University of Technology

Oil and Gas Engineering Department

Petroleum Engineering Branch

Crude Oil and Products Properties

Second Year – First Semester

2023 - 2024

Prof. Dr. Ramzy. Syhood. Hamied

https://sqmegapolis.fandom.com/wiki/Petroleum_Refinery
https://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-lubes/vietnam-plans-to-build-third-oil-refinery/90276390
 Crude Oil and Products Properties

Source of Oil
• Composition of crude oil and Theories of oil source.
• Petroleum (also called crude oil) is a naturally mixture of hydrocarbons,
generally in the liquid state, that may also include compounds of sulfur,
nitrogen, oxygen, and metals and other elements. Inorganic sediment and
water may also be present. Thus, for the purposes of this text, a petroleum
product is any product that is manufactured during petroleum refining
and, as a consequence, petrochemical products are not included in this
definition.

• It consists of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights and

other organic compounds. The name petroleum covers both naturally
occurring unprocessed crude oil and products that are made up of refined
crude oil. A fossil fuel, petroleum is formed when large quantities of dead
organisms, usually zooplankton and algae, are buried
underneath sedimentary rock and subjected to intense heat and pressure.
More direct chemical information is often desirable and can be supplied by
means of the correlation index (CI). The correlation index is useful in
evaluating individual fractions from crude oils. The CI values are not
quantitative, but the lower the CI value, the greater the concentrations of
paraffin hydrocarbons in the fraction; and the higher the CI value, the greater the
concentrations of naphthenes and aromatics.
 •CI =[ 87552/TB]+ 473.7G – 456.8

• Where:
• G is the specific gravity and TB is the average boiling point of the petroleum
fraction as determined by the standard distillation method (ASTM D-86, ASTM
D-1160).
•
• ‫٭‬Another derived number, the UOP (characterization factor, is also a widely
used method for defining petroleum; the Characterization Factor is derived from
the formula:
Kw = TB1/3/ G
• Where:
• TB is the average boiling point in degrees Rankine (°F + 460) and G is the
specific gravity (60°/60°F).

• The Watson characterization factor :KW ~15 for highly paraffinic compounds ,
KW <10 for highly aromatic materials and KW vary from 10.5 to 12.9. For a
highly naphthenic crude it is 10.5 to 12.9 for a paraffinic base crude.
 Composition of Crude Oil

Petroleum includes only crude oil, but in common usage it

includes all liquid, gaseous, and solid hydrocarbons. Under
surface pressure and temperature conditions, lighter
hydrocarbons methane, ethane, propane and butane occur as gases,
while pentane and heavier ones are in the form of liquids or solids.
However, in an underground oil reservoir the proportions of gas,
liquid, and solid depend on subsurface conditions and on the phase
diagram of the petroleum mixture.
An oil well produces predominantly crude oil, with some natural
gas dissolved in it. Because the pressure is lower at the surface
than underground, some of the gas will come out of solution and
be recovered (or burned) as associated gas or solution gas.
• A gas well produces predominantly natural gas. However, because the
underground temperature and pressure are higher than at the surface, the
gas may contain heavier hydrocarbons such as pentane, hexane,
and heptanes in the gaseous state. At surface conditions these
will condense out of the gas to form natural gas condensate, often
shortened to condensate. Condensate resembles gasoline in appearance
and is similar in composition to some volatile light crude oils.

• The proportion of light hydrocarbons in the petroleum mixture varies

greatly among different oil fields, ranging from as much as 97 percent by
weight in the lighter oils to as little as 50 percent in the heavier oils
and bitumen’s.

• The hydrocarbons in crude oil are mostly alkanes, cycloalkanes and

various aromatic hydrocarbons, while the other organic compounds
contain nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, and trace amounts of metals such as
iron, nickel, copper and vanadium. Many oil reservoirs contain live
bacteria.
https://www.scranton.edu/faculty/cannm/green-chemistry/english/industrialchemistrymodule.shtml
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/363091450_Experimental_investigation_of_crude_oil_contam
inated_soil_for_sustainable_concrete_production/figures?lo=1
The exact molecular composition varies widely from formation to
formation but the proportions of chemical elements vary over fairly
narrow limits as follows:
 Table (2) Composition by weight

Element Percent range

Hydrocarbon Average Range

Carbon 83 to 85%

Alkanes (paraffin’s) 30% 15 to 60%

Hydrogen 10 to 14%

Nitrogen 0.1 to 2% Naphthenes 49% 30 to 60%

Oxygen 0.05 to 1.5%

Aromatics 15% 3 to 30%

Sulfur 0.05 to 6.0%

Asphaltic 6% remainder

Metals < 0.1%

• Any theory regarding the origin of petroleum must explain two
sets of observations, one geological and the other chemical.

