World History Sakto Na Goro Ni

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VISION
A premier Science and Technology university for the
formation of world class and virtuous human resource for
sustainable development in Bohol and the Country.
MISSION
BISU is committed to provide quality higher education in the
arts and sciences, as well as in the professional and technological fields;
undertake research and development and extension services
for the sustainable development of Bohol and the country.
GOALS
To deliver its mandate, BISU is directing all its efforts towards excellence guided
by its foresight. To address the needs of the strategic sectors, BISU shall:
• Pursue faculty and education excellence and strengthen the current viable
curricular programs and develop curricular programs that are responsive to
the demands of the times both in the industry and the environment;
• Promote quality research outputs that respond to the needs of the local and
national communities;
• Develop Communities through Responsive Extension Programs;
• Adopt Efficient and Profitable Income Generating Projects/Enterprise for
Self-Sustainability;
• Provide adequate, state-of-the-art and accessible infrastructure support
facilities for quality education;
• Promote efficient and effective good governance supportive of high quality
education.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, praises and thanks to Almighty God for showering them
his divine wisdom throughout the creation of their comprehensive learning guide.
Social Studies 3-2 would like to express their deep gratitude to their SSE
112 instructor, Mr. Mark Mauris E. Cabahug, for providing them with guidance in
making the comprehensive learning guide possible. His vision and motivation have
deeply inspired them.
They are extending their appreciation to the proofreaders- Jenalyn Batingal,
Kathrece Pia Camacho, Joash Garcia, Bryan Bryle Lloren, Maria Jeseca Mirontos,
Christine Joy Paye, Michaella Nicole Rollorata, Jennifer Lean Quidlat, and Hecel
Rose Yana for their constructive and honest critics to make our learning guide more
accurate and outstanding.
They would also like to thank the compilers - Elisa Bongalos, Eliza Elondo,
Juliana Sel Mendoza, Rose Ann Mulato, Mercy Perocho, Christine Pilos and
Cathyrine Tuico for synthesizing the lesson summaries to make their work concise
and comprehensive.
And of course, to their special someone and their families for their undying
support. Without them, the completion of this sophisticated work is not possible.
Socials Studies 3-2 wanted to show their heartfelt gratitude. Thank You!
BSED SOCIAL STUDIES 3- 2
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title
TITLE PAGE i
VMGO ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iv
Unit 1
4 million B.C. - 200 B.C.
Beginnings of Civilization
CHAPTER 1
Prehistory–2500 B.C.
The People of the World 2
CHAPTER 2
3500 B.C.–450 B.C.
Early Valley Civilization 5
CHAPTER 3
2000 B.C.–250 B.C.
People and Ideas on the Move 8
CHAPTER 4
1570 B.C.–200 B.C.
First Age of Empires 11
Unit 2
2000 B.C. – A.D. 700
New Directions in Government and Society
CHAPTER 5
2000 B. C. – 300 B.C.
Classical Greece 14
CHAPTER 6
500 B.C.–A.D. 500
Ancient Rome and Early Christianity 17
CHAPTER 7
400 B.C.–A.D. 550
India and China Establish Empires 29
CHAPTER 8
1500 B.C.–A.D. 700
African Civilizations 21
CHAPTER 9
40,000 B.C.–A.D. 700
The Americas: A Separate World 23
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Unit 3
500-1500
An Age of Exchange and Encounter
CHAPTER 10
600–1250
The Muslim World 26
CHAPTER 11
500–1500
Byzantines, Russians, and Turks Interact 28
CHAPTER 12
600–1350
Empires in East Asia 30
CHAPTER 13
500–1200
European Middle Ages 33
CHAPTER 14
800–1500
The Formation of Western Europe 35
CHAPTER 15
800–1500
Societies and Empires of Africa 37
Unit 4
500-1800
Connecting Hemispheres
CHAPTER 16
500–1500
People and Empires in the Americas 39
CHAPTER 17
1300–1600
European Renaissance and Reformation 41
CHAPTER 18
1300–1700
The Muslim World Expands 44
CHAPTER 19
1400–1800
An Age of Explorations and Isolation 47
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CHAPTER 20
1492–1800
The Atlantic World 50
Unit 5
1500-1900
Absolutism Revolution
CHAPTER 21
1500–1800
Absolute Monarchs in Europe 52
CHAPTER 22
1550–1789
Enlightenment and Revolution 55
CHAPTER 23
1789–1815
The French Revolution and Napoleon 58
CHAPTER 24
1789–1900
Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West 61
Unit 6
1700-1914
Industrialism and the Race for Empire
CHAPTER 25
1700–1900
The Industrial Revolution 64
CHAPTER 26
1815–1914
An Age of Democracy and Progress 68
CHAPTER 27
1850–1914
The Age of Imperialism 72
CHAPTER 28
1800–1914
Transformations Around the Globe 75
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Unit 7
1900-1945
The World at War
CHAPTER 29
1914–1918
The Great War 77
CHAPTER 30
1900–1939
Revolution and Nationalism 80
CHAPTER 31
1919–1939
Years of Crisis 83
CHAPTER 32
1939–1945
World War II 85
Unit 8
1945- PRESENT
Perspectives on the Present
CHAPTER 33
1945–Present
Restructuring the Postwar World 89
CHAPTER 34
1945–Present
The Colonies Become New Nations 93
CHAPTER 35
1945–Present
Struggles for Democracy 97
CHAPTER 36
1960–Present
Global Interdependence 100
GLOSSARY 102
REFERENCES 115
THE CREATORS 116
ENDING PAGE 118
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WORLD HISTORY: A COMPREHENSIVE LEARNING GUIDE BSED SSTD 3-2
CHAPTER 1:
THE PEOPLING OF THE WORLD
Prehistory – 2500 B.C.
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CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS
4 million years First apes to walk on two legs—Australopithecus
ago
Clearly human species, Homo erectus, tools of stone, wood
1.5 million-0.5
and bone.
million years ago
Early ‘old Stone Age’
400,000-30,000 Neanderthal humans in Europe and Middle East—signs of
years ago culture and probable use of language.
First ‘modern humans’ (Homo sapiens sapiens), probably
originated in Africa.
150,000 years
Lived by foraging (in small nomadic groups without classes,
ago
states or sexual oppression).
Middle ‘old Stone Age’.
Modern humans arrive Middle East (80,000 years ago); cross
80,000-14,000 to Australia (40,000 years ago); arrived Europe (30,000 years
years ago ago); established Americas (14,000 years ago).
Late ‘old Stone Age’.
Climate allows some humans to settle in villages a couple of
13,000 years ago hundred strong while continuing to live by foraging.
‘Middle Stone Age’ (‘Mesolithic’).
First agricultural revolution. Domestication of plants and
animals.
Neolithic (‘new Stone Age’).
10,000 years ago
More advanced tools, use of pottery. Spread of village living.
First systematic war between groups. Still no division into
classes or states.
Plough begins to be used in Eurasia and Africa.
7,000 years ago Agriculture reaches New World and Europe.
‘Chieftainships’ among some groups, but no classes or states.
6,000-5,000 ‘Urban revolution’ in river valleys of Middle East and Nile
years ago Valley, some use of copper.
States emerge in Mesopotamia and ‘Old Kingdom’ Egypt.
First alphabets, bronze discovered, clear division into social
5,000 years ago
(3000 BC)
classes, religious hierarchies and temples.
First pyramids in about 2,800 BC. ‘Bronze Age’.
Tendency for women to be seen as inferior to men.
Growth of city states in Indus Valley.
4,500-4,000
Sargon establishes first empire to unite Middle East.
years ago (2500-
2000 BC) Building of stone rings in western Europe.
Probably Nubian civilization south of Egypt.
4,000 years ago ‘Dark Age’—collapse of Mesopotamian Empire and of
(around 2000 Egyptian ‘Old Kingdom’.
BC) Iron smelted in Asia Minor.
Rise of ‘Minoan’ civilization in Crete.
4,000-3,600 Revival of Egypt with ‘Middle Kingdom’ and of Mesopotamian
years ago (2000- Empire under Hammurabi.
1600 BC) Urban revolution takes off in northern China. Mycenaean
civilization in Greece.
Crisis in Egypt with collapse of ‘Middle Kingdom’ into ‘second
intermediate period’.
3,600 years ago ‘Dark Age’ with collapse of Cretan, Indus and then
(1600 BC) Mycenaean, civilizations.
Disappearance of literacy in these areas. ‘Bronze Age’ in
northern China with Shang Empire.
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Axum civilization in Ethiopia. Growth of Phoenician city states

