K d _ p  Pdemd
 (1)
 Pord _ t  K d _ t  Pdemd Fig. 3. Example of pump performance curve
where Pdemd is the power demand from the system, Kd_p and Kd_t
are distribution constants for pump parts and turbine parts
 
 
1
separately, Pord_p and Pord_t are the reference power (power 2Hs
 
Perr / 
orders) sent to the power converter of the pump and to the  
Swing Equation 0 Pelec
turbine governor separately. By using these two distribution
constants the distribution block controls two machine units in Pump Performance  H p Qp

1 Pmech _ p
 1 
the Q-PSH system in parallel. The specific operation mode and Curve H 
H t s Tw  Qt Shared-penstock
required power output are provided by using the values of these H0 Function
Penstock and Runner
constants for each operation mode are defined below: Fig. 4. Hydraulic and mechanical system
Generating Mode : K d _ p  0, Prate _ t Pgen _ t  K d _ t  0
Pumping Mode : Prate _ p Pgen _ p  K d _ p  0, K d _ t  0 (2) head, the relationship between water flow and shaft speed can
be obtained. Because of this, the change in water flow is only
HSC Mode : Prate _ p Pgen _ p  K d _ p  1, K d _ t  1  K d _ p
affected by the shaft speed. In addition, in the pumping mode,
where Prate_p and Prate_p are the rating power output for the pump the gate is only used to open or close the penstock, it does not
and turbine respectively, Pgen_p and Pgen_t are the initial value of control the water flow which is always used in the hydro
the power output of the pump, and of the turbine, respectively. generation.
Especially, in pumping mode, the turbine part is operated as a After implementing the pump performance curve, mechanical
synchronous condenser, and in the generating mode, the power power output can be expressed as [16]:
converter can also be operated as a condenser. These two units H Q H  Hd
can also be operated separately in the specific situation. This Pmech  d d where Qd  0 (4)
 sTw
definition of distribution constants also leaves room for future
additional operation mode update. where Pmech is mechanical power output in per unit, Hd is the
dynamic water head, Qd is the water flow, η is the pump
C. Pump System Modeling efficiency, H0 is the water head at the reservoir, and Tw is the
As introduced previously, a full-size converter machine hydraulic time constant. In this function, the hydraulic time
system is used in the pump system. A conventional rotor with constant is used to model the single penstock. In order to model
salient poles synchronous machine is connected to the grid the shared-penstock in Q-PSH operation, the hydraulic time
through a full-size converter. This type of system used in the constant will be replaced by a matrix which will be introduced
dynamic modeling of the wind turbine can be used in later.
adjustable-speed pump dynamic modeling. However, the Combining with (3) and (4), the shaft speed is the only input
governor used to describe the hydraulic characteristic of the for the dynamic model of pump hydraulic part. A swing
pump system still needs to be developed. equation described the mechanical dynamic related the shaft
1) Mechanical and Hydraulic System speed to the net torque is added as shown in Fig. 4 [20],
In the adjustable-speed pump system, there is a characteristic 1 Pmech  Pelec
curve to describe the relationship among water head, water flow   ( ) (5)
2H 1 
and shaft speed [16-18]. In the curve shown in Fig. 3, this
where ω is the shaft speed, H is inertia, Pmech and Pelec are
relationship could be approximated by a quadratic polynomial
mechanical power and electrical power separately. When, there
[19].
is a contingency in the power system, there will be a temporary
H d  a0 2  a1 Qd  a2Qd 2 (3) imbalance between the supply and demand. In the generator,
where a0, a1 and a2 are coefficients for curve fitting, Hd is the there is an imbalance between electrical power and mechanical
dynamic water head, Qd is the water flow, ω is the shaft speed. power, thus, developing a transient in the speed, and in the
In this function, when there is a certain value of dynamic water acceleration of the rotor.
Power Demand Distribution

