Review on Energy Storage System Application, Allocation and

Challenges
Pawan Sainia,b , Lata Gidwanib
a Nuclear Power corporation of india limited, Rawatbhata, via-Kota, India
b Deptt. of Electrical engineering, RTU, Kota, India

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Keywords: In recent one decade, application of battery energy storage system (BESS) increased not only for
Battery energy storage devices (BESS) integration of renewable energy sources to grid but also it plays a vital role for energy storage at user
PV Penetration end side. Energy storage system application not only limited to renewable energy integration with grid
Distribution Network but also its vital application in rural micro-grid & electric mobility. A new era of energy transformation
Distributed generation through battery energy storage begins, as crude oil price plummets into negative zone for the first time
in history during COVID-19. The demad of oil depended industries decreased. World’s most countries
utilize energy storage system to reduce CO2 emission and achieve their decarbonization target up to
2030. It is predicted that in near term worlds transportation sector and other sector would dependent
either BESS or other Energy storage system (ESS) with PV generation as a cost-effective means of
reducing pollution and greenhouse effect. The study in this paper provides a comprehensive review
energy storage system techniques, comparison, benefits and brief tabulated summary of research on
ESS allocation in distribution system.

1. Introduction
In present scenario energy storage system (ESS) specially
battery energy storage system (BESS) have become a very
important tool for integration of distributed energy resources
with electric grid. The increasing trend of photovoltaic (PV)
penetration in distribution networks has attracted much at-
tention worldwide. Due to high PV penetration in distribu-
tion system causes reverse power flow and several adverse
effects in power system. As market price of PV projects
decresed in past year and Battery energy storage systems
(BESS) provide promising solution to mitigate this prob-
lem and attracted much attention worldwide due to their en-
vironmental benefits and applicaion towards green energy.
The storage systems can be used either as power sources or
they can perform other important functions such as [1]-[2]:
load leveling, power variation damping or transmission, and
power quality improvement.
Another important aspect related to the adoption of stor-
age technologies is represented by the air-quality concerns
[3], which lead to the minimization of the hydrocarbon use
for electrical energy transportation and distribution [4]. A
relatively new problem arises when connecting the electric
vehicles (EVs) to the main grid. Their storage element aims
at mitigating the pollutant emissions and improving the grid
stability as well. Although the technology for grid stability
improvement through EV battery is not very efficient, cur-
rently, the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) capacity being estimated
at a global level at less than 9 MW in 2013 [5], will be en-
∗ Corresponding author
Email address: pawan25saini@gmail.com
pawan25saini@gmail.com (P. Saini); lgidwani@rtu.ac.in (L.
Gidwani)
www.rtu.ac.in (L. Gidwani)
ORCID (s):
hanced over the next years. Usually, these energy storage
systems (ESSs) are employed together with the distributed
generation (DG) or renewable energy sources (RESs). This
happens in order to provide the consumer a certain indepen-
dence. Although the most important advantage of the RES
is the mitigation of the use of hydrocarbons for electricity
generation and thus of the pollutant emissions, the situa-
tion becomes worse in terms of energy independence and
power quality when the DG and the RES combine. In order
to cope with this problem, the employment of appropriate
storage technologies can prove a reliable solution. On the
other hand, there are cases when the ESSs are needed when
the consumer is connected to the main grid. Generally, the
choice of the type and capacity of such a system is made
based on costs, short circuit power level, and demand re-
sponse [6]. For instance, the operation of a generator driven
by a gas or a steam turbine can be expensive when there is no
storage element in the network. This is because the generator
is run at a lower or higher capacity, depending on the needs,
and this is equivalent with more fuel consumption, voltage
variations as well as low efficiency of the generator. The an-
swer to this problem could reside in a low capacity storage
system. It has been determined that the outage probability in
an SG with distributed energy resources (DRESs) decreases
exponentially with the square of the storage capacity [7].
As climate change and global warming pose a threat to
our environment and health and are growing in significance
due to the increase of greenhouse gas emissions [8]- [9]. Re-
newable energy resources (e.g. wind and photovoltaic etc.)
are gaining attention due to their low emissions and abun-
dance. However, the intermittent nature of renewable re-
sources like wind and solar energy also brings new issues
regarding the grid’s reliability, flexibility and power qual-
ity. Therefore, energy storage systems (ESSs) are being in-

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 Short Title of the Article
Figure 1: Energy Storage Technologies
troduced to address these issues. Smart grid technologies
make it possible to reduce and shift loads and support re-
newables [10]-[11]. The ESSs in a smart grid are able to
improve grid reliability, flexibility and power quality by pro-
viding grid support functions such as ancillary services and
peak load reduction [12]. Based on energy storage technolo-
gies, ESSs can be divided into five categories: electrochemi-
cal, electromagnetic, mechanical, chemical, and thermal [8]-
[11]. Each storage system has distinctive characteristics in
terms of power rating, discharge time, power and energy
density, response time, self-discharge losses, life and cycle
time, etc. , [12]-15]. These features should be taken into ac-
count to determine their suitability for different grid support
functions, such as peak shaving, energy arbitrage, integra-
tion of renewables, voltage and frequency regulation, har-
monics compensation, spinning and non-spinning reserves,
and black start [16]-[75].
