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Keywords: This paper presents an effective hybrid supercapacitor-battery energy storage system (SC-BESS) for the active
Hybrid energy storage power management in a wind-diesel system using a fuzzy type distributed control system (DCS) to optimally
Power management regulate the system transient. It addresses a new online intelligent approach by using a combination of the fuzzy
Distributed control system logic and DCS based on the particle swarm optimization techniques for optimal tuning and reduce the design
Battery energy storage
effort of the control system. This mechanism combines the features of online fuzzy theory and distributed control
Wind diesel system
system (DOFCS), which has a flexible structure. The proposed energy management algorithm for the hybrid SC-
BESS is well able to repel the peak-impact of the battery storage system during the wind speed and load changes.
The high performance of the suggested methodology is represented on a typical wind-diesel test system.
⁎
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: hshayeghi@gmail.com (H. Shayeghi).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2020.106391
Received 4 April 2020; Received in revised form 21 June 2020; Accepted 20 July 2020
Available online 17 August 2020
0142-0615/ © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
H. Shayeghi, et al. Electrical Power and Energy Systems 125 (2021) 106391
regulation service provider, and lengthier life for maximizing the profit. regulation in wind-battery operation. The motivation for integration of
As a sole ESS is unable to provide these necessities efficiently and an ESS into a wind energy system is to take into account the total inertia
economically, thus it is important to combine various ESSs for making a of wind turbine, low voltage rides through capability, power quality
hybrid storage unit. For example, a battery energy storage and a SC can problems, etc. [16]. Furthermore, different kinds of hybrid ESS are
be used to create a hybrid ESS [12,13]. introduced in [17–19], where SC and BESS were applied for meeting
Some authors presented the wind-diesel hybrid system with an ESS the large-scale capability requirement and the short term fast-variation
[14,15]. The role of the BESS in isolated wind-diesel power system was power, respectively. The grid-connected hybrid system in [17] was
demonstrated in [14] for active power compensation and frequency demonstrated a combination of the battery and SC to reduce the voltage
Table 1
Storage power management and the corresponding control methods.
Ref. Energy source(s) ESS Management strategy Control strategy
2
H. Shayeghi, et al. Electrical Power and Energy Systems 125 (2021) 106391
and frequency instabilities as a result of variable wind generation. load and a hybrid SC-BESS system is modeled and studied. The results
Several vignettes were tested varying the size of the parallel SC bank depict that the optimized fuzzy type DCS has a good performance. Also,
where the SC handled short variations and the flow battery handled a high percentage of the battery's peak current is reduced in transient
longer variations. Esmaili et. al [18] suggested the low-pass filters to situation and the system frequency/voltage is properly regulated from
provide a rate-limited demand signal to sensitive power sources with a the point of overshoot/undershoot and settling time in comparison with
separate control for regulation the ESS voltage and manage energy DCS controller.
usage. A fixed time constant was used in the low-pass filter and so the In summary, the novel contributions of this study are:
ESS has the same response for a specific power step across the full load
range. However, to improve and ensure the lifespan of both BESS and • Suggesting an effective distributed online fuzzy control system to
SC, it is important which both work inside their operating constraints. enable the suggested hybrid ESS for properly smoothing the load
BESS must work inside its state of charge and current limits and SC and wind speed variations for the enhancement of the system power
inside its voltage and current limits. quality.
Simultaneously, the SC must reply to fast high current signals for • Using a PSO technique for optimizing the DOFCS controller gains
BESS lifetime maximizing [20]. In [21], an optimum energy manage- automatically to reduce design effort and cost.
ment structure for hybrid SC/battery energy storage was presented. The • Significantly reducing battery’s peak current in transient situations
optimization problem was formulated for minimizing the current fluc- to maximize the lifespan of the BESS and investigate the active
tuation in the BESS and the energy dissipation observed by SC [21]. In power balancing capability using the proposed management method
[22], using the fuzzy theory and a low-pass filter a control approach for energy of the hybrid SC-BESS and control approach.
was reported for the hybrid SC/battery energy storage. The BESS peak • Improving the system frequency by methods: a) using the proposed
current demand is minimized using the suggested strategy while the energy management method of the storage section. b) using the
SOC of the SC is considered constant. A complete wind-diesel power proposed microgrid controller. c) combination of the (a) and (b)
system has been studied to illustrate the efficiency of the system and methods.