Pord _ p Higher Main
Function Reservoir Penstock
Sub-penstock
Primary Frequency Controller Pmx _ wg Valve
 T
Joint Point
f 1 1  sTz To Exciter
Kg  Water Flow Main
dbg 1  sTlpfg 1  sTp  Pset _ p
 Penstock
Pmn _ wg Pmx _ wi P Pump Unit
P
f 1 sTwout T Turbine Unit
Ki Lower
dbi 1  sTlpfi 1  sTwout
Reservoir
Inertia Controller Pmn _ wi
Fig. 6. Water flow in hydraulic short-circuit mode
Fig. 5. Frequency controller system
which is shown in Fig. 6. From reservoirs to chambers, the main
2) Frequency Control System penstock carries the water from the reservoirs. When the main
After using a distribution block, the machine system is penstock is near to chamber, it is split into two sub-penstocks
controlled to operate at a set point. As in any inverter-based with a smaller diameter to connect turbine unit and pump unit.
resources, the power converter (in the pump system) acts as a In Q-PSH system, when it operates in the HSC mode (both
buffer between the grid and the electric machine. Thus, the pump unit and turbine unit are in operation), the water flows in
electric machine cannot directly respond to the grid event. A set turbine part and pump part sub-penstock are in different
of frequency controllers is built into the pump governor to directions. At the joint point, the water flows with different
adjust the pump output power responding to the system directions from different parts affect each other. According to
requirements. Newton’s law of motion applied the mass of water in the
An inertia controller which is shown in Fig. 5 is added into penstock [14, 26], a water flow equation is developed to
the control system to provide inertial response from the pump describe the relationship of water flows between main penstock
system [21, 22]. Different from traditional electric machine and sub-penstocks which is expressed as:
system, power electronic based adjustable-speed pump does not
 dQt 
have motor natural inertia although it does have pump runner
 Tw _ tt Tw _ tp   dt   H t 
and shaft system. By adding the inertia controller, the pump T    (6)
system can be made to have virtual inertial response when  w _ pt Tw _ pp   dQ p   H p 
system contingency occurs on the grid. In addition, a primary  dt 
frequency controller shown in Fig. 5 is added to help pump where Tw_tt, Tw_pp are the water time constants for the entire
system give primary frequency response after the frequency penstock length of the turbine and the pump; Tw_tp, Tw_pt are the
event in the system [23]. When there is a frequency variance in water time constants for the shared-penstock length from the
the power grid, these auxiliary controllers enable the full- turbine to the pump or from the pump to the turbine; Qt, Qp are
converter machine-based pump to respond to the frequency
event like the conventional rotating machine system providing the water flows in per unit for the turbine and pump; and ΔHt,
inertial response and primary frequency response. ΔHp are the water head differences in per unit for the turbine
and pump. This function is placed both in pump part and turbine
D. Turbine System Modeling
part penstock systems to replace the original water flow
In the turbine system, a conventional hydro synchronous functions.
generator system model is used to describe the generator and its
exciter. Different from the pump part, the hydropower III. SIMULATION STUDIES
generation governor model can be used in the turbine system.
Based on a generic standard hydro turbine governor model used A. System Introduction
in hydropower simulation, a turbine part governor model is The IEEE 14-bus system, shown in Fig. 7, is built in the GE
modified and built to work with machine model [12, 14]. In this PSLF platform with the detailed dynamic model. The Q-PSH
governor-turbine model, detailed modeling of the gate which governor is developed by Engineer’s Program Control
includes the injector and deflector is described [10]. The Language (EPCL) based user-defined model in PSLF [12]. Q-
description of the shared-penstock situation is also added to PSH system modeled as two electric machines is placed on Bus
model the hydraulic short-circuit mode in detail. 3. The machine connected to turbine is modeled by generic
equal mutual inductance rotor synchronous machine model [20]
with IEEE type 1 excitation system model [27]. The machine
E. Hydraulic Short-circuit
connected to pump is modeled by GE full converter wind
Usually, when a hydropower plant has several generating turbine model with its control system [15, 28]. A wind
units in parallel, in many hydropower plants, the shared- generator is placed on Bus 6. This wind generator which has
penstock method is used in main penstock which is a common tunable wind speed input is used to perturb the power system
practice to minimize the construction cost. The interaction of and initiate frequency events in the power system we studied.
water flows between parallel units are well understood [24, 25]. The detail of the system is shown in Table I.
The Q-PSH has a main penstock and sub-penstocks system
Fig. 7. Circuit diagram of the IEEE 14-bus system (a)
TABLE I
DETAILS FOR IEEE 14-BUS SYSTEM
Parts Location Online/Capacity Dynamic Model
GENROU EXAC1
Gas Turbine 1 Bus 1 swing/615 MW
GAST
GENROU EXAC1
Gas Turbine 2 Bus 2 100/615 MW
GAST
GENSAL IEEET1
Q-PSH Bus 3 -100/150 MW GEWTG EWTGFC
EPCTRB
GEWTG EWTGFC
Wind Turbine Bus 6 100/150 MW
WNDTGE
Synchronous GENROU EXAC1
Bus 8 0/25 MW
Condenser GAST
Bus 2-
Load 259 /259 MW None
6, 9-14
Measurements All Bus None FMETR
(b)
Fig. 8. whole system responses (a) and details two parts power output (b) in
B. Q-PSH System Response under Frequency Event Pumping mode
In this section, the performance of Q-PSH system is validated
and analyzed both in pumping mode and HSC mode. In order adjustable-speed pump not only provides virtual inertial
to find out the improvements of Q-PSH system when it works response, but also participates in the primary frequency
with wind power generation. Two frequency events caused by response. And because of the full-size converter, the pump
the ramp up of wind generation (Bus 6) and the loss of gas responds quickly.
turbine (Bus 2) are applied separately in each case. 2) Frequency Event Case in HSC Mode
1) Frequency Event Case to Q-PSH in Pumping Mode In this HSC mode validation case. The Q-PSH is initialized
As introduced previously, in the pumping mode, the as pump part absorbing 120 MW and turbine part generating 20
adjustable speed pump is in service, whereas the conventional MW. The frequency event caused by the wind turbine (Bus 6)
synchronous generator is operated as a synchronous condenser. and gas turbine (Bus 2) are applied to the system which are
In this validation case, the Q-PSH system is initialized to absorb same as previous pumping mode case. Both the pump and the
100 MW from the system. The wind generation (Bus 6) ramped turbine in the Q-PSH system provide a fast and reliable
up from 100 MW to 125 MW (with ramp-rate limited to 1.25 response after each frequency event which is shown in Fig. 9.
MW/second) at 10 seconds. The second frequency event, a Compare with the response from the pump and the turbine, the
generation loss of gas turbine (Bus 2), occurred at 50 seconds. adjustable-speed pump responds quicker and provide more
After the frequency events, both the adjustable-speed pump and power which is benefitting from the power electronic device.
hydropower generator provide inertial responses shown in Fig. Compared with pumping mode results, in the HSC mode, Q-
8 (b). Especially, after the generation loss of gas turbine, the PSH system provides more frequency response to reach the
system renewable penetration level gets higher from 26.32% to steady-state frequency at a higher level, because of the
44.64%. The Q-PSH still provide reliable and fast frequency participation of the turbine in the primary frequency
support to the system. Owing to the dead band, there is a delay (rebounding) period. However, in the arresting period, since
in the inertial response from pump part. Since hydropower both the pump and the turbine provide inertial response both in
generator is operated as a synchronous condenser, after the the HSC case and the pumping case, there is not any difference
inertial response, its power output goes back to zero. At the at the frequency nadir between these two cases after the
same time, benefitting from primary frequency controller, the generation loss of gas turbine.
(a) Fig. 10. Frequency response and pump part electrical power of Q-PSH under
different proportion gains in the inertia controller
(b)
Fig. 9. whole system responses (a) and details two parts power output (b) in
HSC mode Fig. 11. Frequency response and pump part electrical power of Q-PSH under
different proportion gains in the primary frequency controller
C. Study of Different Frequency Controller Parameters to Q-