This paper presents an extensive review of different roles
ESS can have in the system and the methodologies used to
obtain ESS size and location. In addition to this, various
type of ESS technologies, the benefit of ESS, comparison
and case studies of ESS application in different part of the
world are included in this paper. The paper is organised as
follows: Section 2 present the various type of Energy storage
system (ESS) technologies, ESS comparison and benefits.
Section 3 provides challenges in siting and sizing of ESS.
Section 4 Case study and reviews various proposed methods
for solving problems of placing and sizing ESS. Section 5
provides conclusions.
2. Energy storage system (ESS) technologies
The market of ESSs for utility applications has been de-
veloping rapidly and still dominated by pumped hydro stor-
age (PHS) systems . As a result of technology develop-
ment, new forms of ESSs, such as electrochemical ESSs,
have grown significantly in last decade. In this section, sev-
eral types of technologies for energy storage system are dis-
cussed which include superconducting magnetic energy stor-
age (SMES), flywheel energy storage (FES), supercapacitor,
and battery energy storage system (BESS). The various cate-
Pawan Saini et al.: Preprint submitted to Elsevier
gories of ESSs and technical characteristics for different en-
ergy storage systems are compared in Table 1 [1-20].
2.1. Study of Energy Storage Technologies:
2.1.1. Electrochemical energy storage
Electrochemical Storage includes various BESS technolo-
gies that use different substance to store energy. Each battery
technology has slightly different characteristics and are used
to store and then release electricity for different durations
ranging from a few minutes to several hours. There are two
main categories of batteries: (1) traditional solid recharge-
able batteries where the chemical energy is stored in solid
metal electrodes, and, (2) flow batteries where chemical en-
ergy is stored in varying types of flowing liquid electrolytes
kept in tanks separate from the actual electrochemical cells.
BESS stores energy electrochemically, where the stored
chemical energy can be converted into electrical energy dur-
ing discharging while the reverse mechanism for charging
process. The main elements of BES include batteries, con-
trol and PCS. Batteries are made of cells with series and
parallel electrical connections so as to obtain the required
voltage. Some examples for different types of BES are lead-
acid, sodium sulphur (NaS), lithium ion (Li-ion), metal air
and flow batteries. Furthermore, flow batteries can be fur-
ther categorize into regenerative fuel cell, vanadium redox
(VR) and zinc bromine (ZnBr)[8].
Batteries charge based on an internal chemical reaction
generated by a voltage applied to the battery terminals and
discharge when this internal reaction is reversed. Currently,
high capacity batteries are used for power grid or EV storage,
one of the most efficient being the lead–acid battery.
Among all the aforementioned BES, lead-acid is con-
sider as the earliest and most mature technology and has been
utilized in the majority of power system applications [70].
The lead-acid battery is suitable for bulk energy storage as
well as fast charging and discharging applications, and it is
a cheaper option for some applications where large storage
capacity is required. Nevertheless, lead-acid offers poor en-
ergy density and has short life cycle [68]. Li-ion and NaS
BES technologies are well known with high power density.
Li-ion is an expensive technology due to the specialist cir-
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 Short Title of the Article
Table 1
Taxonomy of the reviewed ESS Technique
Technique of energy storage Formstorage
ergy of en- Power rating Storage pe- Lifetime
(years) Eciency Cost
($/kW) Cost
($/kWh)
(MW) riod/duration (%)
Superconducting
storage magnetic energy Electromagnetic0.1-10 Minutes-hours 20+ 95-98 200-300 1000-
10000
Supercapacitor Electromagnetic0-0.3 Seconds-hours 10-30 84-97 100-300 300-2000
Lead-acid Electrochemical 0-20 Minutes-days 5-15 63-90 300-600 200-400
NaS Electrochemical 0.05-8 Seconds-hours 10-15 75-90 1000-3000 300-500
Li-ion Electrochemical 0-0.1 Minutes-days 5-15 75-97 1200-4000 600-2500
Metal air Electrochemical 0-0.01 Hours-months - 50-55 100-250 10-60
VR Electrochemical 0.03-3 Hours-months 5-10 65-90 600-1500 150-1000
ZnBr Electrochemical 0.05-2 Hours-months 5-10 65-85 700-2500 150-1000
Pumped hydro energy storage Mechanical 100-5000 Hours-months 40-60 65-87 600-2000 5-100
Compressed air energy storage Mechanical 5-300 Hours-months 20-60 50-89 400-800 2-50
Flywheel energy storage Mechanical 0-0.25 Seconds-minutes ~15 85-95 250-350 1000-5000
Liquid air energy storage Thermal 10-200 Hours-months 25+ 55-80 900-1900 260-530
Hydrogen energy storage (fuel cell) Chemical 0-50 Long-term 5-15 20-66 10000+ -

cuitry that is required to protect the battery, and NaS has
some safety hazard issues as pure sodium explodes instantly
when it comes in contact with air [67,70]. For the flow bat-
teries, they have the advantage of long duration storage as a
result of the non-self-discharge capability. They offer high
power, fast response and low maintenance. However, the
flow batteries are costly and not acceptable for small scale
storage application [67,70].BES can be a highly profitable
energy storage technology in the distribution network due to
the range of applications including power system regulation,
power system protection, spinning reserve as well as power
factor correction [68]. The BES technologies that are widely
used for distribution networks include lead acid, Li-ion and
NaS [65].
2.1.2. Electromagnetic energy storage
Electromagnetic ESSs can store energy in either electric
fields (e.g. supercapacitors) or magnetic fields (e.g. super-
conductors).
A Superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) sys-
tem has installed storage size of up to about 10 MW [66].
The magnetic field is used to store the energy where the mag-
netic field is created by a large superconducting coil that
has been cooled cryo- genically to a temperature which is
lower than its superconducting critical point. One of the
most important parts in SMES is the super- conducting coil
which can be either solenoid or toroid. Of these two types
of coils, the solenoid is simpler in controlling the electri-
cal power. However, a toroid produces lower stray fields,
which is crucial in SMES applications [67]. A power condi-
tioning system (PCS) is utilized to charge and discharge the
coil. Two types of PCS, the current source converter and the
voltage source converter, are frequently used. Even though
the SMES has high efficiency and rapid response capability,
the system requires high cost for its superconducting wire
[67,68]. The SMES is not widely used in the distribution
network currently. How- ever, in the future it is expected to
play a crucial role in supporting power system stability and
power quality as the penetration of re- newable power gen-
eration in the distribution network increases [65].
Capacitors store the energy between a pair of charged
plates. The energy storing capacity can be improved by in-
creasing the capacitance of the capacitor or increasing the
voltage across the plates. Supercapacitors, which are also
called ultracapacitors, are dual layer capacitors where the
storage capacity has been increased as a result of the larger
surface area by means of a porous electrolyte [69]. Com-
pared to a conventional capacitor, super capacitors have higher
energy density, at around a hundred times larger than the
typical electrolytic capacitors [67]. Supercapacitors have ad-
vantages such as the capability to charge and discharge regu-
larly without degrading, high efficiency and longer life span
[67]. Due to the high daily self-discharge rate and the high
capital cost, supercapacitors are recommended only for small
scale, short term storage usage [65]. In term of applications
in distribution networks, supercapacitors are commonly used
in energy smoothing and momentary load devices, supply-
ing the power system during voltage sags and momentary in-
terruption, and are also applicable in some scenarios where
high peak power and low energy are required [66,68].
2.1.3. Mechanical energy storage
Mechanical ESSs transform energy between mechanical
and electrical forms. Surplus electricity is taken from the
grid during off-peak hours and stored mechanically (by grav-
itational potential or rotational energy) until it is needed; it
is then released back to the grid [7]. The most common sys-
tem is pumped hydro, which has a high power and energy
rating, long lifespan, and practically unlimited life cycles.
However, the dynamic response is slower than some other
ESSs. pumped hydro storage (PHS) also has a large geo-
graphical footprint and specific topographical requirements.
In Pumped Hydro Storage (PHS) system stored water po-
tential energy is used to generate the electricity. This pro-
cess involves water pumping into reservoir which is located
at higher elevation. This reservoir generally located at top
of the hill. This stored water is used through hydroelec-
tric turbine located at lower elevation to generate electricity.
Pumped Hydro Storage often utilized store energy for long
period for its future use. World PHS capacity is 180MW.
Compressed air energy storage (CAES) systems store en-
ergy in the form of intermolecular potential energy. It fea-
tures a large capacity and medium geographical dependency.
However, the round-trip efficiency is low because of heat
dissipation [8]. Compared with other mechanical ESSs, fly-
wheel energy storage (FES) systems have the highest power

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 Short Title of the Article
density and lowest geographical dependency. However, the
primary disadvantage is that the friction between rotor and
shaft affects the system efficiency, in addition to the high
costs.
A flywheel FES stores energy through the acceleration
of the rotor, and retains the energy in the system at a very
high speed using the concept of inertia [67]. In spite of the
fact that the operation principle is known from antiquity, the
first important flywheel applications have been introduced in
the 1950s when gyrobuses have been adopted in Switzerland
and Austria. These are buses which do not use electricity
from overhead lines but store it in a flywheel. Practically, fly-
wheels store the kinetic energy of a rotational mass. When
a mechanical load (usually an electrical generator) is con-
nected to the flywheel, the discharge process begins. Con-
versely, when a torque is applied to the flywheel, the system
is charged [1]. FES stores energy for power systems when
the flywheel is attached to an electrical machine. The energy
will be transferred to the flywheel from the power system
when the machine runs as a motor and the other way round
if the machine functions as a generator. A power converter
is usually utilized with the electric machine in order to offer
a broader operating range [68]. Meanwhile, FES has the ad-
vantages of lower maintenance rate, longer life cycle, higher
efficiency and is unrestricted by depth of discharge effects.
Nevertheless, the idling losses become the main concern for
feasible flywheel construction because of the external forces
[67]. The FES can deliver fast response frequency regula-
tion to the distribution network for short term and medium
scale application [65]. Therefore FES is normally operated
with other ESS or generators instead of providing standalone
power backup.