3,000 years ago around Mediterranean.
(1000 BC) ‘Urban revolution’ in ‘Meso-America’ with Olmec culture and
in Andean region with Chavin.
2,800- 2,500 New civilizations arise in India, Greece and Italy. Meroe in
years ago (800- Nubia.
500 BC)
2,500-2,000 Olmec civilization of Meso-America invents its own form of
years ago (400-1 writing.
BC)
Rise of Teotihuacan in Valley of Mexico—probably biggest
city in world— despite having no use of hard metals. Deserted
2,000 years ago
after about 400 years.
(1st century AD)
Followed by rise of civilizations of Monte Alban and of Mayas
in southern Mexico and Guatemala.
HUMAN ORIGINS IN AFRICA

PALEOLITHIC AGE NEOLITHIC AGE
First phase of stone age; Last phase of the stone age; domestication
hunter/gatherer lifestyle and use of animals, agriculture, and the manufacture
of stone tools. of pottery and textiles.
Between 2.5 Million years to Roughly between 8,000 B.C to 3,000 B.C.
10,000 B.C.
Hunters and gatherers and Agriculture and food production and started
nomadic lifestyle. a sedentary lifestyle.
Lives in caves Lived in huts in permanent villages.
Simple tools out of stones, and Complex tools made of copper and bronze,
they were capable of making build mud and brick houses as well as
fires. places of worship.
Cave painting. Complex carvings, pottery, tombs, etc.
Scientists search for human origins:

✓ Mary Leakey and her team discovered footprints of australopithecines in Lateoli,
Tanzania in 1978.
✓ Donald Johanson and his team found Lucy (female hominid) in Ethiopia in 1974.
✓ Homo habilis – man of skill
✓ Homo erectus – upright man
✓ Homo sapiens – wise men
✓ Neanderthals – discovered in the Neander Valley (Germany) in 1856; portrayed
as people with slanted brows, well-developed muscles, and thick bones.
✓ Cro-Magnons – planned hunters and identical to modern humans
HUMANS TRY TO CONTROL NATURE

✓ The discovery of agriculture ushered in the start of the Neolithic Age. Humans
also adopted animal domestication.
✓ Jarmo in Iraq – birthplace of agriculture
✓ Catal Huyuk in Turkey – agricultural village discovered in 1958.
HOW CIVILIZATION DEVELOPS

✓ Most historians believe that one of the first civilizations was Sumer in
Mesopotamia.
✓ A civilization is often defined as a complex culture with five characteristics:
advanced cities, specialized workers, complex institutions, record keeping, and
advanced technology.
✓ Ur, one of the earliest Sumerian cities, existed on the banks of Euphrates River
(today’s Southern Iraq).
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CHAPTER 2:
EARLY RIVER VALLEY
CIVILIZATIONS
3500 B.C. – 450 B.
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CITY-STATES IN MESOPOTAMIA
✓ Mesopotamia, meaning the "land between rivers," was located in the region of
modern-day Iraq and parts of Iran, Syria, and Turkey.
✓ Around 3000 BCE, the Sumerians formed the first city-states, such as Ur and
Uruk, which were characterized by their dense populations, centralized
governments, and extensive trade networks.
✓ Each city-state had its own ruler, laws, temples, and defense systems. They
were often organized as a hierarchy with a king at the top, followed by nobles,
priests, commoners, and slaves.
✓ Agriculture was the primary economic activity, with river valleys providing fertile
soil. Irrigation systems were developed to ensure a steady food supply, leading
to surplus production.
✓ The city-states built massive ziggurats, which were temple complexes dedicated
to their respective gods. These religious structures were not only places of
worship but also acted as political and economic centers.
✓ The city-states frequently engaged in conflicts and wars over resources,
territory, and power. They formed alliances and fought with each other,
witnessing multiple periods of dominance by different city-states, such as the
Akkadians, Babylonians, and Assyrians.
✓ Each city-state had its own system of writing, primarily cuneiform, which was
used for administrative, economic, and literary purposes. The Epic of
Gilgamesh, one of the earliest surviving works of literature, was written in
Mesopotamia.
✓ Despite frequent internal strife, the city-states also experienced remarkable
periods of cultural and scientific advancements. They made significant
contributions to the development of writing, mathematics, astronomy, and the
legal system.
✓ Eventually, the city-states of Mesopotamia were conquered and united first by
the Akkadian Empire, then the Babylonians, and finally by the Persians.
However, their legacy and influence remained significant throughout history.
PYRAMIDS ON THE NILE