individual modules [23]. Table 1 lists the recent researches on storage • Improving system voltage by using the proposed DOFCS, a good
power management and the corresponding control methods. However, regulation is achieved with significantly reducing overshoot/un-
there is still no study on the application of the disturbed online fuzzy dershoot than the DCS controller.
system for hybrid energy storage management to decrease the peak
charge/discharge current of the battery and improve frequency tran- The paper is organized as below. Description of the hybrid wind
sient during changes in load and wind speed. diesel system is given in Sec. 2. The detailed information of battery
In this paper, an effective hybrid ESS is proposed for proper man- storage and SC are given in Secs. 3 and 4, respectively. The proposed
agement of the reverse power in an islanded wind-diesel system using control is discussed in Sec. 5. The presented energy management me-
the distributed online fuzzy control system (DOFCS). This control ap- chanism among the battery storage and SC is described in Sec. 6.
proach combines the features of fuzzy theory and distributed control to Section 7 represents the simulation results. Conclusion is given in Sec.
increase filtering effort of load and wind power fluctuations and reduce 8.
fuzzy system efforts. On the other hand, optimal tuning of online fuzzy
type DCS gains has a key role to realize the robust performance.
Consequently, the PSO algorithm is applied for finding a better system 2. The islanded wind/diesel/storage microgrid
control. Finally, an isolated wind-diesel system including consumer
A wind/diesel/storage based isolated microgrid is investigated in
3
H. Shayeghi, et al. Electrical Power and Energy Systems 125 (2021) 106391
this paper. Fig. 1 shows the microgrid schematic (see Ref. [23] for more Q Q
Vbatt = E0 − K ( ) i∗ − K ( ) ib t + Ae−B . it (i∗ > 0)
details). The microgrid operation is depended on the quality of power Q − ib t Q − ib t (3)
generation and consumption mismatch.
As illustrated in Fig. 1, the prime mover of the synchronous gen- Q Q
Vbatt = E0 − K ( ) i∗ − K ( ) ib t + Ae−B . it (i∗ < 0)
erator (SG) is a diesel engine. The BESS unit composes of a Nickel- Q − ib t Q − ib t (4)
Cadmium battery bank, an LC filter, a three-phase current controlled The fully charged state voltage and the exponential section voltage
inverter (CCI), and a transformer. The WTG system includes an induc- are calculated by Eqs, (3) and (4), respectively:
tion generator that is linked directly to the distribution lines and the
wind turbine. In this paper a fixed speed without pitch control for WTG Vfull = E0 − Rib + A (5)
is used as it has robust construction, low cost and simple maintenance
−3 Q
and these are important factors in the remote locations of wind diesel Q exp
Vexp = E0 − K ( )(Qexp + ib) − Rib + Ae Qexp
system [23]. The consumer load comprises of a 175 kW as the main Q − Qexp (6)
load and a 125 kW as an extra load.
and cell voltage of the nominal zone is expressed as:
The active power regulator (APR) (node 1) receives the rotor speed
and active power of the SG as inputs. PREF is calculated as: Q −3 Q
Vnom = E0 − K ( )(Qnom + ib) − Ri + Ae Qnom nom
Q − Qnom (7)
def
PREF = KP ef + KD + Pinv
dt (1) Also, the battery SOC is expected based on coulomb counting by
collecting the capacity during the charge/discharge (η = 1 for dis-
Where, fNOM , f and PINV are the nominal, actual frequency and DE charge, and η < 1 for charge) case of the battery as:
reverse power, respectively and ef = f - fNOM [23]. The APR controls the
1 t
system frequency using a discrete PD controller [23]. SOC = SOC0 −
Qn
∫0 ηib dt
(8)
In Fig. 2, the reverse power protection control is also shown. The
dead zone applies an offset to evade extreme action of this control Noted that, the battery SOC should be regulated between the safe
approach. It begins at −6 kW and finishes at 0 kW (2% of PSG-NOM) and bounds (SOCmin ⩽ SOC ⩽ SOCmax ) in the actual positions.
eP = PSG(NOM)-PSG. Consequently, once this protection system is ac-
tuated the steady state power of DG is retained between 30 and 36 kW.
