In this video we are going to look into pulse amplitude modulation

0:06
pulse width modulation and pulse position modulation. These are analog
0:13
pulse modulation schemes. The discussion of these pulse modulation schemes would
be supported with
0:21
a simulink matlab based simulation environment where we would look into the
modulation and
0:28
demodulation of pulse amplitude modulation pulse width modulation and pulse position
modulation
0:36
To briefly overview the modulation schemes, we have continuous wave modulation and
pulse
0:43
modulation wherein in the continuous wave modulation, the context is usually
0:49
the frequency translation, i.e., we may have a low frequency content and we want to
shift
0:55
it to a higher frequency in order to reduce the antenna size or benefit from the usual
features of
1:01
modulation. So within this continuous wave modulation we have linear modulation and
we have
1:08
non-linear modulation and within the linear modulation we have amplitude modulation,
1:14
within non-linear modulation we have frequency modulation and phase modulation.
1:19
The discussions related to amplitude modulation frequency modulation and phase
modulation is given
1:25
in the description below of this video. Herein we are more interested towards pulse
modulation and
1:32
the context of pulse modulation is representation of a given signal that is the message
signal
1:38
into an alternate form or a waveform for further transmission, i.e., we change the
waveform of
1:46
the message signal for further transmission. So within the pulse modulation scheme we
have
1:52
digital modulation schemes and they include pulse code modulation which includes
sampling
1:59
and quantization and furthermore some variants of it that is differential pulse code
modulation and
2:06
delta modulation also comes under the digital modulation schemes. Discussion
regarding the
2:11
digital modulation schemes are given in the description of this video as well. Presently
2:16
we are interested in analog pulse modulation and within this analog pulse modulation
we have
2:24
the pulse amplitude modulation (pam), pulse width modulation (pwm) and pulse
position
2:30
modulation (ppm). Note that in sampling for example in pulse code modulation we
often
2:36
resort to a direct delta function which is delta of t that delta function is basically having
2:42
a width which is approaching 0 and its height is approaching infinity and hence that is
not
2:50
practical to create so as a solution in analog pulse modulation schemes we resort to
rectangular
2:57
functions as compared to direct delta function that is we would have a function of this
form.
3:08
Now let us consider the first case of analog pulse modulation that is pam.
pulse amplitude modulation explained
3:15
So as the name suggests this is the simplest pulse modulation scheme whereby the
message signal is encoded in the amplitude of a series of signal pulses
3:27
so the information is carried in the amplitude
3:33
the generation of pam can be done by considering a message signal m of t over here
we have considered
3:42
a single tone signal but you may have any signal and this signal is multiplied with a
periodic
3:50
pulse strain that we have expressed as p of t note that this periodic pulse plane has a
time period
4:01
say ts and the gate or the rectangular function is basically available over here
4:09
which takes a fraction of this time period ts and it has an amplitude of 1 and then it
repeats at
4:17
regular intervals now multiplying this message signal with the periodic pulse strain
would lead
4:24
us to the pulse amplitude modulated signal and for that we have two different types the
first one is
4:31
natural pam and the second one is flat top bam so note that if we multiply these two
together so we
4:42
would have this signal which would be multiplied with the first instant when the gate is
open
4:49
hence this signal would be multiplied with this one until the duration of this gate
4:56
and this is expressed over here so we have a curve over here which follows
5:03
the message signal m of t at this point we have this section appearing over here
5:13
and so on so this formulates the natural pm but we often desire a flat top pam
5:21
and for the flat top we do not want this curve and rather we need a fixed value
5:29
so we can use a technique that is sample and hold and we are going to pick this value
which
5:38
is over here and then continue it at the same value for the duration of this gate until
here
5:47
so this formulates our flat top bam an important consideration over here is that
5:54
the width and the position of pulses is the same that is the width remains the
6:00
same for all of these pulses and they appear after the time period say ts
6:09
now in the pulse amplitude modulation so the main advantage is each pulse is valid
6:14
within its allocated time ts so this is our ts and each pulse is available within that
6:25
that is we do not have this pulse interfering with the successive symbol or pulse
6:32
now when it comes to the disadvantage of using pam consider that we have a channel
6:38
