Chapter 22: Thermal Properties of Materials

Chapter 22:
Thermal
Properties
of Materials

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Chapter 22: Thermal Properties of Materials

Learning Objectives

1. Heat capacity and specific heat

2. Thermal expansion
3. Thermal conductivity
4. Thermal shock

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Chapter 22: Thermal Properties of Materials

Heat Capacity and Specific Heat

 Phonons
 Packets of elastic waves. They are characterized by their
energy, wavelength, or frequency, which transfers energy
through a material.
 The energy of the phonon can be expressed in terms of the
wavelength or frequency.

 Specific heat
 The energy required to raise the temperature of one gram
of a material by one degree.

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Chapter 22: Thermal Properties of Materials

Figure 22.1

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Chapter 22: Thermal Properties of Materials

Figure 22.2

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Chapter 22: Thermal Properties of Materials

Thermal Expansion

 Linear co-efficient of thermal expansion

 Describes the amount by which each unit length of a material
changes when the temperature of the material changes by
one degree.

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Chapter 22: Thermal Properties of Materials

Figure 22.4

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Chapter 22: Thermal Properties of Materials

Figure 22.5

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Chapter 22: Thermal Properties of Materials

Thermal Conductivity

 Metals

where L is the Lorentz constant - The constant that

relates electrical and thermal conductivity.
 Ceramics
 The transfer of heat in ceramics occurs primarily by lattice
vibrations (or phonons).
 Semiconductors
 Heat is conducted in semiconductors by both phonons and
electrons.
 Polymers
 The thermal conductivity of polymers is very low—even in
comparison with silicate glasses.
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Chapter 22: Thermal Properties of Materials

Figure 22.6

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Chapter 22: Thermal Properties of Materials

Thermal Shock

 Failure of a material caused by stresses introduced by

sudden changes in temperature is known as thermal
shock.
 Thermal shock behavior is affected by several factors:
 Coefficient of thermal expansion: A low coefficient
minimizes dimensional changes and reduces the ability to
withstand thermal shock.
 Thermal conductivity: The magnitude of the temperature
gradient is determined partly by the thermal conductivity
of the material.

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Chapter 22: Thermal Properties of Materials

Thermal Shock

 Modulus of elasticity: A low modulus of elasticity permits

large amounts of strain before the stress reaches the
critical level required to cause fracture.
 Fracture stress: A high stress required for fracture
permits larger strains.
 Phase transformations: Additional dimensional changes
can be caused by phase transformations.

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Chapter 22: Thermal Properties of Materials

Figure 22-7

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Chapter 22: Thermal Properties of Materials

Thermal Shock

 Thermal shock parameter

or

where
f fracture stress of the material
v Poisson’s ratio
k thermal conductivity
E modulus of elasticity
 linear coefficient of thermal expansion
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Chapter 22: Thermal Properties of Materials

Key Terms

 Phonons
 Heat capacity or specific
heat
 Linear coefficient of
thermal expansion
 Thermal stresses
 Thermal conductivity
 Lorentz constant
 Thermal shock

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