2.1.4. Chemical energy storage
Typical chemical ESSs are hydrogen ESS and synthetic
natural gas (SNG) ESS. A hydrogen ESS decomposes water
(H2O) into hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2) with electricity.
Then, H2 can be stored in high-pressure tanks and fed into
a fuel cell to produce electricity. This is an effective way of
storing a large amount of energy for a long period, which
can be applied for long term or even seasonal applications
[1]-[10]. However, the main limitations are the high costs
for obtaining hydrogen and full cell equipment and the safety
risk of storing pressurized H2. Another method of long term
electricity storage uses SNG. For the same amount of energy
storage, the pressure of a SNG tank is lower due to the higher
density of SNG. However, compared with hydrogen ESS, the
conversion losses of SNG ESS are higher and the round-trip
efficiency is lower [1]-[10].
2.1.5. Thermal energy storage
Water storage tanks can be adapted for use as thermal
ESSs. They work for load shifting functions, where the tem-
perature of a water tank is raised during off-peak hours so
that hot water and warm air can be provided during peak
hours without drawing as much electricity. However, this
scenario is essentially load control and the regulation capa-
Pawan Saini et al.: Preprint submitted to Elsevier
bility is inflexible, especially during summer months or in
hot regions where limited hot water or heat is needed [1]-
[10].
2.2. Study of ESS Comparison
Different ESSs are compared in the following in terms
of power density, energy density, power capacity, discharge
time, cycling times, and efficiency etc. The technical char-
acteristics for different energy storage systems are compared
in Table 1.
2.2.1. Power and Energy Density
Power and energy density ranges are two different terms
for ESSs. It is found that most batteries and flywheels en-
ergy storage have relatively moderate energy and power den-
sities. As compaired, Li-ion batteries have higher energy and
power densities than LA batteries. Also, the energy density
of the VRB flow batteries is low. Mechanical ESSs (PHS
and CAES) have low power and energy densities, since large
reservoirs are required. Supercapacitors have high power
densities but low energy densities and in comparison, SMESs
have a lower power density. The energy densities of the hy-
drogen and SNG ESSs are relatively high[1]-[6].
2.2.2. Power Capacity and Discharge Time
Power Capacity and Discharge Time are two important
parameter to measure performance of ESS. Based on pre-
vious work, it can be seen that electromagnetic ESSs, such
as SC and SMES, have short discharge times of several sec-
onds. This makes them useful for short-term grid support
functions. On the contrary, mechanical and chemical ESSs
have long discharge times in the range of hours, which can
be applied for long-term functions such as load shifting [1]-
[10]. The PHS and CAES mechanical ESSs are suitable
for high-power applications, as are the hydrogen and SNG
chemical ESSs. Electrochemical and electromagnetic ESSs
generally have a lower power capacity, but their applications
in the distributed energy systems secure them a decent mar-
ket share [1]-[10].
2.3. Study of ESS Benefits
ESS are characteristics by some distinctive parameters
like power capacity, energy and power density, losses due
to self discharge, discharge time, life-cycle, response time
etc. These important parameter define the applicability and
suitability for different advantages and power grid support
functions like arbitage benefit, integration of renewables re-
sources, harmonic mitigation, V/f regulation, peak shaving
, black start, spinning and non-spinning reserves. In order
to be useful for grid support functions, ESSs are required to
have the both fast power response and high energy capacity.
2.3.1. Benefit due to Peak Shaving
ESS store excess power from grid when generation is
high and supply stored power to load during peak load con-
dition. So utilizing the stored energy during peak load is
known as Peak shaving. This function also reduce the CO2
emission during peak load condition.
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Many research focuses on four aspects [1]: 1) Optimal
scheduling of ESS; 2) Optimal sizing and siting of ESS; 3)
Assessing cost benefit analysis for customers and utilities; 4)
Installation of distributed ESSs rather than large-scale ESSs.
2.3.2. Benefit due to Energy Arbitrage
Energy arbitrage is attempting to earn a profit by charg-
ing the ESS at a lower electricity rate and selling the stored
energy at a higher price. Traditionally, this function is im-
plemented by pumped hydro storage (PHS) systems. With
the wide application of EVs, numerous charging schedul-
ing are proposed for energy arbitrage. The large quantity
of EVs in the near future could contribute to a new concept
of the energy market. Energy arbitrage research is similar
to peak-shaving functions; which includes the optimum ESS
scheduling for maximizing the profits, ESS sizing, economic
assessment, and implementation of distributed ESSs, espe-
cially EVs.
2.3.3. Renewables energy sources Integration
The intermittent nature and integration of renewable en-
ergy sources to grid introduces new challenges for power
system operation. The main issue arises due to unpredictable
PV penetration in distribution system results power imbal-
ance between generation and demand . Therefore, ESSs play
a important role to balance the intermittency. In addition,
ESSs can be used to smooth out fast load fluctuations, regu-
late frequency, etc. Integration of renewable energy sources
to grid requires more system resources to provide ancillary
services (seconds and minute-levels) and energy dispatch
(hour-level). The ESSs are charged in the daytime, when
PVs generate power, and are discharged at night when PV
power is unavailable. As a result, the system power is bal-
anced and the reliability is enhanced [1]-[9].