2.2. The SC model
To avoid the reverse power, the wind diesel control system must use the
controlled sink/source BESS. If the BESS is added to the power system
The block of SC applies a general model for presenting the widely
and being PS the power consumed/supplied by the BESS (it is con-
used of SC in Fig. 3. The output voltage (VSC) of SC is described as [33].
sidered positive if consumed) then:
Nsc Qec d 2Ne Nsc Rd T Qec
PDE + PT − PL − PS = Jω
dω VSC = + sinh−1 ⎜⎛ 2
⎞
⎟ − Rsc . isc
dt (2) Npc Ne εε0 Ai F ⎝ Npc Ne Ai 8R d Tεε 0 Cm ⎠
If we assume that BESS is not in the microgrid (PS = 0), the speed (9)
governor (speed regulator and actuator) regulates system frequency by
controlling the DE and the diesel speed governor will make the DG run
Qec = ∫ iSC dt (10)
at constant speed (dω/dt = 0). To present the self-discharge phenomenon, the SC charge equation
The diesel speed governor cannot control PDE if it is out of the range is reformed as (when iSC is 0):
(0, DE rated power) and the 0 lower limit cannot always be satisfied in a
wind diesel system. The uncontrolled power generated by the WTG (PT) Qec = ∫ iself _dis dt (11)
can be greater than the consumed power by the load (PL). As the speed
governor cannot order the DE to consume power, it is unable to regulate Where,
frequency [23]. CT α1
When the produced power of WTG, PT , is more than load power, PL, ⎧ 1 + sRSC CT
if t − tOC ⩽ t3
⎪
the system active power, PL - PT, is negative. Thus, to balance system iself _dis =
CT α2
if t3 < t − tOC ⩽ t4
active power the DG produced power should be negative for regulating ⎨ 1 + sRSC CT
⎪ CT α3
if t − tOC ⩾ t4
the system frequency. 1 + sRSC CT (12)
⎩
Once the wind speed is high, DG goes to the minimum power pro-
duction (the min and max DG values are limited) and the BESS begins to The safe operating voltage of an SC will be as:
charge (production power is more than the consumption power of the (vsc )min < vsc < (vsc )max (13)
microgrid). When the wind speed is low, DG goes to the maximum
power production and the BESS begins to discharge. The ESS in Fig. 1 In this study, the minimum and maximum operating voltage for SC
composes of a hybrid SC/battery and DC-DC converter. Fig. 3 shows the is chosen as 240 and 380 v, respectively:
structure of the hybrid ESS. ESS and DG performance are dependent on The value of the SC is predicted without considering wind turbine
wind power variations. They are compensated for active power where it delivers the nominal power of microgrid, Pmicrogrid (i.e.,
shortages. 460 kW) for supplying load at a time interval about 16 s. Consequently,
the size of the SC is expressed as:
2.1. The battery model
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H. Shayeghi, et al. Electrical Power and Energy Systems 125 (2021) 106391
smax × (Pmicrogrid )reted × t Through an inverse Laplace transform, the corresponding expres-
Csup = sion in the time domain is:
[(Vsc )2max − (Vsc )2min ] (14)
N −1
⎧ ⎛1 − Rb
Using the Eq. (14) Csup is obtained 20F for this work study. vi (t ) = Rb I0 ∑ ⎜ e−β (t − kT ) ⎞ Φ(t − kT )
⎟
k=0
⎨
⎩⎝ R b + Rc ⎠
2.3. The SC-BESS combined model
Rb
−(1 − e−β [t − (k + D) T ] × Φ[t − (k + D) T ] ⎫
The mathematical models of the battery and SC are simplified to Rb + R c ⎬
⎭ (23)
make the analysis tractable. The equivalent circuit of the direct con- From the circuit in Fig. 4c, the output/power source voltage can be
nection is displayed in Fig. 4(a), and its equivalent circuit in the Laplace expressed as:
domain and its Thevenin equivalent are presented in Fig. 4(b) and (c),