Geological observations are that major accumulations:

• Occur in sedimentary rocks.
• Are characteristic of un metamorphosed marine (shallow, deep
water) and continental sediments.
• Occur in porous material totally encapsulated from other porous
material.

Chemical observations are:

• crude oil (even numbered carbon chains) differs from recent
hydrocarbons (odd numbered carbon chains) formed in shallow
environments, and crude has over 50% light hydrocarbons while
light hydrocarbons are rare or absent in the recent variety.
• Inorganic theory: of the origin of the petroleum states that hydrogen
and carbon came together under great temperature and pressure, far
below the earth’s surface and formed oil and gas. The oil and gas then
seeped through porous rock to deposit in various natural underground
traps.
• Organic theory: is the one most widely accepted. According to organic
theory, the oil and gas are formed from remains of prehistoric plants and
animals. Remains of plants have been transformed to coal and animals’
to oil and gas. These remains were settled in to seas and lands along
with sands and slits, mud and other minerals. As the rocks and slit
settled, layer upon layer piled into rivers, along coastlines and on the sea
bottom. Geological shifts resulted in some of these layers being buried
deep in the earth.

Over the time, the layers of the organic material were compressed under
the weight of the sediment above them. The increase in pressure and
temperature changed the mud, sand, slit in to rock and organic matter in
petroleum.
Liquid petroleum flowed upward through porous rock until it became
trapped and could flow no further forming the oil and gas that we
explore for at present as shown in figure (4).

But the chemistry of the hydrocarbons found in the end product (oil,
and gas) differs somewhat from those we find in living thing. Thus
changes, transformation, take place between the deposition of the
organic remains and the creation of petroleum oil and gas:
• Petroleum end product = ([Raw material + Accumulations
+Transformation + Migration] = Geological time).
• The complication is that Petroleum is complex mixtures of many
hydrocarbons occurring in homologous series with no two Petroleum
exactly alike in composition. This is probably due to variations in
primary source materials and subsequent processes during formation
such as catalysis, polymerization, pressure and temperature changes.
Although the components of petroleum unite to form complex
mixtures.
Petroleum Assay
Density
The density, or more precisely, the volumetric mass density, of a
substance is its mass per unit volume. The symbol most often used
for density is ρ, although the Latin letter D can also be used.
Mathematically, density is defined as mass divided by
volume: ρ=m/V
Where ρ is the density, m is the mass, and V is the volume.
• In some cases (for instance, in the United States oil and gas industry),
density is loosely defined as its weight per unit volume, although this is
scientifically inaccurate – this quantity is more specifically called specific
weight.

• To simplify comparisons of density across different systems of units, it is

sometimes replaced by the dimensionless quantity "relative density" or
"specific gravity", i.e. the ratio of the density of the material to that of a
standard material, usually water. Thus a relative density less than one means
that the substance floats in water.

• The density of a material varies with temperature and pressure. This

variation is typically small for solids and liquids but much greater for gases.
Increasing the pressure on an object decreases the volume of the object and
thus increases its density. Increasing the temperature of a substance (with a
few exceptions) decreases its density by increasing its volume. In most
materials, heating the bottom of fluid results in convection of the heat from
the bottom to the top, due to the decrease in the density of the heated fluid.
This causes it to rise relative to more dense unheated material.
 Measurements of Density
1. Homogeneous materials
The density at all points of a homogeneous object equals its
total mass divided by its total volume. The mass is normally
measured with a scale or balance; the volume may be measured
directly (from the geometry of the object) or by the displacement
of a fluid. To determine the density of a liquid or a gas,
a hydrometer, adasymeter or a Coriolis flow meter may be used,
respectively.
2. Heterogeneous materials
If the body is not homogeneous, then its density varies between
different regions of the object. In that case the density around any
given location is determined by calculating the density of a small
volume around that location. In the limit of an infinitesimal volume
the density of an inhomogeneous object at a point becomes: ρ ( r→)
= dm/dV, where dV is an elementary volume at position r. The
mass of the body then can be expressed as:
3. Non-compact materials
• In practice, bulk materials such as sugar, sand, or snow
contain voids. Many materials exist in nature as flakes,
pellets, or granules. Voids are regions which contain
something other than the considered material. Commonly the
void is air, but it could also be vacuum, liquid, solid, or a
different gas or gaseous mixture.

• The bulk volume of a material—inclusive of the void

fraction—is often obtained by a simple measurement (e.g.
with a calibrated measuring cup) or geometrically from
known dimensions. Mass divided by bulk volume
determines bulk density. This is not the same thing as
volumetric mass density. To determine volumetric mass
density, one must first discount the volume of the void
fraction.
 API gravity
• The American Petroleum Institute gravity, or API gravity, is a measure
of how heavy or light a petroleum liquid is compared to water: API
gravity is thus an inverse measure of a petroleum liquid's density relative
to that of water (also known as specific gravity). It is used to compare
densities of petroleum liquids. Although mathematically, API gravity is a
dimensionless quantity, see the formula below, it is referred to as being in
'degrees'. API gravity is gradated in degrees on a hydrometer instrument.
API gravity values of most petroleum liquids fall between 10 and 70
degrees.
• The formula to calculate API gravity from Specific Gravity (SG) is:

• In the oil industry, quantities of crude oil are often measured in

metric tons. One can calculate the approximate number of barrels per
metric ton for a given crude oil based on its API gravity:
Classifications or grades
Generally speaking, oil with API gravity between 40 and 45°
commands the highest prices. Above 45°, the molecular chains
become shorter and less valuable to refineries. Crude oil is classified
as light, medium, or heavy according to its measured API gravity.

•Light crude oil has an API gravity higher than 31.1° (i.e., less than
870 kg/m3)
•Medium oil has an API gravity between 22.3 and 31.1° (i.e., 870 to
920 kg/m3)
•Heavy crude oil has an API gravity below 22.3° (i.e., 920 to
1000 kg/m3)
•Extra heavy oil has an API gravity below 10.0° (i.e., greater than
1000 kg/m3)
https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/api-gravity-d_1212.html
• However, not all parties use the same grading. The United States
Geological Survey uses slightly different ranges. Crude oil with
API gravity less than 10° is referred to as extra heavy
oil or bitumen. Bitumen derived from oil sands deposits in Alberta,
Canada, has an API gravity of around 8°. It can be diluted with
lighter hydrocarbons to produce diluted bitumen, which has an API
gravity of less than 22.3°, or further "upgraded" to an API gravity
of 31 to 33° as synthetic crude.

Viscosity
The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its resistance to gradual
deformation by shear stress or tensile stress. For liquids, it
corresponds to the informal concept of "thickness".
Definition
1-Dynamic (shear) viscosity
Laminar shear of fluid between two plates. Friction between the fluid and
the moving boundaries causes the fluid to shear. The force required for
this action is a measure of the fluid's viscosity.
• The dynamic (shear) viscosity of a fluid expresses its resistance to
shearing flows, where adjacent layers move parallel to each other with
different speeds.
• The magnitude of this force is found to be proportional to the speed and
the area of each plate, and inversely proportional to their separation :

The proportionality factor μ in this formula is the viscosity (specifically,

the dynamic viscosity) of the fluid.

2-Kinematic viscosity
• The kinematic viscosity (also called "momentum diffusivity") is the ratio
of the dynamic viscosity μ to the density of the fluid ρ. It is usually
denoted by the Greek letter nu (ν).
 3- Bulk viscosity
• When a compressible fluid is compressed or expanded evenly, without shear, it
may still exhibit a form of internal friction that resists its flow. These forces are
related to the rate of compression or expansion by a factor σ, called the volume
viscosity, bulk viscosity or second viscosity.
• The bulk viscosity is important only when the fluid is being rapidly compressed or
expanded, such as in sound and shock waves. Bulk viscosity explains the loss of
energy in those waves, as described by Stokes' law of sound attenuation.
•
4- Viscosity in solids
• The viscous forces that arise during fluid flow must not be confused with
the elastic forces that arise in a solid in response to shear, compression or extension
stresses. While in the latter the stress is proportional to the amount of shear
deformation, in a fluid it is proportional to the rate of deformation over time.

