WEEKLY LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEETS

GENERAL PHYSICS 1 GRADE 12, QUARTER 2, WEEK 5

FLUID MECHANICS

Name:_____________________________________ Section: ____________________

Learning Objectives

- Relate density, specific gravity, mass and volume to each other.

(STEM_GP12FM-IIf-40)
- Relate pressure to area and force. (STEM_GP12FM-IIf-41)
- Relate pressure to fluid density and depth. (STEM_GP12FM-IIf-42)
- Apply Pascal’s principle in analyzing fluids in various systems.
(STEM_GP12FM-IIf-43)
- Apply the concept of buoyancy and Archimedes’ principle. (STEM_GP12FM-IIf-
44

Specific Objectives:

After the lesson, the students will be able to:

1. Identify and describe buoyancy, density, pressure, Archimedes’ principle and

Bernoulli’s Principle.
2. Discuss the concepts of Buoyancy, Archimedes’ principle and density.
3. Appreciate the importance of fluid mechanics from the different activities given.

Time Allotment: 5 hours

Key Concepts

 There are three phases of matter: solid, liquid, and gas.

 Liquids and gases do not have a fixed shape and they have the ability to “flow”.
Due to this property, they are referred to as fluids.
 Density ( ) is defined as the quantity of mass per unit volume. Volume of
different substances can vary with mass. Density is expressed as
, where
m is the mass in kilograms (kg)
V is volume in cubic meters (m3)
is density in kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m3)
Author: Juzalin P. Costuya
School/Station: Panikian National High School
Division: Surigao del Sur
Email address: juzalin.costuya@deped.gov.ph
  The ratio of density to the density of pure water is called relative density of
both solid or liquid at 4∘C. Mathematically,

⁄
⁄
.

 The relative density of a substance is a number without units. For example,

mercury’s density is expressed mathematically as
⁄ ⁄

Hence, the relative density of mercury is 13.6.

 Pressure (p) is defined as the force acting perpendicular to a unit area,

mathematically expressed as
, where
F is the force acting perpendicular to a given area in Newton (N)
A is the area in square meters (m2)
p is the pressure in Pascal (Pa) (in honor of Blaise Pascal) or Newton per
square meter (N/m2)

 The pressure at a specific depth in any fluid is expressed as

, where

p is fluid pressure in Pascal (Pa)

is density of the fluid, in kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m3)
g is gravitational field strength in Newton per kilogram (N/kg) or meter
per second squared (m/s2)
d is fluid depth in meter (m)
 Barometer is a device that measures atmospheric pressure.
 Atmosphere (atm) is a unit of pressure and is equal to the height of mercury
column it supports. There is an equivalent value for 1 atm, millimeter of mercury
(mm Hg) and Pascal (Pa).

1 atm = 760 mm Hg = 101.3 kPa or 1.013 x 105 Pa

 Absolute pressure is the total pressure of the atmospheric pressure that includes
all objects at the Earth’s surface.
 Pascal’s Principle states that if pressure is exerted on a fluid, it is transmitted
undiminished in a vessel that is acting in all directions to the walls of the vessel.
o A common application of Pascal’s Principle is a hydraulic lift used to raise a
car off the ground so it can be repaired. A small force applied to a small-area
piston is transformed to a large force at a large-area piston. If a car sits on top

Author: Juzalin P. Costuya

School/Station: Panikian National High School
Division: Surigao del Sur
Email address: juzalin.costuya@deped.gov.ph
 of the large piston, it can be lifted by applying a relatively small force to the
smaller piston.
F
F

p
A
p
 Archimedes’ principle applies to an object of any shape immersed in any fluid. It
states that a buoyant force in an object immersed in a fluid is equal in magnitude
to the weight of the displaced fluid. The mathematical expression for the buoyant
force is
, where
Fb is the buoyant force acting in Newton (N)
V is the volume of fluid displaced in cubic meter (m3)
is the density of the fluid in kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3)
g is the gravitational field strength in Newton per kilogram (N/kg) or
m/s2
 Hydrometers are devices to measure the density of a liquid.
 If the weight of the submerged object is greater than the buoyant force, it will sink.
If the weight of the submerged object is less than the buoyant force, it will float.
 Steady fluid flow is a type of flow in which the velocity of the fluid at a
particular fixed point does not change with time. Unsteady flow is that type of
flow in which fluid parameters (velocity, pressure, density etc.) at a point changes
with time.
 The equation of continuity is used in answering exercises concerning steady fluid
flow and it is expressed as
, where
A1 is the initial area in meter squared (m2)
A2 is the final area in meter squared (m2)
v1 is the initial speed in meters per second (m/s)
v2 is the final speed in meters per second (m/s)
 Fluid travels faster in small areas than they do in large areas.
 Bernoulli’s Principle applies to fluid in motion where pressure changes as its
speed changes. It states that if the velocity of the fluid is high, its pressure is low
and if the velocity is low, the pressure is high.

Author: Juzalin P. Costuya

School/Station: Panikian National High School
Division: Surigao del Sur
Email address: juzalin.costuya@deped.gov.ph
 Activity 1. Guess What?