communication channel and this communication channel is time varying so if it is time
varying
6:46
due to this time varying channel the information stored in the amplitude
6:54
may change right so that is if you send this signal but on the receiver side we have
some
7:01
sort of this behavior because of nice so the receiver would have some difficulty in
detecting
7:09
what was the original message note that this is because the information is stored in the
amplitude
7:16
so if the amplitude is varied we would have issues in detection pm finds many
applications
7:23
including its use in switching speed of leds so hence using pam we can have a high
speed data
7:37
which can be wirelessly transmitted to these terminal devices such as cell phones and
laptops
7:44
lastly regarding the demodulation we simply use a low pass filter to demodulate and
get back our message signal m of t in some form
7:58
now let us proceed towards the modulation and demodulation of pm using simulink so
this is
pam simulink design modulation and demodulation
8:05
our modulator and demodulator for pam so let us zoom on to the pam block only and
specifically
8:14
let us see the modulator first so we are going to start with the message signal which is
a sine wave
8:22
and in the library browser we have used the signal generator and for that we have a
8:29
waveform and we have used the sine wave with an amplitude of one end frequency of
two hertz
8:36
and we feed this message signal to the scope which also can be obtained from the
library browser
8:44
next we have the pulse generator
8:50
which has an amplitude of 1 and we set the time period to 0.2 seconds and the pulse
width
8:57
of 25 percent and then we have a phase delay of 0.1 second
9:03
so we feed this to this multiplier in the red and the upper branch is basically coming
9:12
from the messy signal itself m of t so this red multiplier this indicates that we have a
natural
9:22
pam that is we're just multiplying the sine wave with the pulse generator
9:28
so to understand this so let us look into this scope of pam so this is our message signal
m
9:35
of t and this is the pulse strain p of t which is active 25 percent of the time in this time
period
9:45
so multiplying this and this we are getting the natural pam and this natural pm follows
the
9:53
message signal m of t in this gate duration but as mentioned we often desire a flat top
pam and
10:04
for that i have used a sample and hold with the trigger type of rising edge and at the
10:14
input we again have the message signal and for the rising edge detection we use the
pulse generator
10:22
so this pulse generator is fed to this green multiplier and the output of the sample and
10:29
hold is also fed to the green multiplier and then this green multiplier this output
10:35
leads to the fourth port of pam which is this signal that is indicating the flat top pam
10:45
so we have the two types now that is the natural pm and the flat top pam
10:52
now for the demodulation we are going to consider the flat top pa and this output
11:01
of the transmitter which is coming out of the screen multiplier is fed to a low pass filter
11:10
that is analog filter design mask link and we have selected chebyshev 1
11:18
then this is a low pass filter of order 8 with 2 pi into 2.5 just above the frequency that
11:26
we have selected for the message signal and then the boss band ripple in db is set to
2
11:33
afterwards we have a gain of 4 and then we feed this to the pam
11:40
that we receive so in this scope the first is the messy signal the second is the pam
signal whereas
11:48
the third port is the demodulated or detected message signal from the pam so over
here
11:56
this is this was the original message signal this is our flat top pam and over here we
have
12:05
the recovery of this message signal note that in this filter we have removed the
12:11
all the high frequencies of this pam and this is the low frequency the order of the filter
would
12:18
define how fast we can reach this stable point moreover if you look into this point
12:27
for example over here you can observe that there is a phase shift between this point
and this point
12:34
that is the detected message signal is little bit shifted towards right that is it is delayed
12:40
in time the message signal over here is at zero whereas at five seconds it is less than
zero
12:49
and it has a zero crossing just after five now this delay is basically again the inherent
property of a low pass filter however this
12:59
delay is consistent and hence it would lead to a distortion-less transmission because
all of this signal is delayed by the same unit so this would eventually help us in the
recovery
13:12
so this was about the modulation and demodulation of pam now let us move towards
pwm
pulse width modulation explained
13:20
now for the pulse width modulation the information is available in the width of the
pulses
13:29
hence we can also refer it to a pulse duration modulation
13:35
that is pdm that is the width of the pulses or varied according to the sample value
13:45
at particular instant of the message signals now when it comes to the generation of