• However, many liquids (including water) will briefly react like elastic solids when
subjected to sudden stress. Conversely, many "solids" (even granite) will flow like
liquids, albeit very slowly, even under arbitrarily small stress. Such materials are
therefore best described as possessing both elasticity (reaction to deformation) and
viscosity (reaction to rate of deformation); that is, being viscoelastic.
• Indeed, some authors have claimed that amorphous solids, such
as glass and many polymers, are actually liquids with a very high
viscosity (e.g. greater than 1012Pa·s).
• Viscoelastic solids may exhibit both shear viscosity and bulk viscosity.
The extensional viscosity is a linear combination of the shear and bulk
viscosities that describes the reaction of a solid elastic material to
elongation. It is widely used for characterizing polymers. In geology,
earth materials that exhibit viscous deformation at least three orders of
magnitude greater than their elastic deformation.

5- Viscosity of slurry
• The term slurry describes mixtures of liquid and solid particles that retain
some fluidity. The viscosity of slurry can be described as relative to the
viscosity of the liquid phase:

• Where μs and μl are respectively the dynamic viscosity of the slurry and
liquid (Pa·s), and μr is the relative viscosity (dimensionless).
 Pour point
• The pour point of petroleum is an index of the lowest temperature at which
the crude oil will flow under specified conditions. The maximum and
minimum pour point temperatures provide a temperature window where
petroleum, depending on its thermal history, might appear in the liquid as
well as the solid state. The pour point data can be used to supplement other
measurements of cold flow behavior, and the data are particularly useful for
the screening of the effect of wax interaction modifiers on the flow behavior
of petroleum.
• In any determination of the pour point, petroleum that contains wax
produces an irregular flow behavior when the wax begins to separate. Such
petroleum possesses viscosity relationships that are difficult to predict in
pipeline operation. In addition, some waxy petroleum is sensitive to heat
treatment that can also affect the viscosity characteristics. This complex
behavior limits the value of viscosity and pour point tests on waxy
petroleum. However, laboratory pump ability tests (ASTM D-3245, IP 230)
are available that give an estimate of minimum handling temperature and
minimum line or storage temperature.
 Salt Content
• The salt content of crude oil is highly variable and results principally from
production practices used in the field and, to a lesser extent, from its handling
aboard the tankers bringing it to terminals. The bulk of the salt present will be
dissolved in coexisting water and can be removed in desalters, but small amounts of
salt may be dissolved in the crude oil itself.
• Salt may be derived from reservoir or formation waters or from other waters used in
secondary recovery operations. Aboard tankers, ballast water of varying salinity may
also be a source of salt contamination. Salt in crude oil may be deleterious in several
ways. Even in small concentrations, salts will accumulate in stills, heaters, and
exchangers, lead in got fouling that requires expensive cleanup. More importantly,
during flash vaporization of crude oil certain metallic salts can be hydrolyzed to
hydrochloric acid according to the following reactions:
2NaCl + H2O →2 HCl+ Na2O
MgCl2+ H2O →2 HCl + MgO
• The hydrochloric acid evolved is extremely corrosive, necessitating the injection of
a basic compound, such as ammonia, into the overhead lines to minimize corrosion
damage. Salts and evolved acids can also contaminate both overhead and residual
products, and certain metallic salts can deactivate catalysts.
Open access peer-reviewed chapter “Crude Oil Desalting Process”
By Juan Pereira, Ingrid Velasquez, Ronald Blanco, Meraldo Sanchez, César Pernalete and Carlos Canelón
Submitted: October 9th 2014Reviewed: July 28th 2015Published: September 30th 2015
• Thus knowledge of the content of salt in crude oil is important in
deciding whether and to what extent the crude oil needs desalting.

• The salt content is determined by potentiometric titration in a non

aqueous solution in which the conductivity of a solution of crude oil in a
polar solvent is compared with that of a series of standard salt solutions
in42 petroleum and petroleum products the same solvent (ASTM D-
3230). In this method, the sample is dissolved in a mixed solvent and
placed in a test cell consisting of a beaker and two parallel stainless steel
plates. An alternating voltage is passed through the plates, and the salt
content is obtained by reference to a calibration curve of the relationship
of salt content of known mixtures to the current.