✓ Pyramids on the Nile refer to the magnificent ancient Egyptian pyramids situated
along the Nile River in Egypt.
✓ The king of Lower Egypt wore a red crown, and the Upper Egypt wore a tall
white crown shaped like bowling pin.
✓ These pyramids were built as elaborate tombs for pharaohs, the rulers of ancient
Egypt.
✓ The most famous pyramids are located in Giza, near Cairo, and include the
iconic Great Pyramid of Giza, built for Pharaoh Khufu.
✓ The pyramids were constructed during the Old Kingdom period, approximately
between 2700 and 2200 BCE.
✓ They were meticulously designed and constructed using huge stone blocks, with
intricate passages and chambers inside.
✓ Pyramids were intended to house the pharaoh's body, along with precious
belongings and burial items to ensure a successful afterlife.
✓ These structures served as powerful symbols of pharaoh's authority and
showcased the advanced engineering skills of ancient Egyptians.
✓ Religion and life like the Mesopotamians, the early Egyptians were
polytheistic, believing in many gods. The most important gods were Re, the sun
god, and Osiris god of the dead. The most important goddess was Isis, who
represented the ideal mother and wife.
✓ Egyptian writing as in Mesopotamia, the development of writing was one of the
keys to the growth of Egyptian civilization. Simple pictographs were the
earliest form of writing in Egypt, but scribes quickly developed a more flexible
writing system called hieroglyphics. This term comes from the Greek words
hieros and gluph, meaning “sacred carving.”
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✓ Despite being ancient structures, the pyramids on the Nile still captivate people's
imaginations, showcasing the remarkable achievements of the ancient
Egyptians in architecture, engineering, and religious beliefs. They stand as
enduring symbols of Egypt's rich history and continue to attract millions of
tourists each year.
PLANNED CITIES ON THE INDUS

✓ Planned cities on the Indus refer to a group of ancient urban settlements that
thrived in the Indus Valley Civilization, one of the world's oldest urban
civilizations, around 2600-1900 BCE. These cities, such as Mohenjo-Daro and
Harappa, were meticulously planned and exhibited advanced features for their
time.
✓ Urban Planning: Indus cities were designed on a grid pattern, with streets laid
out in a precise north-south and east-west orientation. This grid layout indicated
a high level of urban planning and organization.
✓ Architecture: The cities featured well-constructed buildings made of baked
bricks, with many multi-story structures. Houses had private bathrooms and a
sophisticated drainage system, suggesting an emphasis on hygiene.
✓ Water Management: A sophisticated system of drainage and sewage was
evident, along with public wells and reservoirs, highlighting the civilization's
mastery of water management.
✓ Trade and Economy: These cities were hubs of trade, connecting to distant
regions through a network of trade routes. The presence of standardized
weights and measures suggests a well-developed economic system.
✓ Social Organization: The cities had a clear social hierarchy, with evidence of
different types of housing and public buildings, indicating the presence of elites
and commoners.
✓ Writing System: The Indus script, though not fully deciphered, is found on many
artifacts, indicating a form of written communication. This suggests a degree of
literacy.
✓ Decline: The reasons for the decline of these cities remain a subject of debate,
but factors like environmental changes and possible invasions have been
suggested.
RIVER DYNASTIES IN CHINA

✓ River Dynasties in China refer to the ancient civilizations that emerged along
major rivers like the Yellow River (Huang He) and Yangtze River.
✓ The earliest known dynasty was the Xia Dynasty (c. 2070-1600 BCE), followed
by the Shang Dynasty (c. 1600-1046 BCE) and Zhou Dynasty (c. 1046-256
BCE).
✓ These dynasties relied heavily on agriculture, and the fertile river valleys
provided the necessary resources for their growth.
✓ The Yellow River was often referred to as the "Cradle of Chinese Civilization"
due to its importance in the development of early Chinese society.
✓ The concept of the Mandate of Heaven, which asserted that rulers received their
authority from the gods, played a crucial role in the political structure of these
dynasties.
✓ Important technological advancements like bronze metallurgy, writing systems
(oracle bone script), and early forms of bureaucracy emerged during this period.
✓ The River Dynasties laid the foundation for Chinese cultural, social, and political
traditions, influencing the course of Chinese history for centuries to come.
✓ A Period of Warring States: The Zhou ruled from around 1027 to 256 B.C.
✓ The Zhou rule weakened and in 771 B.C., nomads sacked the Zhou capital and
murdered the Zhou monarch. Some members of the royal family escaped and
setup a new capital at Luoyang.
✓ As a result, the later years of the Zhou are often called “the time of warring
states.”
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CHAPTER 3:
PEOPLE AND IDEAS IN THE MOVE
2000 B.C. – 250 B.C.
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INDO-EUROPEANS
✓ Come from the steppes in the north of the Caucasus.
✓ Pastoral people and lived in tribes that spoke forms of a language called Indo-
European.
HITTITES
✓ Borrowed ideas from Mesopotamians; dominated Southwest Asia for 450 years.
Key Events of the Hittite Empire

2000 B.C The Hittites occupied Anatolia or Asia Minor.
1650 Separate Hittite city-states formed an empire with Hattusas as its
B.C capital.
1500 First in Southwest Asia to work with iron and harden it into weapons
B.C. of war.
1190 Tribes attacked from the north and burned the Hittite capital city.
B.C.
ARYANS
✓ Fought their enemies, the Dasas, with whom they differed in many ways.
✓ Hindu caste system: Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, Shudras, and
Untouchables
✓ Vedas – four collections of prayers, magical spells, and rituals.
✓ Rig Veda – most important of the collections, contains 1,028 hymns to Aryan
gods
✓ Extended their settlements east, along the Ganges and Yamuna River valleys
✓ Mahabharata – one of India’s great epics
The Rise of Aryan Kingdoms

2000 B.C Aryans, originated from Caspian and Aral seas, passed into the
Indus River Valley. Other scholars believe they originated in
India.
1000 B.C Emergence of a major kingdom: Magadha.
6 th
Century Magadha began expanding by taking over surrounding
B.C. kingdoms.
2 nd
century Magadha expanded south to occupy almost the Indian
BC subcontinent.
HINDUISM
✓ Religion as a way of liberating the soul from the illusions, disappointments, and
mistakes of everyday existence.
✓ Hindus can choose their own path and can also choose among three different
paths (right thinking, right action, religious devotion) to achieve moksha.
Important Hindu concepts