respectively. The equivalent circuit is transformed into the frequency V0 (s ) = VTh (s ) − Vi (s ) (24)
domain using the Laplace transform [34]. By combining Eqs. (19) and (23), the above Eq. (24) in the time
Rc s+α Rb 1 domain can be expressed as:
VTh (s ) = Vb + Vc 0
Rb + R c s (s + β ) Rb + R c s + β (15) Rb
v0 (t ) = vTh (t ) − vi (t ) = Vb + (Vc 0 − Vb) e−β . t
Rb + R c
1 Rb R c s + α
ZTh (s ) = (Rb + )‖Rb =
sC Rb + R c s + β (16) N −1
Rb
− Rb I0 ∑ ⎧ ⎛1 −
⎜ e−β (t − kT ) ⎞ Φ(t − kT )
⎟
1 k=0
⎨
⎩ ⎝ R b + Rc ⎠
α=
Rc C (17)
Rb
1 −⎛1 −
⎜ e−β [t − (k + D) T ] ⎞ × Φ[t − (k + D) T ] ⎫
⎟
β= ⎝ Rb + R c ⎠ ⎬
⎭ (25)
(Rb + R c ) C (18)
Finally, the currents in the battery and SC can be derived based on
Therefore, the inverse Laplace transform of the Thevenin voltage
the resolved output/power source voltage in Eq. (25):
source in Eq. (15) leads to:
1
Rb ib (t ) = [Vb − v0 (t )]
vTh (t ) = Vb + (Vc 0 − Vb) e−β . t Rb (26)
Rb + R C (19)
ic (t ) = i 0 (t ) − ib (t ) (27)
After achieving mathematical model of the Thevenin equivalent
circuit, it is possible to connect a power charging source or load to this If the battery voltage reaches to SC voltage, a steady state exists, i.e.
hybrid ESS. To analyze the behavior of hybrid ESS when there is a V0c = Vb. The battery voltage can then be found using Eqs. (25) and
charging source/load, suddenly fluctuating from one level to another, a (26):
Fig. 4. Equivalent circuit of a SC in parallel connection with a battery ((a) Equivalent circuit of passive parallel connection (b) Equivalent circuit in the Laplace
domain (c) Thevenin equivalent circuit).
5
H. Shayeghi, et al. Electrical Power and Energy Systems 125 (2021) 106391
N −1
Rb Table 2
ibss (t ) = I0 ∑ ⎧ (1 − e−β (t − kT ) )Φ(t − kT )
⎨ R − Rc The fuzzy rules set.
k=0 ⎩ b
e/Δe NB NS Z PS PB
Rb
−(1 − e−β [t − (k + D) T ] ) × Φ[t − (k + D) T ] ⎫ NB BG BG MD BG BG
Rb − R c ⎬
⎭ (28) NS BG MD SM MD BG
Z MD SM SM SM BG
Similarly, the SC current under steady state conditions is:
PS BG MD SM MD BG
PB BG BG MD BG BG
iscc (t )
N −1
Rb I0 Negative Big (NB), Negative Medium (NM), Negative Small (NS), Zero (Z),
= ∑ {e−β (t − kT ) Φ(t − kT ) − e−β [t − (k + D) T ] Φ[t − (k + D) T ]}
Positive Small (PS), Positive Medium (PM) and Positive Big (PB)
Rb + R c k=0
(29)
algorithm to reduce control efforts and find a better DCS system to
Based on Eq. (28), the peak current of battery appears at the end of achieve the robust power quality in the isolated microgrid. This control
the pulsed charging current, i.e. t = (k + D) T. With time increasing, n mechanism has a flexible structure and easy to implement.
tends toward infinity, and the expression for peak battery current is: It should be noted that the fuzzy controller performance highly
depends on the membership functions. Without precise information
R e−βDT 1 − e−β (1 − D) T ⎤
Ibpeak = I0 ⎡1 − b = I0 (1 − ζ c ) about the system, the membership functions cannot be carefully se-
⎢
⎣ Rb − R c 1 − e−βDT ⎥ ⎦ (30) lected, and the designed fuzzy controller does not provide optimal
where ζc is the current sharing factor of the SC at the peak charging performance in a wide range of operating conditions. Therefore, a
current: complementary algorithm is used to online regulating of membership
functions [35]. In the proposed control strategy, the DOFCS parameters
Rb e−βDT (1 − e−β (1 − D) T ) are automatically tuned using fuzzy rules, according to the online
ζc =
Rb − R c 1 − e−βDT (31) measurements. In order to obtain an optimal performance, the PSO
technique is used as offline to determine the membership functions
parameters.
3. Control of the microgrid
Also, noted that the proper choice of the cost function has a key role
in synthesis procedure. Hence, the following cost function is introduced
As well known, wind energy is not accessible for all time, and its
for optimization:
action is affected by random weather conditions. Thus, the distributed
sources generated energy is not always identical to the consumer de- Ts
6
H. Shayeghi, et al. Electrical Power and Energy Systems 125 (2021) 106391
power to the load. The high energy density characteristic of the bat-
teries makes them a suitable choice for steady power supply. However,
supplying a large burst of current from the battery reduces its lifetime.
An alternative solution is a combination of batteries with high power
density source capable of supplying the burst transient current such as a
SC. In such hybrid systems, the battery fulfills the supply of continuous
energy while the SC supplies transient power for system load. However,
a proper energy management technique is necessary for this hybrid
storage system. For this reason, an energy management method as
shown in Fig. 6 is applied to control the supply and storage of energy
throughout the system. First, the fluctuating parts are removed by the
low-pass filter from the signal applied to ESS. A regulator (PI con-
troller), limiter, and low-pass filter are used to determine the charging/
Fig. 8. The active power variation of WTG, SG, BESS and consumer load. discharge current and then the charge/discharge status of the SC/bat-
tery. Once the bus voltage droplets under the reference voltage, the
7
H. Shayeghi, et al. Electrical Power and Energy Systems 125 (2021) 106391
Table 3
Maximum overshoot (OS) of the battery current for two operating conditions.
Parameter/case First case Second case
Fig. 12. Battery voltage (pu), battery SOC (pu) and SC SOC (pu).
8
H. Shayeghi, et al. Electrical Power and Energy Systems 125 (2021) 106391
It can be concluded that the frequency deviations of the isolated F = 60 Hz, Nominal voltage = 480 V
power system are properly improved from the system transient beha-
vior such as settling time and overshoot/undershoot using the proposed DG:
hybrid SC/BESS and DOFCS in comparison with other ones.
The dynamics behaviors of the battery current with/without SC are Inertia constant of DG, HDG = 1.75 s, PSG-NOM = 300 kVA
shown in Fig. 11. At the time interval of 0.2 to 1.9 s, the battery is
smoothly discharged than the case no SC is applied. In addition, the WTG:
result shows that by making of SC and the proposed management al-
gorithm, the battery peak current is decreased from about −290 A to PT-NOM = 275 kW, Inertia constant of WTG, HWTG = 2 s
−275 A during the consumer load step changes and from about 340 A
to 290 A under wind power variation case. APR:
The transient behavior of the battery current is shown in Table 3. It
is indicated that using the proposed strategy the overshoot is improved fsampling = 400 Hz; KP = 90.1721, KD = 6.3011 kWs/Hz, Reverse
about 28.15% and 381.66% in the first and second cases, respectively. Power Integral gain = 8.6011 s -1; α = 0.3337;
Thus, the pressure on the battery is significantly decreased in the β = 0.4971;
transient state which is caused to increase battery lifetime. Moreover,
the battery and SC electric variables are shown in Figs. 12-13. It can be Converter:
seen that the proposed methodology has good effectiveness.
VL–L = 120 V, PS-NOM = 150 kW
6. Conclusion
Battery:
This paper has addressed the islanded operation of a wind-diesel
power system using the DOFCS and a hybrid ESS consisting of a battery Battery rated Capacity = 390.625 Ah, Battery rated Voltage = 240
energy storage and SC. The energy balance operation imposes severe v, Battery rated Current = 625 A (150 kW/240 V = 625 A)
stress on the battery if it is solely used as an energy storage system,
because the battery has low power density. Thus, a high power density Transformer:
system i.e. SC combined with a BESS was proposed using a suitable
control approach to share the active power imbalance between the S = 150 kVA, 480/120 V;
system power resources and consumer loads. The entire system was
simulated under extreme operating conditions such as the consumer SC:
load and wind speed step changing. The proposed fuzzy type DSC can
be enabled to enable the hybrid SC-BESS for a suitable balancing of C = 20F
active power under consumer load fluctuations as well as those of the
wind power variations, thus efficiently regulating system frequency/ References
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