• It is necessary, however, to use other methods, such atomic absorption,

inductively coupled argon plasma emission spectrophotometer, and ion
chromatography to determine the composition of the salts present. A
method involving application of extraction and volumetric titration is
also used (IP 77).
 Sulfur
The sulfur content of petroleum is an important property and varies
within the rough limits 0.1% w/w to 3.0% w/w, and sulfur content
up to 8.0% w/w has been noted for tar sand bitumen. Compounds
containing this element are among the most undesirable
constituents of petroleum because they can give rise to plant
corrosion and atmospheric pollution. Petroleum can evolve
hydrogen sulfide during distillation as well as low-boiling sulfur
compounds.
• Hydrogen sulfide may be evolved during the distillation process
either from free hydrogen sulfide in the feed stocks or because of
low temperature thermal decomposition of sulfur compounds; the
latter is less likely than the former. Generally, however, the sulfur
compounds concentrate in the distillation residue, the volatile
sulfur compounds in the distillates being removed by such
processes as hydrofining and caustic washing.
• The sulfur content of fuels obtained from petroleum residua and the
atmospheric pollution arising from the use of these fuels is an
important factor in petroleum utilization, so that the increasing
insistence on a low sulfur-content fuel oil has increased the value of
low-sulfur petroleum. Sulfur compounds contribute to corrosion of
refinery equipment and poisoning of catalysts, cause corrosiveness in
refined products, and contribute to environmental pollution as a
result of the combustion of fuel products. Sulfur compounds may be
present throughout the boiling range of crude oil salt though, as a
rule, they are more abundant in the higher-boiling fractions.
• In some crude oils, thermally labile sulfur compounds can
decompose on heating to produce hydrogen sulfide, which is
corrosive and toxic. A considerable number of tests are available to
estimate the sulfur in petroleum or to study its effect on various
products. Hydrogen sulfide in petroleum is normally determined by
absorption of the hydrogen sulfide in a suitable solution that is
subsequently analyzed chemically (Doctor Method) (ASTM, D-
4952, IP 30) or by the formation of cadmium sulfate (IP 103).
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration
 Distillation
The distillation tests give an indication of the types of products and the
quality of the products that can be obtained from petroleum, and the tests
are used to compare different petroleum types through the yield and
equality of the 300°C (572°F) residuum fraction. For example, the
waxiness or viscosity of this fraction gives an indication of the amount,
types, and quality of the residual fuel that can be obtained from the
petroleum. In this respect, the determination of the aniline point (ASTM
D-611, IP 2) can be used to determine the aromatic or aliphatic character
of petroleum. Although not necessarily the same as the wax content,
correlative relationships can be derived from the data.
The basic method of distillation (ASTM D-86) is one of the oldest
methods in use because the distillation characteristics of hydrocarbons
have an important effect on safety and performance, especially in the case
of fuels and solvents. The boiling range gives information on the
composition, the properties, and the behavior of petroleum and derived
products during storage and use. Volatility is the major determinant of the
tendency of a hydrocarbon mixture to produce potentially explosive
vapors.
• Several methods are available to define the distillation
characteristics of petroleum and its various petroleum products. In
addition to these physical methods, other test methods based on gas
chromatography are also used to derive the boiling point
distribution of a sample (ASTM D-2887, ASTM D- 2887).
• Fractionation of the crude oil begins with a true boiling point (TBP)
distillation using a fractionating column with an efficiency of 14–18
theoretical plates and operated at a reflux ratio of 5:1 (ASTM D-
2892).
• The TBP distillation may be used for all fractions up to a maximum
cut point of about 350°C atmospheric equivalent temperature
(AET), but a low residence time in the still (or reduced pressure) is
needed to minimize cracking. It is often useful to extend the boiling
point data to higher temperatures than are possible in the
fractionating distillation method previously described, and for this
purpose a vacuum distillation in a simple still with no fractionating
column (ASTM D-1160) can be carried out.
http://www.wermac.org/equipment/distillation_part1.html
• This distillation, which is done under fractionating conditions
equivalent to one theoretical plate, allows the boiling point data to be
extended to about 600°C (1112°F) with many crude oils. This
method gives useful comparative and reproducible results that are
often accurate enough for refinery purposes, provided significant
cracking does not occur.
• Usually seven fractions provide the basis for a reasonably
thorough evaluation of the distillation properties of the
feedstock:
1- Gas, boiling range:< 15.5 °C (60°F)
2- Gasoline (light naphtha), boiling range: l5.5–149°C (60–300°F)
3- Kerosene (medium naphtha), boiling range: 149–232°C (300–450°F)
4- Gas oil, boiling range: 232–343°C (450–650°F)
5- Light vacuum gas oil, boiling range: 343–371°C (650–700°F)
6- Heavy vacuum gas oil, boiling range: 371–566°C (700–1050°F)
7- Residuum, boiling range: >566°C (1050°F)
• From 5 to 50 liters of crude oil are necessary to complete a full
assay, depending on the number of fractions to be taken and the
tests to be performed on the fractions.
• A more recent test method (ASTM D-5236) is seeing increasing use
and appears to be the method of choice for crude assay vacuum
distillations. Wiped-wall or thin-film molecular stills can also be
used to separate the higher-boiling fractions under conditions that
minimize cracking.