Upanishads – written oldest Hindu teaching; Moksha – state of perfect
understanding of all things; Atman – soul; Brahman – creator who unites all souls;
Moksha – state when perfect understanding of the relationship between Atman
and Brahman is achieved; Reincarnation – rebirth; Karma – good or bad deeds
Some Hindu Gods: Brahma (creator); Vishnu (protector); Shiva (destroyer)
JAINISM
✓ Mahavira — founder of Jainism; birth: 599 B.C. and death: 527 B.C.
✓ Doctrine of nonviolence
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BUDDHISM
✓ Founded by Siddharta Gautama, a nobility in Kapilavastu (Nepal). He was
raised in isolation and traveled. He wandered through the forests of India for 6
years seeking enlightenment. He saw 3 things: an old man, a sick man, and
a corpse. He saw a holy man and wandered in India. He debated with other
religious speakers and fasted. He meditated for 49 days under a big fig tree. He
was called Buddha, the enlightened one.
Important Concepts
Nirvana - a perfect state of understanding and a break from the chain of
reincarnations; 4 Noble Truths; and Eightfold Path
MINOANS AND PHOENICIANS
SEAFARING MINOANS PHOENICIANS

TRADERS Phoenicia (today’s
Lebanon)
Dominated trade in the Traded along the
eastern Mediterranean Mediterranean (1,100 B.C.)
(2000 to 1400 B.C.)
PLACE Crete, an island in southern Eastern end of
INHABITED edge of the Aegean Sea. Mediterranean Sea (later
called Palestine)
CONTRIBUTION Became “stepping stone” Remarkable shipbuilders
for cultural exchange and seafarers, alphabet,
throughout the and purple dye
Mediterranean world.
DOWNFALL Ended in 1200 B.C. Assyrian captivity in 842 B.C
and later controlled by
Babylonians and Persians
The Origin of Judaism

1800 B.C Abraham and his family arrived in Canaan (God’s promised land)
1650 B.C The Hebrews moved to Egypt.
1300-1200 B.C. The “Exodus” happened and the birth of the 12 tribes
1250-1025 B.C. God chose a series of judges. Deborah was one of them.
1020-922 B.C Unification of the Hebrews under King Saul, David, and Solomon.
962 B.C. David built a temple (Jerusalem) which housed the Ark of the
Covenant.
922. B.C. Kingdom divides: Israel (north) and Judah (south).
722 B.C. Israel fell into the Assyrians while Judah into the Babylonians.
586 B.C Nebuchadnezzar attacked Jerusalem and the city fell.
539 B.C. Cyrus the Great conquered Babylon and freed 40k Jewish exiles.
515 B.C. The temple was completed.
445 B.C. The temple’s walls were rebuilt.
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CHAPTER 4:
FIRST AGE OF EMPIRES
1570 B.C. – 200 B.
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THE EGYPTIAN AND NUBIAN EMPIRES

Egyptian Empire:
✓ The Old Kingdom (2686-2181 BCE) saw the construction of iconic pyramids,
such as the Great Pyramid of Giza.
✓ The Middle Kingdom (2055-1650 BCE) witnessed the reunification of Egypt after
a period of division and the expansion of trade and cultural influence.
✓ The New Kingdom (1550-1077 BCE) marked a golden age with powerful
pharaohs like Hatshepsut and Ramses II, who built grand temples and engaged
in military campaigns.
✓ Egypt faced invasions, including the Hyksos invasion in the Second Intermediate
Period (1650-1550 BCE) and the Assyrian invasion in the Late Period (664-332
BCE).
THE ASSYRIAN EMPIRE

Nubian Empire:
✓ The Kingdom of Kush emerged as a powerful Nubian state in the 8th century
BCE, with its capital at Napata.
✓ The Nubians conquered Egypt and established the Nubian Dynasty (747-656
BCE), ruling as pharaohs.
✓ The Nubian Empire reached its height during the Meroitic
period (300 BCE-350 CE), known for its impressive architecture, iron production,
and trade networks.
✓ The Nubians faced invasions from the Egyptians and later the Assyrians, leading
to the decline of their empire.
THE PERSIAN EMPIRE

The Persians based their empire on tolerance and diplomacy. They relied
on a strong military to back up their policies. Ancient Persia included what today is
Iran.
Important Events, People, & their Contributions in Persian Empire

➢ King Cyrus the Great
✓ the first king of Persia
✓ a military genius with a kind heart to his people, even the conquered ones
✓ allowed the Jews to return to Jerusalem to rebuild the temple.
➢ King Cambyses
✓ was the son of King Cyrus the Great
✓ neglected his father's wise and remarkable example.
✓ scorned the Egyptian religion.
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➢ King Darius the Great

✓ divided the empire into 20 provinces.
✓ appointed a governor (strap) to rule the province together with the military leader
and tax collector.
✓ sent out inspectors called the "King's Eyes & Ears"
✓ built the Royal Road and established a courier.
✓ created a coin of standard value.
THE UNIFICATION OF CHINA

**Timeline of Shi Huangdi's Rule and the Qin Dynasty**
221 B.C. Shi Huangdi marked the beginning of the Qin Dynasty.
Shi Huangdi's centralization program
221-210 B.C.
213 B.C. The construction of the Great Wall of China
210 B.C. Shi Huangdi dies.
207 B.C. Peasant uprisings and discontent led to the fall of the Qin
Dynasty.
202 B.C. The Han Dynasty took control, ending the Qin Dynasty.
In the era of Shi Huangdi and the Qin Dynasty, China experienced a
significant shift in governance and infrastructure. Shi Huangdi implemented an
autocratic rule characterized by centralized power.
Confucius, on the other hand, believed that society should be organized

around five basic relationships (Ruler & Subject, Father & Son, Husband & Wife,
Elder Brother & Younger Brother, and Friend & Friend)
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CHAPTER 5:
CLASSICAL GREECE
2000 B.C. – 300 B.C.
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Greek civilization was very different from the civilizations of Egypt and
Mesopotamia. Ancient Greek life centered around the Aegean Sea. The Greeks
established colonies and city-states throughout the Aegean Sea. Their democratic
form of government was the model for the government we acquired. Greece is a
country rich in history and ancient civilizations. Already in 3000 BC. The Cycladic
civilization inhabited the area of Greece. Over time, other civilizations would
emerge. The city-states of ancient Greece, such as Athens and Sparta, created
one of the most advanced ancient civilizations in history. This gave rise to many
advanced concepts in government and philosophy that are still used today. In 332
BC. Alexander the Great came to power in 400 BC. He would unite the Greek
peoples and conquer the Persian Empire. By 30 BC, all of Greece became part of
the Roman Empire. When the Roman Empire split, Greece become a part of the
Byzantium Empire. Greek culture would have a significant influence on both the
Roman and Byzantium cultures. Greece remained part of the Byzantium Empire
until the arrival of the Ottoman Empire in the 1400s. The Greeks broke free of the
Ottomans after the Greek War for Independence. Throughout the rest of the 1800s
and 1900s, Greece slowly added nearby islands to its territories. In World War II
Greece was invaded by Italy and taken over by Germany. Greece is now a member
of the European Union.
Classical Greece refers to the time period from the 5th century BCE to the 4th
century BCE, considered to be a pinnacle of Greek civilization. It was a time of
major cultural, political, and intellectual development. Here is a summary of
Classical Greece:
1. Democracy: Classical Greece is often associated with the birth of