2.3.4. Voltage and Frequency (V/f) control
Energy storage system can be used to absorb real power
when the grid frequency is higher than nominal and inject
real power when the grid frequency drops below nominal
[1]-[2]. By doing this, they help to stabilize the grid’s fre-
quency. Similarly, ESS can contribute to voltage regulation
by injecting or absorbing reactive power. The various en-
ergy storage technique like SCs, FESs, and batteries are nor-
mally adopted for frequency and voltage regulation because
of their fast response. UL 1741 specifies the voltage and
frequency ride-through requirements for distributed energy
resources (DERs)[1]-[10].
2.3.5. Harmonic reduction
Due to the increasing presence ofinverters and nonlinear
loads and power electronic converters, the grid power quality
is deteriorated significantly. To compensate grid harmonics,
numerous active and passive filtering techniques were devel-
oped [1]. However, installing additional filters is not favor-
able due to extra costs. An alternative is utilizing ESSs to
compensate harmonics where harmonic compensation can
Pawan Saini et al.: Preprint submitted to Elsevier
be integrated with primary grid support functions. IEEE
1547 specifies the maximum harmonic current distortion for
DERs [1]. Energy storage system improve the power quality.
2.3.6. Reserves
When a contingency occurs and is large enough to af-
fect the power system frequency, the spinning reserves in-
stantly respond as when it require. Then, the spinning and
non-spinning reserves are normally relieved by replacement
reserves within 30 minutes [1]-[15]. Therefore, the reserves
are an important resource that can safeguard power systems
without involuntary load shedding. Currently, battery en-
ergy storage systems are being gradually applied for spin-
ning reserve to replace conventional generators which are
slow for grid synchronization due to startup issues. Increas-
ing the grid reserve size can increase the system reliability,
but with higher costs. Numerous approaches have been pro-
posed to determine the optimum spinning reserve size as a
compromise between reliability and costs. Currently, with
the increasing penetration of EVs, some research is also con-
ducted on evaluating the spinning reserve ability of EVs [1]-
[8].
2.3.7. Black Start
ESSs can provide black start capability, which helps a
system startup from a shutdown. An example is the Huntorf
CAES plant that provides black-start power to nuclear units
located near to the North Sea [5]. Also, ESSs can provide
support for following the load demand changes [1]-[15].
3. Challenges in siting and sizing of ESS
There are various challenges encountered for in siting
and sizing of Energy storage in distribution system. Many
efforts made by researchers in optimization and selection
technique of ESS. Energy storage are generally identified by
nine characteristics (power capacity, energy capacity, ramp
rate, location, response granularity, response frequency, con-
trol/communication, response time and implementation re-
quirements), where only the first six are physical character-
istics. According to literature, most of ESS are selected by
their energy capacity (MWh), power capacity (MW) and sit-
ing in distribution network. Another important selection cri-
terion is round circle efficiency of ESS. Simultaneous de-
termination of ESS location and size is a non-deterministic
polynomial-time (NP) hard problem and up to now has not
been solved efficiently for large-scale problems. A number
of methods have been developed in the literature for deter-
mining the size and siting of ESS. Moreover, for the purpose
of better analysis a Taxonomy of the reviewed ESS alloca-
tion research papers are clustered and summarised in Table
II.
Due to an unbalanced installation of PV plant at different
phases in 3 phase distribution LV feeder, so PV plant invert-
ers allocation on a feeder are varied by the category of cus-
tomers. This may deteriorate the existing voltage unbalance
factor of the distribution network. Hence, Due to unbalanced
penetration of PV plant operation of voltage-controlled de-
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Table 2
Reviewed ESS allocation research papers
Year Reference Objective function Optimization Method Variable Application of the ESS Test system
2009 [38] Maximize net present value Control algorithm based Size Spinning reserve; fre- Simulink model us-
on adjustable state of quency support ing LFC power system
charge limits simulator
2009 [52] Minimize the installation cost Sensitivity analysis; GA Number & Location Power losses reduction 69-bus distribution sys-
and the real power losses tem
2010 [29] Minimize the spilled wind power Wind curtailment indexed Size & Location Peak shaving; power losses 41-bus rural distribution
and annual electricity cost OPF reduction system
2011 [33]  Decomposition method, Location Reverse power ow mitiga- Simple residential distri-
Voltage prole analysis tion bution system
2011 [44] Minimize the rated power ca- Simple control; fuzzy; Size Smooth output generation 100MW wind farm
pability and energy capacity of simple ANN; advanced
ESS ANN
2012 [37] Minimize the area control error DFT Size Load following WECC system imbalance
power model
2013 [34] Minimize the cost related with Self-computed algorithm Size Peak shaving Typical residential and
the purchasing (or selling) of commercial loads
energy and the storage loss
2013 [47] Minimize the hourly social cost GA enhanced market- Location Peak shaving IEEE 24-bus system
based POPF
2013 [50] Minimize the cost considering GA; SQP based inner al- Size & Location Peak shaving; power losses 17-bus MV balanced 3-
the price arbitrage and the gorithm reduction phase system
power Losses
2013 [58] Maximize the voltage index and Weighted minimum mod- Size & Location Peak shaving; voltage sup- Test feeder with 21 nodes
the active power adjustment ule ideal point method; port; active power control and 3 RE sources
Capacity PSO
2014 [24] Minimize the annual cost Cost-benet analysis Size Voltage support; peak Modied General Electric
shaving distribution system
2014 [53] Minimize the total cost function FPSO Size & Location Energy arbitrage; power Modied IEEE 15-bus
and the power losses losses reduction distribution system
2014 [54] Minimize the total MG cost MADS; IPSO Size Voltage support; frequency MG with MT, FC, WT,
support PV and BESS
2014 [61] Minimize the bus voltage devia- EOFA Size Voltage support 69-bus distribution sys-
tion and the BESS inactive hour tem
2014 [62] Minimize the voltage deviation BFA Location Voltage support 69-bus distribution sys-
tem
2015 [36] Minimize the ESS cost, trans- Algorithm based on Size & Location Voltage support IEEE 14-bus system
mission losses and additional WPTS
cost
2015 [39] Minimize BESS current as a Improved impedance ma- Size & Location Voltage support IEEE 14-bus system
function of solar current trix analysis
2015 [48] Minimize the NPV associated GA Location Peak shaving; power losses IEEE 33-bus system
with power losses reduction
2015 [55] Minimize the total expected op- HMOPSO Size & Location Voltage support IEEE 30-bus system
eration cost of the power sys-
tem
2016 [30] Minimize the total storage size Clustering and sensitiv- Size & Location Voltage support Randomly generated ra-
and line losses;minimize the to- ity analysis; multi-period; dial network
tal cost OPF convex relaxation
2016 [31] Minimize the generation cost Benders decomposition Size & Location Grid congestions mitiga- CIGRE LV benchmark
and storage investment method tion grid
2016 [35] Minimize the frequency devia- Power spectrum density Size Frequency support Transmission system
tion analysis model
2016 [40] Minimize the distribution sys- Interior-point algorithm Size Grid congestions mitiga- IEEE 33-bus system; LV
tem cost tion; voltage support; peak distribution system in
shaving; loss reduction Western Australia
2016 [45]  PNN Size Peak shaving Distribution system in
NPU
2016 [46] Minimize the cost CVNN Size & Location Frequency control; peak Grid in Maui island
shaving
2016 [59] Minimize the distribution sys- Loss sensitivity based al- Size & Location Power losses reduction Distribution network in
tem losses gorithm; PSO Ontario
2016 [60] Minimize total operation cost Improved BA Size MG management Low voltage 16-bus MG
test system
2016 [63] Minimize the total AOC IHSA Size Spinning reserve PV-BESS connected grid
2016 [64] Minimize the total installation Hybrid Tabu Search/ PSO Size & Location Peak shaving; voltage sup- 21-node distribution sys-
and operation cost port; tem
2017 [25] Minimize the net present cost Financial evaluation Size UPS Medium size commercial
method building in Mashhad
2017 [28] Minimize the cost and LOLE constraint optimization Size & Location Peak shaving 33-bus microgrid with
method; fuzzy technique 3 wind turbines and 4
micro-turbines
2017 [41] Maximize the revenue of distri- Modied PSO Size & Location Network support Radial 30-bus distribution
bution company system
2017 [49] Minimize the voltage deviation QBFA; EOFA Size & Location Voltage support 69-bus radial distribution
at PVDG bus; Minimize the system
BESS o-Time
2017 [56] Minimize voltage uctuation GA based bi-level opti- Size & Location Voltage support IEEE 8500-Node test
mization method feeder
2017 [57] Minimize the deviation between Variable-interval reference Size Voltage support 90MW wind farm in
the reference and actual output; modulation; improved Shandong Province,
maximize the annual income PSO China
2018 [26] Minimize the total microgrid Cost-benet analysis Size Load support Microgrid with three dis-
cost patchable wind DG
2018 [27] Minimize the total of generator Cost-benet analysis Size Solve intermittency Power system with wind
operation cost and ESS invest- generation
ment cost
2018 [32] Minimize the ESS related cost Conditionally exact con- Size & Location Voltage support; grid con- 70-bus test case
and daily operation cost vex OPF; Benders gestions mitigation
2018 [42] Minimize the costs for grid, DG, Self-computed two stage Size & Location Network support; smooth IEEE 33 bus radial system
BESS and controllable loads algorithm output generation
2018 [43] Minimize the total installed Two-stage stochastic al- Size Voltage support IEEE 37-bus system
storage capacity gorithm
2018 [51] Minimize the voltage deviation GA Size & Location Voltage support; power IEEE 34-bus system
and the power losses losses reduction
2019 [74] Minimize Power Loss and Oper- Allocation Methodology Size & Location Voltage support; power IEEE 33-bus system
ational Costs (AM) 1 and 2 losses reduction
2020 [75] Minimize Power Loss and cost GA Size & Location power losses reduction Distribution sysyem
model
2020 [76] Maximizing loading margin MINLP; VSC-SOBA Size & Location Minimize the voltage devi- T&D 16-bus; 62-bus;
ation & maximizing LM 286-bus and large scale
1142-bus test systems
Pawan Saini et al.: Preprint submitted to Elsevier Page 6 of 10
 Short Title of the Article
Table 3
Energy Storage Projects in India (2017 - 2019) : Case study [77]
Project Name Capacity of Project
(Company)
PGCIL 3 x 500 kW, 250 kWh BESS
NLC 2x10MW Solar PV + 8MWh/16MW BESS
NTPC 2MWh BESS
NTPC 17MW Solar PV +6.8MWh/6.8MW BESS
NTPC 8MW Solar PV3.2MWh/3.2MW BESS
TPDDL 10MWh BESS Sub-station
SECI 10 MW/20 MWh BESS for 160 MW Wind + Solar Hybrid
SECI 2 MW Solar PV Project + 1MWh BESSKaza
SECI 2 x 1.5 MW Solar PV +2 x 2.5 MWh BESS
APSE 5 MW Solar PV Project +4MWh BESS
vices also affected in MV network. Foe example, voltage
regulators operation is influenced by overvoltage caused by
reversal of power in distribution system. Energy storage sys-
tem siting and sizing is a complex problem and for optimal
solution consider the following challenges arises due to PV
penetration in distribution system
3.1. Effect on voltage
If PV plant electricity production is more than the load
on low voltage (LV) feeder, the extra power will create over-
voltage on the feeder. If PV installation is done by cluster-
based approach then overvoltage impact may propagate to
upstream medium voltage (MV) network.
3.2. Cloud effect
The output power of PV module is uncertain and depend
on irradiation level., ultimately it depend on whether con-
dition. PV power output ramps up and down at high rates,
due to this voltage fluctuations arises on LV feeder. Inverter
functionality also get effected form this. Voltage level at in-
verter side may increase beyond certain limit, which may
result tripping of inverter at PV side.
3.3. Effect on neutral current
Due to an unbalanced installation of PV plant at differ-
ent phases in 3 phase distribution LV feeder, during reverse
power flow high neutral current flow at peak load in day
hours. High neutral potential appears due to neutral ground-
ing resistance (NGR) in circuit.
3.4. Effect on power factor
Due to PV plant installation near at Unity Power Factor
(UPF) load, it is detected that some LT circuits produces ac-
tive power. This power factor produces power quality issues.
So, along with PV installation, there is a requirement of re-
active power compensation or power factor improvement de-
vices.
3.5. Effect on feeder power loss
In general after PV plant installation losses decrease due
to less power flow through line, power is supplied locally.
But if PV penetration increase from certain limit the power
Pawan Saini et al.: Preprint submitted to Elsevier
Location and Year
Puducherry in 2017
Port Blair, Andaman & Nicobar Islands in 2019
Port Blair, Andaman & Nicobar Islands in 2019
South Andaman, Andaman &Nicobar Islands in2019
South Andaman, Andaman &Nicobar Islands in2019
Delhi in Feb-2019
Andhra Pradesh in 2019
Himachal Pradesh in 2019
Leh District, J&K in 2019
Makkuva, Andhra Pradesh in 2019
flow reverses, results high power losses along the feeder.
Daily power loss may vary due to the variation of PV output
throughout the day.
3.6. Effect due to Voltage unbalance
Due to an unbalanced installation of PV plant at differ-
ent phases in 3 phase distribution LV feeder, so PV plant
inverters allocation on a feeder are varied by the category
of customers. This may deteriorate the existing voltage un-
balance factor of the distribution network. The unbalance
factor may vary from time to time due to the variations of
solar irradiance and PV output.
3.7. Effect on Tap setting
The overvoltage due to high PV penetration may require
the voltage regulators to operate during midday to keep the
node voltage below the upper limit. Hence, Voltage regula-
tors keep voltage within a bandwidth of voltage limits.
4. Case studies of ESS application
As wide range of ESS applications have been proposed
in the literature, not all are applicable in terms of cost ben-
efit and efficiency. This section discusses some case studies
of ESS application in different parts of the world. Table 3
Shows the list of BESS project w.r.t. india.
The case study done for CAES plant located in MaIntosh
Power Plant site was de- clared commercial in 1991 [73]. It
was the only CAES plant in the U.S., with 110 MW gen-
eration capacity [71]. This CAES plant provided support
to peak demand where the air was pumped into the cavern
using cheaper, off-peak energy in order to generate energy
during peak demand and higher price periods The flywheel
energy storage (FES) was employed by Max Planck Insti-
tute Power Supply System, Germany to supply on-site power
which is required for high energy fusion experiments. Three
flywheels were brought into operation in 1973, 1977 and
1987 respectively. The fly- wheels have capacities of 155
MW, 124 MW and 108 MW [71].
In year 2009, a BESS unit using lithium ion battery tech-
nology was employed in the AES Gener’s Los Andes sub-
station, Chile, to assist in achieving critical grid reliability
Page 7 of 10
 Short Title of the Article
and enable the power system to supply more power to other
important regions of Chile. The BESS with capacity of 12
MW and 4 MW h provided a portion of the requirement for
primary and secondary reserve. The BESS was developed
to operate in both dispatch and autonomous mode where it
responded promptly to significant frequency deviations ac-
cording to the boundaries given by the system operator [71].