the proportional gain does not affect the steady-state frequency.
PSH Response
However, the difference is a larger proportional gain causes a
Obviously, the performance of the inertia controller and more significant inertial response. Meanwhile, a more
primary frequency controller in the pump part governor affect significant inertial response makes the apparent system
the response of adjustable-speed pump in the Q-PSH system equivalent inertia larger which make frequency nadir is higher
which is operated in pumping mode and HSC mode. In this than other cases. It is worth mentioning that a larger virtual
section, two sensitive studies are set up to determine the inertia gain brings a greater current change in the converter
influence of parameters in frequency controllers to the Q-PSH while it significantly improves pump inertial response.
system under the wind generator loss. 2) Proportional Gain in Primary frequency controller Case
1) Proportional Gain in Inertia Controller The primary frequency response is another important
The proportional gain Ki in the inertia controller is the virtual indicator of the response performance of Q-PSH pump. In this
inertia gain which is the one major factor to affect the Q-PSH case, the influence of proportional gain Kg and the gain in droop
inertial response. In this comparison case, three sets of different on the primary frequency response are studied [20]. Same as
proportional gains, the real value of generating unit inertia, are previous sensitive studies, the Q-PSH is operated in HSC mode
used in the simulation with other parameters are the same [20]. with -100 MW output. The gas turbine generation loss (100
At the beginning, the Q-PSH system (Bus 3) is operated in the MW) is applied at 1 second to provide an under-frequency event
HSC mode with 100 MW net power consumption. Among them, in the system. The results with three different proportional gains
the turbine generates 20 MW and the pump absorbs 120 MW. are shown in Fig. 11 which illustrate this parameter only affect
The wind generator (Bus 6) is online with 100 MW fixed power the steady-state response significantly. The larger value of the
generation and it will be tripped at 1 second. After the under- gain primary frequency (rebounding) period, whereas the
frequency event (100 MW wind turbine generation loss), each influence on inertial response is slight. Because of this, the gain
case shows significant inertial response in the pump part shows few impacts on the frequency nadir which is in the
electrical power output which is shown in Fig. 10. Obviously, inertial response period. At the same time,
proportional gain can significantly improve the inertial