democracy. Athens, in particular, was known for its democratic system of
government, where eligible citizens could participate in decision-making.
2. City-States: Greece was not a unified nation but rather consisted of
independent city-states, the most famous being Athens and Sparta. These
city-states had their own governments, laws, and armies.
3. Philosophy and Education: Classical Greece was the birthplace of
prominent philosophers such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. These
thinkers explored questions regarding ethics, politics, and the nature of
reality. Education was valued, and many citizens received education in
subjects like music, literature, and mathematics.
4. Arts and Literature: Classical Greece saw the development of various
artistic and literary forms. Greek drama, exemplified by playwrights like
Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides, flourished during this period. The
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visual arts also experienced significant growth, with iconic sculptures like
the Parthenon marbles.
5. Olympic Games: The Olympic Games originated in Ancient Greece and
were held every four years in Olympia. These events brought together
athletes from different city-states to compete in sporting contests and were
accompanied by religious ceremonies and cultural festivities.
6. Persian Wars: The Persian Wars were a series of conflicts between the
Greek city-states and the Persian Empire. Despite being heavily
outnumbered, the Greeks managed to repel the Persian invasions, notably
in the battles of Marathon, Thermopylae, and Salamis.
7. Peloponnesian War: The Peloponnesian War, fought between Athens and
Sparta, was a major conflict that resulted in the decline of Athens’ power
and eventually the downfall of the Athenian democracy.
8. Golden Age of Pericles: Under the leadership of Pericles, Athens
experienced a period of great prosperity and cultural advancements. This
period is often referred to as the Golden Age, with significant contributions
to art, architecture, and literature.
9. Legacy: Classical Greece had a profound influence on Western civilization.
Its art, architecture, philosophy, and political systems became the
foundation for many subsequent societies. The ideas and achievements of
Classical Greece continue to be studied and admired to this day.
It was a time of democracy, with Athens as a notable example, where

eligible citizens could participate in decision-making. The city-states, such
as Athens and Sparta, were independent entities with their own
governments, laws, and armies. Classical Greece was known for its great
philosophers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, who explored questions of
ethics, politics, and reality. Education was highly valued, and subjects like
music, literature, and mathematics were taught. The arts and literature
flourished, with Greek drama and iconic sculptures being prominent
examples. The Olympic Games originated in Ancient Greece and were held
every four years, bringing together athletes from different city-states.
Greece also faced major conflicts such as the Persian Wars and the
Peloponnesian War. The Golden Age of Pericles brought prosperity and
cultural advancements to Athens. The legacy of Classical Greece includes
its profound influence on Western civilization, with its ideas and
achievements continuing to be studied and admired today.
15
CHAPTER 6:
ANCIENT ROME AND EARLY
CHRISTIANITY
500 B.C. – A.D. 500
16
THE ROMAN REPUBLIC

✓ The city of Rome was founded in 753 BC by Remus & Romulus.
✓ Tribunes protected the rights of the plebeians from unfair acts of patrician
officials.
✓ The Twelve Tables established the idea that all free citizens had a right to the
protection of the law.
✓ The Punic Wars was a battle between Rome and Carthage.
THE ROMAN EMPIRE
60 BC - Julius Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey became Rome's First

Triumvirate.
58-50 BC - Caesar’s troops defeated Pompey’s armies.
March 15, 44 BC - The senators stabbed Caesar to death.
43 BC - Octavian, Mark Antony, and Lepidus became the second triumvirate.
27 BC-AD 180 - Pax Romana happened.
AD 14 - After Augustus died, the system of government that he established
maintained the empire’s stability.
✓ Rome emphasized the values of discipline, strength, and loyalty.

✓ Slavery was widespread and important to the economy.
✓ The earliest Romans worshiped powerful spirits or divine forces called numina,
as well as worship of the emperor.
✓ The rich lived extravagantly while much of the city’s population was
unemployed.
✓ The practice of Christianity emerged during the Pax Romana.
THE RISE OF CHRISTIANITY
63 B.C Roman power spread to Judea, the home of the Jews.

6 A.D Rome took control of the Jewish kingdom
6 to 4 B.C Jesus was born in the town of Bethlehem in Judea
A.D 29 People greeted him as the Messiah, or King
A.D 66 A band of Jews rebelled against Rome
A.D 70 Romans stormed Jerusalem and destroyed the temple complex
A.D 73 Half million Jews were killed due to rebellion
A.D 132 Constantine was fighting 3 rivals for leadership pf Rome
A.D 313 Constantine announced an end to the persecution of Christians.
A.D 325 Constantine moved to solidify further the teaching of Christianity.
THE FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE

✓ The end of the reign of the emperor Marcus Aurelius marked the end of Pax
Romana.
✓ After a century, a new emperor, Diocletian ascended to the throne. There are
numerous new legislations attempting to stabilize the economy.
✓ These changes postponed the end of the Roman but was unable to stop the
empire’s collapse. Eastern portion of the empire remained powerful and
unified however, persisted in the west.
✓ The mixing elements of Greek, Hellenistic, and Roman culture produce a new
culture, called Greco-Roman culture.
17
CHAPTER 7:
INDIA AND CHINA ESTABLISH
EMPIRES
400 B.C. – A.D. 550
18
INDIA’S FIRST EMPIRES

✓ 600 B.C. Many small kingdoms were scattered throughout India.
✓ 326 B.C. Alexander brought the Indus Valley under Macedonian control.
Chandragupta Maurya attacked the Nanda family and claimed the throne.
✓ 305 B.C. Chandragupta defeated Seleucus I and created the Mauryan Empire.
He divided the empire into four provinces and local districts, each headed by a
royal prince.
✓ 301 B.C. Chandragupta’s son assumed the throne and ruled for 32 years. Soon
after, Asoka, Chandragupta’s grandson brought the Mauryan Empire to its
greatest heights.
✓ 269 B.C. Asoka became king of the Mauryan Empire and ruled by the Buddha’s
teaching of peace, building extensive roads and rest houses.
✓ 232 B.C. Asoka’s death left a power vacuum. Regional kings challenged the
imperial government.
✓ 185 B.C. Chandra Gupta emerged in Magdha and marryied a daughter of an

influential royal family.
✓ A.D. 335 Chandra Gupta II expanded the empire and was revered for defeating
the Shakas.
✓ A.D. 375 to 415 Chandra Gupta II ruled and strengthened his empire through
peaceful means by negotiating diplomatic and marriage alliances.
HAN EMPERORS IN CHINA