pwm
13:53
consider that this is our message signal m of t
13:59
which is expressed over here and then we have a sawtooth signal saw tooth periodic
signal
14:05
so let us call this signal which is a sawtooth periodic signal as sft
14:11
so next we take the difference of the first two signals so we can say this is our
14:16
w of t which is m of t minus s of t that is we subtract this signal from this signal
14:28
to achieve this different signal and from this third plot we use a comparator
14:39
that is we set a threshold at zero so whenever a signal is above zero
14:46
we will consider a value of one and whenever it goes beyond zero we would consider a
value of zero
14:56
so based on this comparator we have this pwm waveform
15:03
where we represent this message signal in terms of distinct widths of this pwm signal
15:12
that is we have m of t and we subtract the sort of signal to achieve w of t that is a
different
15:18
signal and afterwards we use a comparator to achieve the pwm signal so an important
15:25
consideration over here is that the amplitude and the starting position of pwm signal is
the same
15:34
is identical so all of this rectangle functions within this pwm have an amplitude of 1 and
their
15:41
starting point is identical after each time period we have a rectangular function of
certain duration
15:53
now when it comes to the advantages of using pwm so we say that small changes in
the amplitude
16:01
because of time varying channel will not affect the detection of information pulses
16:07
that is if we are going to transmit this waveform over the air and we have a channel
and then we have a receiver so if this is a time varying channel
16:20
and we have some fluctuations in the amplitude of this transmitted wave but since the
information is
16:28
stored in the width rather than the amplitude so hence we would not have much
difficulty
16:35
in the reception of a pwm modulated signal so when it comes to the disadvantage of
this pwm
16:44
we know that the message signal and its amplitude determines the width of the pwm
signal
16:53
so if this amplitude has a certain surge for example we have a surge over here
16:59
so we would have some difficulty in detection because the modulation would be
spreading to
17:06
other pulses right over here so there will not be any specific distinguishing point so you
may have
17:14
because of a surge this pulse having an effect on its successive pulses which would
lead to some
17:22
difficulty in the reception as an application pwm is an effective method of reducing the
17:30
average power delivered by an electrical signal by effectively chopping it up to in terms
of the duty
17:37
cycle where the duty cycle is simply a fraction of one period when a system or signal is
active
17:45
for example over here this is a zero percent duty cycle which is increasing so this
width
17:50
would increase and so on until it reaches the 100 uh duty cycle and now it is
decreasing so
17:58
the amount of duty cycle or the percentage or fraction of a signal that we're
considering
18:03
that would have an effect on the average power for example right now the average
power is maximum
18:08
and at 50 percent the average power would be half and so on and lastly for the
demodulation we convert the pulse width modulation to a pulse
18:21
amplitude modulation and thereby we use a low pass filter for detection now let us
move towards the
18:28
simulation using simulink for the modulation and demodulation of pulse width
modulation
pwm simulink design modulation and demodulation
18:37
now over here we have pwm the modulator for pwm and the demodulator for pwm in
the simulink
18:46
environment so let us first zoom in on the desired blocks again we have a messy signal
m of t
18:56
and this is a signal generator obtained from the library browser over here
19:01
and we feed it to the scope next we have a sawtooth wave
19:12
sawtooth generator with a frequency of 4 hertz and then we have an add block right
where we are set a plus and a minus that is in this sum block
19:26
we are subtracting this sawtooth from this messy signal so the output of this subtract
block is
19:35
fed to the pwm scope whereas the sawtooth is also fed to the scope in the second
port
19:43
furthermore since we are interested in the modulation of pwm we use a comparator
block
19:51
that is compared to 0 mask link right and we have used the operator greater than or
equal
19:57
to with the output data type boolean that is logical and then we feed the output of
20:02
this comparator to the scope so these are the four waveforms so let us zoom
20:13
some initial points so over here we have a message signal
20:19
this message signal has a time period of 0.5 mentioned over here and then we have a
sawtooth
20:27
signal which is over here and this sawtooth right now it is having a time period of 0.25
that is
20:38
in 0.5 now we have two waves of the sawtooth signal the third waveform is coming
from here
20:46
which is uh the subtract block that is we are subtracting this signal from this signal so