Carbon Residue
• The carbon residues of petroleum and petroleum products serve as
an indication of the tendency of the sample to form carbonaceous
deposits (thermal coke) under the influence of heat.
• Tests for Conradson carbon residue (ASTM D-189, IP 13), Rams
bottom carbon residue (ASTM D-524, IP 14), the micro carbon
residue (ASTM D4530, IP 398), are sometimes included in
inspection data on petroleum.
• The data given indication of the amount of coke that will be formed
during thermal processes as well as an indication of the amount of
high-boiling constituents in petroleum.

• The determination of the carbon residue of petroleum or petroleum

product is applicable to relatively nonvolatile samples that
decompose on distillation at atmospheric pressure. Samples that
contain ash-forming constituents will have an erroneously high
carbon residue, depending on the amount of ash formed. All three
methods are applicable to relatively non volatile petroleum products
that partially decompose on distillation at atmospheric pressure.

• Crude oils having a low carbon residue may be distilled to a

specified residue with the carbon residue test of choice then applied
to that residue.
 Asphaltenes
• Asphaltenes are molecular substances that are found in crude oil,
along with resins, aromatic hydrocarbons, and saturates (i.e.
saturated hydrocarbons such as alkanes). Asphaltenes in the form of
asphalt or bitumen products from oil refineries are used as paving
materials on roads, shingles for roofs, and waterproof coatings on
building foundations.
• Asphaltenes consist primarily of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen,
and sulfur, as well as trace amounts of vanadium and nickel. The C:
H ratio is approximately 1:1.2, depending on the asphaltene source.
Occurrence
• Heavy oils, oil sands, bitumen and biodegraded oils (as bacteria
cannot assimilate asphalten, but readily consume saturated
hydrocarbons and certain aromatic hydrocarbon isomers -
enzymatically controlled) contain much higher proportions of
asphaltenes than do medium-API oils or light oils. Condensates are
virtually devoid of asphaltenes.
 Measurement

• Asphaltene aggregation, precipitation or deposition can be

predicted by modeling or artificial intelligent methods. It also
can be measured using imaging methods or filtration.

Production problems

• Asphaltenes impart high viscosity to crude oils, negatively

impacting production; also the variable asphaltene
concentration in crude oils within individual reservoirs creates
a myriad of production problems.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221926634_Petroleum_Asphaltenes/figures?lo=1
de Boer crude oil supersaturation plot (based upon de Boer et al., 1995)
Q / UOP characterization factor for crude oil equal to 8.57 and the
average boiling point is 76.4 ºC. Calculate: correlation index value of
crude oil and the barrels of crude oil per metric ton.

Q / Estimate the barrels of crude oil per metric ton for crude oil
density range between (815 – 978 kg/m3) and the average boiling
point range (58 - 77 °C). Also calculate characterization factor in order
to know crude oil type if (paraffinic, naphthenic, or aromatic).
Note : Each student taking value differs for other students with two
decimal grades.

Ex: density 840.25 kg/m3 and Temperature 58.45 °C

Q / Estimate the correlation index value of crude oil if
you know that barrels of crude oil per metric ton for
crude oil range between (6.15 – 10.08) and the
average boiling point range (57.6 – 79.3 ºC). Also
calculate characterization factor in order to know
crude oil type if (paraffinic, naphthenic, or aromatic).
Note : Each student taking value differs for other
students with two decimal grades.
Ex: barrel of crude oil 6.33 and Temperature 59.45 °C