response of the pump system. In addition, the proportional gain
can improve the frequency nadir after the frequency event
whereas they do not change any system frequency at the steady
state. In addition, the study of primary frequency controller in
the pump modeling presents that the droop gain in this
controller can effectively improve the frequency at the steady
state by using a larger value. However, it does not show any
significant effects on system inertial response which mean not
too many improvements on frequency nadir. It is worth
mentioning that a larger frequency response brings a greater
current change in the converter. The proportional gain also
needs to be designed to meet the maximum current of converter.
The comparison between Q-PSH and C-PSH shows that Q-
Fig. 12. Comparison of Q-PSH and C-PSH
PSH, whether it is in pumping mode or HSC mode, can provide
better frequency support than C-PSH in pumping mode.
it can be found that the proportional gain has no effect on Because of this, an improvement from Q-PSH to power system
response speed. frequency response performance is more significant. In addition,
Q-PSH operated in HSC mode provides more frequency
D. Comparison between Q-PSH and C-PSH improvement than Q-PSH operated in pumping mode. The
In this section, a comparison case including Q-PSH and C- disadvantages are also obvious that the construction, operation,
PSH is studied. These PSH technologies are all operated in and maintenance costs are higher than C-PSH. However, many
absorbing power (-100 MW in pumping mode or in HSC mode) existing C-PSH systems can potentially be modified into full
which are placed on Bus 3 in each case. An under-frequency converter AS-PSH systems [29], and could be studied to allow
event is applied at 1 second by creating a 100 MW wind the possibility to be used in HSC. Then, these modified units
generation loss artificially (Bus 6). The C-PSH operating in would be better at providing frequency support to meet the
pumping mode is chosen as a baseline. The Q-PSH is set to be requirement from the future high renewable penetrated system.
operated in pumping mode and HSC mode separately as Above all, this first Q-PSH system has been successfully
comparison cases. developed in the GE PSLF platform by using the EPCL user-
After the under-frequency event, each case shows their great defined model. The sensitivity studies of the controller provide
inertial response which is shown in Fig. 12. The difference is some references for the design of the pump. And the
two Q-PSH cases provide more inertial response than the C- comparison cases show the advantages of a system utilizing Q-
PSH case because of two machine units in the Q-PSH system. PSH system.
In addition, the results of two Q-PSH cases show that Q-PSH
system helps the system get a higher frequency nadir and REFERENCES
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The inertia controller in the pump illustrates that increasing
Distribution. Available: https://digital- Jin Tan (S’11–M’15) received the B.E.