eventually we achieve the third waveform that is coming from here
20:57
and lastly in the third waveform we use a comparator so any any value which is above
zero
21:04
that is considered as one and any value which is less than zero it is considered as zero
so hence
21:12
in the fourth wave form which is from the output of this comparator we have a pwm
signal note that
21:19
within this duration that is 0.5 we have two pulses of pwm and each pulse is taking a
fraction
21:27
of the duration of 0.25 so this fourth waveform is our pwm signal now for the
demodulation of
21:36
pwm all we need to do is to convert the pulse width modulated signal which is over
here
21:43
to an equivalent pulse amplitude modulated signal and afterwards we can use the
demodulation
21:51
these blocks of pm to recover back the message signal that is we need to convert pulse
width
21:58
modulated somehow to a pulse amplitude modulated signal and then we will use a low
pass filter
22:04
and eventually we will get back our message signal now in order to convert the pulse
width modulated
22:11
signal to a pulse amplitude modulated signal we have these four blocks that we have
used
22:17
and let us see what are these blocks this pulse width modulated signal is coming out of
this
22:23
comparator and the output of this comparator is in terms of a boolean logic so we use
this
22:31
convert block that converts the data type so this is used in the conversion data type
conversion
22:41
which is required at the subsequent block so in the subsequent block we have an
integrator
22:49
that is continuous time integration of the input signal and we have an external reset at
the rising edge with initial conditions source as internal
23:00
and we press ok to this block so we feed the data type conversion output to the
integrator and we
23:08
again take a thread and plug it into the reset button of this integrator which is rising
edge
23:17
over here afterwards we take the thread out of this integrator and we feed it to the
third
23:24
port of this pwm signal in the meanwhile we have this trailing edge monostable
23:31
block with the edge detection as falling edge first duration of point zero five
23:39
and with initial condition set to zero and sample time to zero and this is fed to a
multiplier block
23:47
this is the product block with number of input ports set to two
23:53
so the output of this integrator is fed to this pro product block and at the same time the
output of this monostable block is fed to this multiplier
24:02
and then the output of this multiplier is then fed to the pwm signal so in short all of this
24:09
converts the pwm waveform to an equivalent pam waveform right so let us see what is
that waveform
24:24
for the first waveform that is the first value to this scope is of the message signal so
this is our messy signal over here the second input is from the pulse width modulated
signal which
24:35
is over here this is the modulated signal that we want to convert to the pam equivalent
signal
24:42
and afterwards the third signal is coming from the output of integrator this integrator
and what this
24:52
integrator does is it is basically trying to integrate all of this area
24:57
to understand this waveform let us zoom the waveform further
25:05
so in this third waveform what we have is we have an integration which starts at zero
right and it would integrate until this point and after that the value is zero
25:16
so this integration would have a stable value but whenever there is a rising edge in this
waveform
25:22
so at that rising edge we are going to reset this integrator this is the property of this
integrator
25:31
that we have an external reset at the rising edge so whenever we have a rising edge
we have a reset
25:37
of this integration and then again it would increase whenever we have a positive pulse
25:46
and at 0 it would remain stable until again we have a rising edge where it would reset
25:53
to 0 and then again for the positive pulse amplitude it would again increase and so on
25:59
so this is the output of a external reset integrator block that we have used now
26:05
to convert this signal into an equivalent pm signal we need to chop off the undesired
values
26:12
and for that we want to get rid of these values which are increasing and we are
interested in these stable values right so what we do is we multiply this third waveform
by using this
26:24
block and what we multiply with is this monostable right having a pulse duration of
0.05
26:34
so whenever we have a falling edge we are going to have a pulse duration of 0.05
second
26:41
which would be multiplied with this signal right so hence we would only be left with this
part
26:48
and this part would be zero similarly at this falling edge we would have a multiplication
of
26:55
point zero five second and rest of it would be zero and so on now the fourth waveform
is kind of
27:02
a pulse amplitude modulated signal for this signal for the fourth waveform then we use
a bandpass
27:09
filter which is expressed over here so we have used a band pass filter to remove the dc
value
27:15
as well from the signal these are the parameters it's an eighth order bandpass
chebyshev filter
27:25
and then the output of this filter is fed to this second scope so let us
27:31
plot this scope over here so again this is our messy signal which is coming from here
27:38
and the second is the output of this multiplier a kind of a pam signal and the third
waveform is
27:46
coming from the output of this band pass filter which is over here and finally we use
again
27:57
with this setting to recover back our original message signal now based on the order of
this chebyshev
28:08
band pass filter we would have some settling time right and afterwards over here you
can
28:14
observe that this is almost following the messy signal itself with the same period
28:24
note that the transmitted message signal over here and the receive message signal is
almost similar however there is a slight delay
28:33
in the received signal and that delay is coming from this chebyshev filter that is
28:40
it is an inherent property of the filter so this is our demodulated pwm signal
28:46
now let us discuss about the pulse position modulation in the pulse position modulation
pulse position modulation explained
28:55
that is ppm the message signal is encoded in the position of series of signal pulses
29:05
that is the position of pulses or varied according to the sample value at a particular
instant of the
29:12
message signal so for the generation of ppm again consider that this is our message
signal m of t
29:23
and as per our prior discussion we say that from this message signal we have achieved
a
29:30
pulse width modulation signal pwm signal and from this pwm signal we invert this signal
by
29:41
using a not gate to achieve a complementary pulse width modulated signal and from
29:49
the rising edge of this third waveform we sample this value and hold it for a certain
duration
29:57
and whenever it is rising again we sample and hold for the same duration so in short
30:04
the rising edge of the complementary pwm signal is giving rise to a ppm
30:10
or more directly for the trailing edge of this second waveform we can use that trailing
edge
30:18
to insert a pulse of certain duration so whenever there's the trailing edge we have this
pulse
30:27
and the width and the amplitude of that pulse are identical
30:32
that is all of these pulses have identical widths and same amplitude that is one
30:39
however the position is basically modulating the message signal
30:47
now as an advantage small changes in the amplitude because of time varying channel
30:53
will not affect detection of information pulses that is if you are transmitting this
31:00
and we have a channel and then we have a reception rx so if this channel is
31:05
time varying so we would have a perturbation in these amplitudes but these amplitudes
are not
31:11
conveying information in fact it's the position which is conveying information so hence
we would
31:18
not have any issue in the detection if there are some changes in the amplitude of
modulated signal
31:24
however as a disadvantage the if the amplitude has a sudden surge that is at the
transm transmit site
31:31
if this message signal has a certain search for example over here there is a certain
search so
31:36
we would have an issue in the pwm signal and eventually we would also have an issue
in
31:44
the position of this pulse which may affect the neighboring pulse and an application of
pulse
31:51
position modulation is in terms of fiber optics and optical communication networks
31:56
moreover with regards to the demodulation of pbm we convert the ppm to a pam
32:04
model and then we use a low pass filter for the detection of message signal in some
form
32:11
now for the modulation and demodulation of ppm we present a simulink based
simulation environment
ppm simulink design modulation and demodulation
32:20
now for the simulation of pulse position modulation we have the modulator and
demodulator the modulator block is over here whereas the demodulator block is over
here
32:32
so starting off with the messy signal right this is our message signal
32:38
which is a simple sine wave so this is single tone having an amplitude of one and a
frequency of two hertz and this is from the signal generator of library browser
32:51
and for the modulation of ppm we would be taking some insights from the pwm
specifically we have
32:58
a sawtooth wave with a frequency of four hertz sawtooth generator from the library
browser again
33:05
and then we have the addition block that is sum with the plus and minus that is we
subtract this
33:12
the sawtooth generator from the sine wave and afterwards we use a comparator
33:20
compared to zero and that led us to the pulse width modulated signal now we take the
feed out
33:28
of this comparator over here and we plug it into a monostable with a pulse duration of
0.05 second
33:41
and the edge detection is falling that is from the falling edge detection of pwm signal
33:49
this is our pwm signal so from the falling edge we would have a signal which is having
a duration of
33:57
0.05 second so this is the third feed to the ppm that is the scope which is representing
the pulse
34:05
position modulation the first input is that of the messy signal the second is the pwm and
the third
34:12
one is the ppm so let us visualize the ppm signal that is in this scope of ppm the first
signal is
34:19
the message signal which is this one second is the pwm which is this signal and from
the falling edge
34:28
of this signal we have a pulse of duration 0.5 second which is yielding basically a ppm
signal
34:36
so note that we have two pulses within this point five seconds so each pulse has a
time
34:43
period of 0.25 and the position of first first pulse is very near to the the terminal point
that
34:50
is around 0.21 to 0.23 and whereas the second pulse is at the initial or the starting
point
34:58
so the position is basically adjusted as per the technique of pulse position modulation
and
35:03
this continues on for this periodic signal now for the demodulation of this pulse position
modulation
35:10
again what we need is we need to convert the pulse position modulation signal this
ppm signal somehow
35:16
to a pulse amplitude modulated signal and for that we have used all of these blocks
35:24
and afterwards we are going to use a band pass filter along with the gain to recover
back this
35:30
messy signal specifically from the modulated signal over here we pass that signal to a
35:41
not gate that is a logic operator which is not and the output of this not gate is fed to this
scope
35:53
right so let us open this scope side by side so in this scope the first signal is the messy
signal so
35:59
that is this signal is a messy signal the second is output of this ppm passed through a
not gate
36:08
so if you pass this ppm through a not gate we would have a pulse width modulated
signal this
36:13
is pwm signal and after that what follows is that we just need the demodulation of pwm
that we have
36:22
done before and which is repeated over here so this logical operator the output of this
36:28
logical operator is passed through a convert block that is this is a data type conversion
that is
36:35
required for this integrator block integrator with an external reset rising right with these
36:44
parameters and the output of this integrator is the third waveform which is over here
36:53
and in this third wave form what we have is we have an integrator which would start to
integrate until this point right so we have a linear increasing slope
37:04
at this point this is not increasing the area because over here the value is zero
37:10
so we have the value which is zero and then at the rising edge of this next pulse
37:17
we have a reset that is we have an external reset at the rising edge
37:24
so whenever we have a rising edge we would have a reset and this integrator would
start again
37:30
from zero value and then it would try to integrate this which is done over here it would
be stable at
37:38
this point and again at the rising edge we would again have a value which is falling
back to zero
37:45
so from the output of this integrator block we have uh this waveform third waveform
which is then
37:54
multiplied with this ppm signal so this was a ppm signal so we take up this pulse
position modulated
37:59
signal and multiply it with this waveform so if this signal is multiplied with the pulse
38:06
position modulated signal so eventually we would have this fourth waveform which is
over here
38:15
so at the output of this product with having two number of inputs
38:20
we have this waveform now this fourth waveform is kind of a pulse amplitude
modulated waveform
38:28
and we proceed towards the demodulation of that and for that we have used a
38:36
analog filter design that is band pass filter with these parameters and having an order
of
38:43
8 followed by again for the representation we are feeding the output of these blocks to
this scope
38:53
let us visualize this scope so in this scope the first waveform is again the messy signal
39:00
coming from here this is our message signal the second is the output of this multiplier
39:08
which was previously represented as the fourth input in this scope but anyway this is
right now
39:13
our second waveform afterwards we have an output from the chebyshev filter
bandpass filter as the
39:22
third input which is over here and you can observe that because of this characteristic of
this band
39:29
pass filter we have an initial tracking delay and after some time we have a stable region
and lastly
39:37
we have a gain k with this parameter which is then fed to the fourth input of this scope
39:49
which is over here so let us zoom in some of these values and we can observe that
39:56
using this demodulation technique of pulse position modulation we have recovered
back the message signal so again you would observe that at the seventh second
40:06
we have a slight delay as compared to the messy signal and that delay is from this
filter
40:14
however this delay is consistent throughout so basically this comes under the criteria
of
40:20
distortion less transmission so this was all about the pulse position modulation
40:26
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