✓ The Han dynasty was founded by Liu Bang who assumed the title of emperor in
202 BCE. The Han Dynasty is divided into two periods – Former Han and Later
Han.
✓ When Emperor Liu Bang died, he left the throne to his son Huidi.
✓ Huidi died in 188 B.C. and Empress Lü placed an infant on the throne that died
shortly after.
✓ Paper was invented in A.D. 105.
✓ Another technological advance was the collar harness for horses.
✓ Chinese commerce expanded along the Silk Roads to most of Asia and, through
India, all the way to Rome.
✓ The Chinese government encouraged assimilation, the process of making
conquered people’s part of Chinese culture.
✓ Another famous book was the History of the Former Han Dynasty written by Ban
Biao.
✓ Ban Zhao also wrote a guide called Lessons for Women.
✓ Confucian teachings had dictated that women were to devote themselves to their
families. However, women made important contributions to their family’s eco-
nomic life through duties in the home and work in the fields of the family farm.
19
CHAPTER 8:
AFRICAN CIVILIZATIONS
1500 B.C. – A.D. 70
20
DIVERSE SOCIETIES IN AFRICA
✓ Africa is the second largest continent, it stretches 4,600 miles from east
to west and 5,000 miles from north to south, with a total of 11.7 million.
✓ Nomadic Lifestyle Africa's earliest peoples were nomadic hunter-

gatherers. Today, some of the San of the Kalahari Desert and the BaMbuti
(bah-uhm-BOO tee) of the rain forests of Congo are still hunter-gatherers.
✓ Agriculture drastically changed the way Africans lived. Growing their own
food enabled them to build permanent shelters in one location.
✓ Animism is a religion in which spirits play an important role in regulating

daily life.
✓ Story tellers shared orally the history and literature of a culture. In West
Africa, griots kept this history alive, passing it from parent to child.
✓ Nok culture is known for its unique terracotta sculptures and its early iron
working.
Djenne-Djeno is the oldest city in Africa, south of the Sahara.
THE KINGDOM OF AKSUM
✓ Aksum was located south of Kush on a rugged plateau on the Red Sea,
in what are now the countries of Eritrea and Ethiopia.
✓ The African Kingdom of Axum (also Aksum) was located on the northern
edge of the highland zone of the Red Sea coast, just above the horn of
Africa.
✓ Adulis is Aksum’s chief seaport, near present-day Massawa.
✓ The kingdom of Aksum reached its height between A. 325 and 360, when
an exceptionally strong ruler, Ezana.
✓ The Aksumites, like other ancient Africans, traditionally believed in one

god. They called their god Mahrem and believed that their king was
directly descended from him. They were also animists, however, and
worshiped the spirits of nature and honored their dead ancestors.
✓ Aksum becomes Christian through the leadership of Ezana.
✓ Aksum declined when they isolate themselves in the mountains from the
growing threats of Islamic invasion.
21
CHAPTER 9:
THE AMERICAS: A SEPARATE
WORLD
40,000 B.C. – A.D. 700
22
THE EARLIEST AMERICANS

✓ The American continents include North and South America. The land mass that
connected the American continent is now called Panama.
✓ Thousands of years ago, the Americas were connected by a land bridge to Asia
called Beringia.
✓ Some experts believe that first American people may have arrived by boat they
may have paddled from Asia to the Pacific Coast in small boats.
✓ The first Americans arrived sometime toward the end of the last Ice Age, which
lasted from roughly 1.9 million to about 10,000 B.C.
✓ Siberian hunters followed the “big game” into North America. These migrants
became the first Americans.
✓ Some scholars contend that the migration across the land bridge began as early
as 40,000 B.C.
✓ Others argue it occurred as late as 10,000 B.C.
✓ With the end of the Ice Age, around 12,000 to 10,000 years ago, came the end
of land travel across Beringia. By this time, however, humans inhabited most
regions of the Americas.
✓ Around 7000 B.C., a revolution quietly began in what is now central Mexico.
✓ By 5000 B.C., many had begun to grow these preferred plants. They included
squashes, gourds, beans, avocados, and chilies.
✓ By 3400 B.C., these early farmers grew maize, or corn.
✓ With the development of agriculture, society became more complex. The stage
was set for the rise of more advanced civilization.
EARLY MESOAMERICAN CIVILIZATIONS

OLMEC CIVILIZATION ZAPOTEC CIVILIZATION
 Emerged about 1200 B.C. and thrived  An advanced society— the Zapotec
from approximately 800–400 B.C. built the first real urban center in the
 The mother culture of Mesoamerica Americas, Monte Albán.
 The oldest site, San Lorenzo, dates  By 500 B.C. they had developed early
back to around 1150 B.C. forms of writing and a calendar
 Olmec people probably worshiped system.
the jaguar spirit.  The Zapotec left behind their own
 La Venta were ceremonial centers. legacy - hieroglyphic writing system
 The trade network helped boost the and a calendar system based on the
Olmec economy and spread Olmec movement of the sun.
influence.  Monte Albán combined ceremonial
 San Lorenzo was destroyed around grandeur with residential living
900 B.C. While La Venta may have space.
fallen sometime around 400 B.C.  This style influenced the development
 The Olmec also left behind the of future urban centers and became
notions of planned ceremonial a hallmark of Mesoamerican
centers, ritual ball games, and an civilizations.
elite ruling class.
23
Early Civilizations of the Andes

CHAVIN CIVILIZATION NAZCA CIVILIZATION MOCHE CIVILIZATION
 The first influential  Flourished along the  Moche culture lasted
civilization in South southern coast of Peru from about A.D. 100
America from around 200 B.C. to A.D. 700.
 Named after Chavín de to A.D. 600.  They built impressive
Huántar.  Developed extensive irrigation systems to
 A religious civilization. irrigation systems, water their wide
 The spread of Chavín including underground range of crops.
art styles and religious canals, that allowed  Moche tombs
images—as seen in them to farm the land. uncovered in the
stone carving, pottery,  Known for their beautiful recent past have
and textiles—shows textiles and pottery. revealed a
the powerful influence Both feature images of civilization with
of this culture. animals and enormous wealth.
 The Chavín are mythological beings.  The Moche created
believed to have  Known for their Nazca pottery that depicted
established certain Lines. scenes from
patterns that helped everyday life.
unify Andean culture
and lay the foundation
for later civilizations in
Peru.
 Chavin acted as the
mother culture of
South America.
24
CHAPTER 10:
THE MUSLIM WORLD
600 – 125
25
THE TIMELINE OF EARLY ISLAMIC WORLD

570 - Muhammad is born in the city of Mecca.
610 - The religion of Islam begins when Muhammad receives the first revelations of the
Quran.
622 - Muhammad and his followers move to Medina to escape persecution in Mecca. This
migration becomes known as the "Hijrah" and marks the beginning of the Islamic
calendar.
630 - Muhammad returns to Mecca and gains control of the city. Mecca becomes the
center of the Islamic world.
632 - Muhammad dies and Abu Bakr succeeds Muhammad as leader of the Islam faith.
He is the first of the four "Rightly Guided" Caliphs. This also marks the beginning of the
Rashidun Caliphate.
634 - Umar becomes the second Caliph. The Islamic Empire expands during his rule to
include much of the Middle East including Iraq, Egypt, Syria, and part of North Africa.
644 - Uthman becomes the third Caliph. He will create the standardized version of the
Quran.
656 - Ali bin Talib becomes the fourth Caliph.
661 to 750 - The Umayyad Caliphate takes control after Ali is assassinated. They move
the capital city to Damascus.
680 - Hussein, the son of Ali, is killed at Karbala.
692 - The Dome of the Rock is completed in Jerusalem.
711 - Muslims enter Spain from Morocco. They will eventually gain control of most of the
Iberian Peninsula.
732 - The Islamic army pushes into France until they are defeated by Charles Martel at
the Battle of Tours.
750 to 1258 - The Abbasid Caliphate takes control and builds a new capital city called
Baghdad. The Islamic Empire experiences a period of scientific and artistic
achievement that will later be called the Golden Age of Islam.
780 - Mathematician and scientist al-Khwarizmi is born. He is known as the "Father of
Algebra."
972 - Al-Azhar University in Cairo, Egypt is founded.
1025 - Ibn Sina completes his encyclopedia of medicine called The Canon of Medicine. It
will become the standard medical textbook throughout Europe and the Middle East for
hundreds of years.
1048 - Famous poet and scientist Omar Khayyam is born.
1099 - Christian armies recapture Jerusalem during the First Crusade.
1187 - Saladin retakes the city of Jerusalem.
1258 - The Mongol army sacks the city of Baghdad destroying much of the city and killing
the Caliph.
1261 to 1517 - The Abbasid Caliphate establishes the Caliphate in Cairo, Egypt. They
have religious authority, but the Mamluks hold the military and political power.
1325 - Famous Muslim traveler Ibn Battuta begins his travels.
1453 - The Ottomans take the city of Constantinople bringing an end to the Byzantine
Empire.
1492 - After being pushed back for centuries, the last Islamic stronghold in Spain is
defeated at Granada.
1517 to 1924 - The Ottoman Empire conquers Egypt and claims the Caliphate.
1526 - The Mughal Empire
is established in India.
1529 - The Ottoman Empire
is defeated at the Siege
of Vienna stopping the
advance of the Ottomans
into Europe.
1653 - The Taj Mahal, a
tomb for the wife of the
Mughal Emperor, is
completed in India.
1924 - The Caliphate is
abolished by Mustafa
Ataturk, the first
President of Turkey.
26
CHAPTER 11:
BYZANTINES, RUSSIANS, AND
TURKS INTERACT
500 – 1500
27
BYZANTINE EMPIRE
Setting the Stage
The Western Roman Empire crumbled in the fifth century as it was overrun by
invading Germanic tribes. By this time, however, the once great empire had
already undergone significant changes. It had been divided into western and
eastern empires, and its capital had moved east from Rome to the Greek city of
Byzantium. The city would become known as Constantinople after the emperor
Constantine, who made it the new capital in A.D. 330.
A New Rome in a New Setting
✓ 395AD- Roman leaders had divided the empire.
✓ 527AD- A high ranking Byzantine nobleman, Justinian succeeded his uncle
throne.
✓ 533AD- Justinian, sent his best general, Belisarius to recover the North Africa
from the invading Germanic Tribes
✓ 535AD- Belisarius attacked Rome.
✓ Over 16 yrs- Justinian’s armies won.
Life in the New Rome
Having unified the two empires, Justinian set up a panel of legal experts to
regulate Byzantium’s increasingly complex society. The panel created a single,
uniform code known as the Justinian Code.
Empire Falls
After Justinian’s death in 565, the empire suffered countless setbacks. There
were street riots, religious quarrels, palace intrigues, and foreign dangers. Each
time the empire moved to the edge of collapse; it found some way to revive only
to face another crisis.
RUSSIAN EMPIRE
Russia’s Birth
✓ Russia’s first unified territory originated west of the Ural Mountains in the region
that runs from the Black Sea to the Baltic Sea.
✓ Three great rivers, the Dnieper the Don, and the Volga, run from the heart of the
forests to the Black Sea or the Caspian Sea.
Kiev’s Power and Decline
✓ The decline of the Kievan state started with the death of Yaroslav in During his
reign, Yaroslav had made what turned out to be a crucial error.
✓ In the middle 1200s, a ferocious group of horsemen from central Asia slashed
their way into Russia. Mongols invade Russia under the rule of Genghis Khan,
one of the most feared warriors at all times.
Mongol Rule in Russia
Under Mongol rule, the Russians could follow all their usual customs, as long as
they made no attempts to rebel. The Mongols demanded just two things from
Russians: absolute obedience and massive amounts of tribute, or payments.
Russia’s Break Free
One of the peoples whom they conquered back then was a new group that had
risen to power in Central Asia—the Turks.
TURKS INTERACT
The Rise of Turks
✓ 1300 B.C., Chinese records mention a people called the Tu-Kiu living west of
their borders.
✓ One of the first of these migrating Turkish groups was known as the Seljuks
after the family that led them.
Seljuks Face Mongols
✓ In the early 1200s, they grew into a unified force under the ruler Genghis Khan
and swiftly conquered China.
✓ The warrior Mongols, however, knew little about administering their territory. As
a result, their vast empire crumbled in just a few generations. And out of the
rubble of the Mongol Empire rose another group of Turks—the Ottomans.
28
CHAPTER 12:
EMPIRES IN EAST ASIA
600 – 1350
29
EVENTS/DEVELOPMENT
618 AD Foundation of the Tang Dynasty by Li Yuan (Emperor