What you need: Two empty identical plastic bottles, oil, vinegar, aquarium or basin
filled with water (the water level must be higher than the height of the bottle)

What to do: Fill one bottle to the brim with oil, do the same with the other bottle but
with vinegar then tightly seal the bottles with its cap. Predict what will happen to the
two bottles if you put them in the aquarium that is filled with water. (If there is no
aquarium available you may have a basin filled with water).

Guide Questions:

1. Do they have the same volume?

2. Do you think they have the same mass? Why?
3. Now when you put the two bottles in the aquarium filled with water, what did
you observe?
4. Which of the two liquids (oil or vinegar) is denser?
5. Did the shape of the bottle container affect the density of the substances
inside?

Activity 2. True or False?

What you need: paper and pen

What to do: Read the statements carefully. Write TRUE if the statement is true
and FALSE if otherwise. Write your answers in a separate sheet of paper.

1. When an object’s density is greater than that of water, it will sink in water.
2. When an object’s density is less than that of water, it will float in water.
3. For a floating object, the fraction of the volume of the object that is submerged
in any liquid equals the ratio of the density of the object to that of the liquid.
4. Fresh water provides more buoyant force than salt water.
5. Boats float, even though it weighs a lot, because it displaces a huge amount of
water that weighs even more.
6. Oil floats in water because oil has lesser density than water.

Author: Juzalin P. Costuya

School/Station: Panikian National High School
Division: Surigao del Sur
Email address: juzalin.costuya@deped.gov.ph
 For numbers 7-10, refer to the figures below. Same object is submerged to two
unknown liquids.

Liquid A Liquid B

7. The object must be denser than liquid A.

8. The density of the object must be lesser than that of liquid B.
9. Liquid A must be denser than liquid B.
10. The pressure at the bottom of the object is greater than at the top in liquid A.

Activity 3. What’s the Difference?

What you need: paper and pen

What to do: Consider the two identical blocks with the same mass shown below and
answer the questions that follow. Write your answers in a separate sheet of paper.

Guide questions:

1. Which block exerts greater force on the surface? Why?

2. Which block has greater area of contact with the surface?
3. Which block exerts greater pressure? Why?

Author: Juzalin P. Costuya

School/Station: Panikian National High School
Division: Surigao del Sur
Email address: juzalin.costuya@deped.gov.ph
 Activity 4: Explain Me!

What you need: paper and pen

What to do: Answer the questions below. Write your answers in a separate sheet of
paper.

1. What would happen to the water level in a glass if the ice cube floating in a
glass of water will be completely melted?
2. A. Why does a balloon filled with helium gas rise?
B. Is there a lower limit on how much helium gas it must contain before it
begins to rise?

Activity 5. Blow!

What you need: 1 ½ sheet of paper

What to do: Hold one of the sheets of paper close to your bottom
lip and blow hard across the upper surface. Answer the guide
questions in a separate sheet of paper.

Guide Questions:

1. Discuss your observation.

2. Explain your observation using the concept of Bernoulli’s principle.

Reflection
Give a practical application of any of the concept that you learned from the
learning activities. Write your 5-sentence answer in a separate sheet of paper.

Rubrics:
3 2 1 0
Practical Practical Practical No discussion.
application is application is application is
scientifically scientifically explained
explained explained consistent to the
consistent to the consistent to the concepts, but with
concepts, and has concepts, but with misconceptions.
no misconception. minimal
misconception.

Author: Juzalin P. Costuya

School/Station: Panikian National High School
Division: Surigao del Sur
Email address: juzalin.costuya@deped.gov.ph
 Email address: juzalin.costuya@deped.gov.ph
Division: Surigao del Sur
School/Station: Panikian National High School
Author: Juzalin P. Costuya
Activity 3 Activity 1
1. They exert the same amount of force on the surface. This force is equal to 1. Yes
the weight of the blocks. 2. No
2. Block A has greater area of contact with the surface than block B. 3. Bottle with oil floats,
3. Block B exerts greater pressure. The force exerted are equal, the lesser the bottle with vinegar
contact area with the surface the greater the pressure exerted on the sinks.
surface. 4. Vinegar is denser than oil
5. No
Activity 4
1. The water level remains the same. A floating object displaces an amount of Activity 2
water equal to its own weight. 1. TRUE
2. A. Helium is less dense than air. 2. TRUE
B. Helium is less dense than air even when it has the same temperature as 3. TRUE
the surrounding air. 4. FALSE
5. TRUE
Activity 5 6. TRUE
It will rise. The speed of the air across the top of the paper is greater than the 7. FALSE
speed of the air below it. The pressure below the sheet pushes the sheet 8. FALSE
upward. 9. TRUE
10. TRUE
Answer Key:
Santos, Gil Nonato. General Physics 1. Manila: Rex Bookstore, Inc., 2017.
Publishing House, 2006.
Coronade, Gary and Boncodin, Maria Carmela. Physics IV. Quezon City: Phoenix
on Higher Education, 2016.
Bacabac, Rommel et al. Teaching Guide: General Physics 1. Quezon City: Commission
References: