Guide Questions:

ACTIVITY 1 Phase Changes

1. Take a look at the graph closely, the graph shows

A. chemical changes B. phase changes

C. energy changes D. temperature changes

For what reason do you say so? _____________
2. The temperature at which a substance changes
from a gas to a liquid is called the __________.
A. freezing point B. condensation point

C. melting point D. vaporization point

3. At a temperature of 00C, water begins to
_______________.
A. freezes B. melts C. turns to gas D. none of these
Intermolecular Forces of Liquids and Solids;

Phase Changes
Learning
SpecificCompetencies
SpecificLearning
LearningOutcomes
Outcomes
1. Describe the nature of the following phase changes in terms of energy change and
the increase or decrease in molecular order: solid-liquid, liquid vapor, and solid-
vapor (STEM_GC11IMF-IIIa-c-106)
2. Interpret the phase diagram of water and carbon dioxide. (STEM_GC11IMF-IIIa-c-
107)

Specific Objectives:
1. explain phase changes
2. describe how changes in temperature and pressure can change the state of matter;
3. describe the components/ features of a phase diagram;
4. analyze and interpret the phase diagram of water and carbon dioxide;
Phase
Specific
Specific
changes
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• are transformations of matter from one physical
state to another. They occur when energy
(usually in the form of heat) is added or
removed from a substance.
• They are characterized by changes in molecular
order; molecules in the solid phase have the
greatest order, while those in the gas phase
have the greatest randomness or disorder.
Types
Specific
Specific
of phase
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changes
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• The change from solid to
liquid is melting, liquid to
gas is vaporization, and
solid to gas is sublimation.
• These changes take place
when heat is absorbed
(heat gained).
• They are endothermic
processes.
Types
Specific
Specific
of phase
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changes
Outcomes
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• The reverse change from
gas to liquid is
condensation, gas to
solid is deposition, and
liquid to solid is freezing.
• These changes give off
heat (heat lost) and are
exothermic processes
During phase changes, two physical states of the substance
exist at the same time. When addition or removal of heat is
stopped at this temperature, the two physical states will
interconvert from one state to the other, and will be at
equilibrium.

1. SOLID- LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM 

MELTING AND FREEZING
2. LIQUID-VAPOR EQUILIBRIUM 
BOILING AND CONDENSING
3. SOLID-VAPOR EQUILIBRIUM 
SUBLIMATION AND DEPOSITION:
How does a change in energy affect
Specific
Specific Learning
Learning
phase changes? Outcomes
Outcomes
• When a substance is heated, the added energy is used by the
substance in either of two ways:
a. The added heat increases the kinetic energy of the
particles and the particles move faster. The increase in
kinetic energy is accompanied by an increase in
temperature.
b. The added heat is used to break attractive forces
between particles. There is no observed increase in
temperature when this happens. Often a change in the
physical appearance of the substance is observed, such
as a phase change.
How does a change in energy affect
Specific
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phase changes? Outcomes
Outcomes
• Conversely, the removal or release of heat results
in two ways:
a. A decrease in kinetic energy of the particles.
The motion of the particles slow down. A
decrease in temperature is observed.
b. Forces of attraction are formed, and a phase
change may occur. No change in
temperature is observed.
 HEAT CHANGE WITH CHANGE IN
Specific
SpecificTEMPERATURE
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• When a system contains only one phase (solid,
liquid, or gas), the temperature will change
when it receives energy during heating or when
energy is removed during cooling.
• The amount of heat received or removed from
the sample to effect a given change in
temperature can be calculated using the
specific heat of the substance.
 HEAT CHANGE WITH CHANGE IN
Specific
SpecificTEMPERATURE
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• This is the amount of heat needed to raise the
temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1OC.
• It is also equal to the amount of heat lost by 1
gram of substance when its temperature drops
by 1oC.

SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY

 HEAT CHANGE WITH CHANGE IN
Specific
SpecificTEMPERATURE
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• The specific heat of a substance differs for the
solid, liquid, and gaseous states. Water as an
example, has the following specific heat at
different phases:
 HEAT CHANGE WITH CHANGE IN
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SpecificTEMPERATURE
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Phase Diagrams
 Specific
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Phase Learning
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Diagram Outcomes
• a graphical representation of the
physical states of a substance
under different conditions of
temperature and pressure.
• It gives the possible combinations
of pressure and temperature at
which certain physical state or
states a substance would be
observed. Each substance has its
own phase diagram.
 Specific
Specific
What Learning
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are the features Outcomes
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of a phase diagram?

The Three Areas

• The three areas are marked

solid, liquid, and vapor. Under
a set of conditions in the
diagram, a substance can
exist in a solid, liquid, or vapor
(gas) phase. The labels on the
graph represent the stable
states of a system in
equilibrium.
 Specific
Specific
What Learning
Learning
are the features Outcomes
Outcomes
of a phase diagram?

Three Lines (Curves)

• The lines that serve as

boundaries between physical
states represent the
combinations of pressures
and temperatures at which
two phases can exist in
equilibrium. In other words,
these lines define phase
change points.
 Specific
Specific
What Learning
Learning
are the features Outcomes
Outcomes
of a phase diagram?

Three Lines (Curves)

• The green line divides the

solid and liquid phases,
and represents melting
(solid to liquid) and
freezing (liquid to solid)
points.
 Specific
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What Learning
Learning
are the features Outcomes
Outcomes
of a phase diagram?

Three Lines (Curves)

• Melting (or freezing) curve – the

curve on a phase diagram which
represents the transition between
liquid and solid states. It shows the
effect of pressure on the melting
point of the solid.
• Anywhere on this line, there is
equilibrium between the solid and
the liquid.
 Specific
Specific
What Learning
Learning
are the features Outcomes
Outcomes
of a phase diagram?

Three Lines (Curves)

• The blue line divides the

liquid and gas phases,
and represents
vaporization (liquid to
gas) and condensation
(gas to liquid) points.
 Specific
Specific
What Learning
Learning
are the features Outcomes
Outcomes
of a phase diagram?

Three Lines (Curves)

• Vaporization (or condensation) curve

– the curve on a phase diagram
which represents the transition
between gaseous and liquid states.
It shows the effect of pressure on the
boiling point of the liquid.
• Anywhere along this line, there will
be equilibrium between the liquid
and the vapor.
 Specific
Specific
What Learning
Learning
are the features Outcomes
Outcomes
of a phase diagram?

Three Lines (Curves)

• The red line divides the solid

and gas phases, and
represents sublimation (solid
to gas) and deposition (gas
to solid) points.
 Specific
Specific
What Learning
Learning
are the features Outcomes
Outcomes
of a phase diagram?

Three Lines (Curves)

• Sublimation (or deposition) curve

– the curve on a phase diagram
which represents the transition
between gaseous and solid states.
• It represents the effect of
increased temperature on a solid
at a very low constant pressure,
lower than the triple point.
 Specific
Specific
What Learning
Learning
are the features Outcomes
Outcomes
of a phase diagram?

Two Important Points

• There are two important

points on the diagram,
the triple point and the
critical point.
 Specific
Specific
What Learning
Learning
are the features Outcomes
Outcomes
of a phase diagram?

Two Important Points

• The triple point is the combination of

pressure and temperature at which all three
phases of matter are at equilibrium.
• It is the point on a phase diagram at which
the three states of matter coexist. The
lines that represent the conditions of
solid-liquid, liquid-vapor, and solid-vapor
equilibrium meet at the triple point
 Specific
TheSpecific Learning
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Phase Diagram for WaterOutcomes
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Two Important Points
• The critical point terminates the liquid/gas phase line.
• It is the set of temperature and pressure on a phase
diagram where the liquid and gaseous phases of a
substance merge together into a single phase.
• Beyond the temperature of the critical point, the
merged single phase is known as a supercritical fluid.
The temperature and pressure corresponding to this
are known as the critical temperature and critical
pressure.
PRACTICE: Interpreting a Phase Diagram
Refer to the following phase diagram
of a certain substance to answer the
following questions.
1. In what phase is the substance at
50 °C and 1 atm pressure?
2. At what pressure and temperature
conditions will all three phases of
the substance be present?
3. What is the normal melting point
of the substance?
4. What phase(s) will exist at 1 atm
and 700C?
EVALUATION: Constructing a Phase Diagram
Visualize a substance with the following points on the phase diagram:
a triple point at 0.05 atm and 150 K; a normal melting point at 175 K; a
normal boiling point at 350 K; and a critical point at 2.0 atm and 450 K.
The solid liquid line is “normal” (meaning positive sloping). For this,
complete the following:
1. Roughly sketch the phase diagram, using units of atmosphere and
Kelvin. Label the area 1, 2, and 3, and points T and C on the diagram.
2. Describe what one would see at pressures and temperatures above
2.0 atm and 450 K.
3. Describe the phase changes from 50 K to 250 K at 1.5 atm.
4. What exists in a system that is at 1 atm and 350 K?
5. What exists in a system that is at 1 atm and 175 K?
Answer to activity 1

Guide Questions
1. B 2. B 3. a or b