In 2011, a BESS module was developed for a 544 MW
thermal power plant in Mejillones, Chile, by a subsidiary of
AES Corporation to satisfy the critical needs of the indepen-
dent system operator of the Northern Chilean electric grid.
In this case, the storage capacity of 20 MW and 5 MW h pro-
vided reserve capacity functions for grid support [71]. The
BESS observed the status of the power system and reacted to
any significant frequency deviations arising for example due
to a fault. The BESS was able to supply adequate and imme-
diate power response to support the grid until the fault was
cleared or other resources were redispatched. A BESS has
been installed in 2011 for a 98 MW wind power gen- eration
plant located in Belington, West Virginia. The BESS of 32
MW and 8 MW h with lithium ion battery technology was
developed by AES Energy Storage for frequency regulation
and to assist with wind energy integration onto the network
by managing ramp rates and other problems [71]..
A project using vanadium redox batteries (VRBs) was
launched in Oxnard, California in 2012 for the purpose of
peak shaving. The electric utility in California, SCE, charges
higher rate for the energy used during peak periods which
normally falls during a six hour period in the afternoon. This
led to a company known as Gills Onions to install the BESS.
The BESS was charged at night and then discharged during
the peak periods in the afternoon. This helped in reduce the
electricity cost for the company, as well as protect against
power fluctuation during the start up of large equipment. The
vanadium redox BESS were made up of three 200 kW mod-
ules which could supply six hours of storage during the ex-
pensive on-peak utility rate period, or respond to spikes in
usage with the full 600 kW [71].
In year 2011, The International Renewable Energy Agency
(IRENA) has published a report with case studies on BESS
and their ability to integrate renewable energy sources into
the power grid [72]. The first case study is a BESS which
aimed to integrate additional 4.5 MW wind generation into
an island system in Alaska. The base load and the peak load
of the utility KEA system were about 11 MW and 27 MW
respec- tively, while the existing power capacity included
23 MW hydropower and 33 MW diesel generation. In this
project, the 3 MW/750 kW h ad- vanced lead-acid battery so-
lution was employed to maintain the fre- quency response,
reducing the need for diesel generator spinning re- serve.
The project was considered successful and the cost benefit
was quickly realized since the first six months of wind power
output dis- placed diesel generation of cost USD 560,000
[71].
Another case study from IRENA report depicted a project
in Maui, Hawaii which utilized a lithium-iron phosphate bat-
tery provided by NEC Energy Solution in smoothing the
Pawan Saini et al.: Preprint submitted to Elsevier
ramp rates of a 23 MW wind farm [71]. The BESS pro-
vided a capacity of 11 MW/4,300 kW h and man- aged to
maintain the stability of the local power grid by restricting
feed- in variability of the wind farm. A project in New Mex-
ico, United States employed BESS to smooth the ramp rate
in output from a solar PV re- source. The lead-acid BESS
was supplied by Ecoult to the utility PNM, where the BESS
was able to deliver 500 kW of smoothing capability and 250
kW/1 MW h of energy shifting for a 500 kW solar PV plant
owned by the utility. The installation of BESS also offered
better alignment of Other case studies shown in the IRENA
report described similar applications of BESS including en-
ergy time shift, smoothing of renew- able sources output,
frequency response and spinning reserve. For these appli-
cations, in Rokkasho, Japan, 34 MW/204 MW h of sodium-
sulphur BESS capacity was provided by NGK Insulators and
was connected to a 51 MW wind farm in Japan. The BESS
assisted wind integration by charging with electricity pro-
duced during low demand periods at night, which was then
sold during the day with periods of higher demand. Simi-
larly, in Texas, United States, 36 MW/24 MW h of advanced
lead- acid BESS was integrated into the Notrees 153 MW
wind farm in West Texas by the utility Duke Energy With re-
gards to compressed air energy storage case studies, the old-
est operating CAES plant was completed in 1978 in Huntorf,
Germany [73]. The plant was utilized mainly for peak shav-
ing for hydroelectric storage facilities and at the same time,
the plant enhanced the ramp rate of the coal plants. The rated
power for the plant was 321 MW [5]
5. Conclusion
This paper presents a review of energy storage systems
techniques, type, comparison, benefit, challenges and op-
timal placement and control strategy method. In the first,
a review of the energy storage techniques, comparison and
benefit is presented, where different energy storage systems
are detailed and assessed. Then, challenges in ESS siting
and sizing are presented after that some case studies pre-
sented. The main objective of this paper is to provide an up-
dated reference regarding optimal allocation of energy stor-
age systems in distribution system for utility applications to
researchers. The application of ESS is to provide system se-
curity, reliability and flexibility to respond changes which
still difficult to accurately forecast. In present scenario in-
creasing trend of PV penetration in distribution networks has
attracted much attention worldwide, such lower cost energy
is a critical component in reducing peak power demands with
proper utilization of energy storage systems techniques.
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