library.theiet.org/content/journals/10.1049/iet-gtd.2018.5749
and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering
[11] J. Feltes, Y. Kazachkov, B. Gong, B. Trouille, P. Donalek, V. Koritarov,
et al., "Modeling Ternary Pumped Storage Units," Argonne National from Southwest Jiaotong University,
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[13] P. Siemens, "Pss/e User-Manual," Version 33.4, March 2013, 2010.
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"Development of dynamic model of a ternary pumped storage Ph.D. student at Department of Energy
hydropower plant," in 2018 13th IEEE Conference on Industrial Technology, Aalborg University, Denmark.
Electronics and Applications (ICIEA), 2018, pp. 656-661. In 2014, she was a Postdoctoral Researcher with the
[15] J. M. MacDowell, K. Clark, N. W. Miller, and J. J. Sanchez-Gasca,
Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science,
"Validation of GE wind plant models for system planning simulations,"
in 2011 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting, 2011, pp. 1-8. University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA. She is currently
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[21] J. Morren, J. Pierik, and S. W. De Haan, "Inertial response of variable received his Ph.D. in electrical engineering
speed wind turbines," Electric power systems research, vol. 76, pp. 980- from the Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison.
987, 2006.
He was a faculty at the California State
[22] J. Morren, S. W. De Haan, W. L. Kling, and J. Ferreira, "Wind turbines
emulating inertia and supporting primary frequency control," IEEE University, Fresno (1988-1992). From
Transactions on power systems, vol. 21, pp. 433-434, 2006. 1992-2017, he worked at the National
[23] T. Knuppel, J. N. Nielsen, K. H. Jensen, A. Dixon, and J. Øtergaard, Renewable Energy Laboratory in Golden,
"Power oscillation damping controller for wind power plant utilizing wind
CO. And, in January 2018, he joined
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Society General Meeting, 2011, pp. 1-8. Auburn University in Auburn, AL, as the James J. Danaher
[24] L. N. Hannett, J. W. Feltes, B. Fardanesh, and W. Crean, "Modeling and distinguished professor. His research interests include electric
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section," IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 14, pp. 1407-1414,
renewable energy.
1999.
[25] E. De Jaeger, N. Janssens, B. Malfliet, and F. Van De Meulebroeke, Dr. Muljadi is a member of Eta Kappa Nu, Sigma Xi, a fellow
"Hydro turbine model for system dynamic studies," IEEE Transactions of the IEEE, and an editor of the IEEE Transactions on Energy
on Power Systems, vol. 9, pp. 1709-1715, 1994. Conversion. He is member of various subcommittees within the
[26] Z. Dong, J. Tan, A. St-Hilaire, E. Muljadi, D. Corbus, R. Nelms, et al.,
IEEE Industry Application Society (IAS), Power Electronics
"Modeling and Simulation of Ternary Pumped Storage Hydropower for
Power System Studies," IET generation, transmission & distribution, Society, and Power and Energy Society (PES). He is currently
2019. the chair of Renewable Energy Machines and Systems and the
[27] I. C. Report, "Computer representation of excitation systems," IEEE chair of the Advanced Pumped Storage Hydropower Modeling
Trans. Power Apparatus and Systems, vol. 87, pp. pp. 1460-1464, 1968.
Task Force within the PES. He holds patents in power
[28] K. Clark, N. W. Miller, and J. J. Sanchez-Gasca, "Modeling of GE wind
turbine-generators for grid studies," GE energy, vol. 4, pp. 4.13-4.17, conversion for renewable energy.
2010.
[29] N. Lefebvre, M. Tabarin, and O. Teller, "Upgrading of Le Cheylas PSP Robert M. Nelms (F’04) received the
to Variable Speed Technology," SHF-Enhancing Hydropower plants,
B.E.E. and M.S. degrees in electrical
Grenoble, France, 2014.
engineering from Auburn University,
Zerui Dong (M’19) received the B.S. Auburn, AL, USA, in 1980 and 1982,
degree in electrical engineering from China respectively, and the Ph.D. degree in
University of Petroleum, Qingdao, electrical engineering from Virginia
Shandong, China, in 2013, and the M.S. Polytechnic Institute and State University,
and Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering Blacksburg, VA, USA, in 1987.
from Auburn University, Auburn, AL, U.S. Currently, he is a Professor and Chair of the Department of
in 2015 and 2019 respectively. Electrical and Computer Engineering, Auburn University. His
He is currently a Post-doctoral Fellow research interests include power electronics, power systems,
and electric machinery.
with the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department,
Dr. Nelms is a Registered Professional Engineer in Alabama.
Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA. His research interest
includes pumped storage hydropower modeling, renewable
Antoine St-Hilaire Currently, he is the hydraulic turbines
energy dynamic modeling and integration, power system tendering engineer at GE Renewable Energy.
operation with high renewable penetration.
Matthew Pevarnik received a B.S. (’84)

in Civil Engineering from West Virginia
University and is currently working for GE
Renewable Hydro in Denver, CO.
He started his career as a boiler inspector
when 70% of the US electric generation
came from coal. He moved to Denver to
run the Customer Service division for the
fossil and nuclear businesses for the western United States and
Mexico. He then joined the Power Sales Group focusing on the
company’s renewable portfolio of hydro, wind and solar
thermal. In 2015, he joined the company’s Hydro Business
leadership team, responsible for business development, project
execution and strategic growth of the US markets.
He currently supports the US Hydro operations in Denver,
focusing on Strategic Markets and Business Development and
is a Northwest Hydro Association board member.
Mark D. Jacobson received the B.S

degree in physics and the M.B.A. with
an emphasis in finance and marketing
from Ball State University, Muncie, IN,
USA in 1987, and 1989 respectively.
His career spanned a diverse
background of energy positions from
energy efficiency program development,
interconnection queue management,
natural gas fired electric generation development and utility
scale wind energy development. Since 2013, when he joined
the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), his areas
of work have been in international and domestic assistance via
renewable resource assessments, development of educational
and capacity building strategies for renewable energy
technologies, examination of new pumped storage hydropower
technologies and supporting the Air Force in their resiliency
planning. Currently, he is senior project leader at NREL,
Golden, CO, USA.

Developing of Quaternary Pumped Storage Hydropower For Dynamic Studies

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IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy 1

Investigating of Quaternary Pumped Storage

IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy 2

Quaternary PSH dual-machine system

Quaternary PSH (Q-PSH) Conventional PSH (C-PSH) Quaternary PSH Governor

quaternary configuration. These two units are connected to

IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy 3

which makes two machine systems electrically coupled.

IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy 4

Power Demand Distribution

IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy 5

Fig. 7. Circuit diagram of the IEEE 14-bus system (a)

IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy 6

C. Study of Different Frequency Controller Parameters to Q-

IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy 7

proportional gain can significantly improve the inertial

IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy 8

Distribution. Available: https://digital- Jin Tan (S’11–M’15) received the B.E.

IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy 9

Matthew Pevarnik received a B.S. (’84)

Mark D. Jacobson received the B.S

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