Gaozu).
626 AD Li Shimin (Tang Taizong ) consolidates power.
630 AD Taizong seized a portion of Mongolia from the Turks and

earned the title “Great Khan.”
640-650 AD Taizong's son, Gaozong, became emperor in 650 A.D., but
spent most of his rule under the control of Empress Wu.
660-670 AD China extended its influence to Korea.
690-705 AD Reign of Wu Zhao, the only female emperor.
751 AD Battle of Talas against the Abbasid Caliphate.
780 AD Reforms under Emperor Dezong.
860-870 AD The countryside was in chaos, with gangs and small armies
robbing merchants, attacking cities and slaughtering scores
of people.
907 End of the Tang Dynasty; Chinese rebels sacked and burned
the Tang capital Ch'ang-an and murdered the last Tang
emperor, a child.
960-1279 Song Dynasty takes place
GENGHIS KHAN UNITES THE MONGOLS
Date Event
1160s Birth of Temüjin, the future Genghis Khan
1206 Temujin accepted the title Genghis Khan or the " universal
ruler ".
1211 Invading the northern Jin Empire.
1215 The Mongols captured Beijing in northern China).
1219-1220 Mongols invade Central Asia, destroying the state of
Khwarezm Shah.
1223-1231 First encounter of Mongols with Russian armies (guess
who won). The Mongols invaded Korea in 1231.
1260-1264 The Mongols had divided their huge empire into four regions,
or khanates. And Kublai Khan becomes emperor. In 1281,
Final Japan Attack.
mid 1200S- The Mongols imposed stability and law and order across
1300s much of Eurasia. This period is sometimes called the Pax
Mongolica, or Mongol Peace. And was Kublai Khan's death
LIFE IN THE HEIAN PERIOD

The Heian period in Japanese history, from 794 to 1185, saw the imperial court
move from Nara to Heian, modern-day Kyoto. This period saw a refined court
society, with rules dictating court life, etiquette, and the expectation of writing
poetry and painting. The best accounts of Heian society come from diaries, essays,
30
and novels written by court women, including Lady Murasaki Shikibu's 11th-century
masterpiece, The Tale of Genji
KINGDOMS OF SOUTHEAST ASIA
In Southeast Asia’s river valleys and
deltas and on its islands, many kingdoms
had centuries of glory and left
monuments of lasting beauty. The Khmer
Empire, located in Cambodia, was the
main power on Southeast Asia's
mainland for centuries. It reached its
peak around 1200 due to improved rice
cultivation and the construction of
irrigation systems and waterways. The
Khmer rulers built significant city-and-
temple complexes, including Angkor Wat,
a symbolic mountain dedicated to Hindu god Vishnu. Other powerful kingdoms in
Southeast Asia, such as Sailendra and Srivijaya, also developed. The Sailendra Dynasty
eventually fell under Srivijaya's domination, which ruled the Strait of Malacca and other
waters around the islands. The Vietnamese, the least influenced by India, became an
independent kingdom called Dai Viet in 939. Despite absorbing Chinese cultural
influences, the Vietnamese maintained their own cultural identity and maintained their
independence. The Ly Dynasty established a strong central government, encouraged
agriculture and trade, and improved transportation.
KOREAN DYNASTY
Korean legends suggest that the first
Korean state was founded by a hero
or a royal descendant of the Chinese
Shang Dynasty. Korea, located on a
peninsula, has a hot summer and
cold winter climate and is
mountainous. Its history is marked
by different clans and tribes
controlling different parts of the
country. The Han empire
conquered Korea in 108 B.C., and
Koreans learned about
Confucianism, Buddhism, and
writing from China. The Koryu Dynasty, a weakened dynasty, lasted from 935 to
1392 and modeled its central government after China's.
31
CHAPTER 13:
EUROPEAN MIDDLE AGES
500 - 1200
32
The period in European history traditionally dated from the fall of the Roman
Empire to the dawn of the Renaissance. In the 5 century the Western Roman
th
Empire endured declines in population, economic vitality, and the size and
prominence of cities. It also was greatly affected by a dramatic migration of peoples
that began in the 3 century. In the 5 century these peoples, often called
rd th
barbarians, carved new kingdoms out of the decrepit Western Empire. Over the
next several centuries these kingdoms oversaw the gradual amalgamation of
barbarian, Christian, and Roman cultural and political traditions. The longest-
lasting of these kingdoms, that of the Franks, laid the foundation for later European
states. It also produced Charlemagne, the greatest ruler of the Middle Ages, whose
reign was a model for centuries to come.
Events in the Unification of Germanic Kingdoms:

✓ 400s- Religious travelers were risking their lives working along the Germanic
and celtic groups to spread Christianity.
✓ Between 400-600- Small Germanic kingdoms replaced the Roman
provinces. The Kingdom’s borders moved a lot because of the wars. Many
of the churches survived during the political chaos.
✓ 511- Clovis had united all the Franks into one kingdom and it marked the
partnership between the Frankish kingdom and the Church. Clovis died but
he had spread Frankish rule over most of new day France.
✓ By 600- The church with help from the Frankish rulers converted a lot of
Germanic people to Christianity
✓ 732- The battle of tours, Charles Martel defeated the Muslim invaders of
Spain and reclaimed their empire.
✓ 751- Pepin agreed to fight the Lombards who invaded Italy and threatened
Rome if the Pope let him be king. The Carolingian Dynasty was created
which began the family that would rule the Franks.
✓ 800- Charlemagne traveled to Rome to crush the mob that had attacked the
Pope. Showing gratitude to Charlemagne the pope crowned him emperor.
Feudalism, a term that emerged in the 17 century that has been used to describe
th
economic, legal, political, social, and economic relationships in the European

Middle Ages.
PEOM OF CHIVALRY
It was the age of chivalry
Long ago in man’s history
It was mainly for show, love and glory
They deemed themselves being worthy
To capture the heart of some fair maiden
Which was the most desired prize laden.
In a one to one combat defying death
As crowds watched with abated breath.
Yes, it was far back in those days of yore

That courage and strength came to the fore
Where there was this life and death struggle;
Such issues at hand the knights would juggle.
THE POWER OF THE CHURCH

The central governments of Europe were weak, The Church became the
most important Force unifying European society. An early pope had Said that God
had made two areas of influence in the world—religious and political. The pope
was in Charge of spiritual matters, he said. The emperor and other rulers were in
charge of political affairs.
33
CHAPTER 14:
THE FORMATION OF WESTERN
EUROPE
800 - 1500
34
CHURCH REFORM AND THE CRUSADES

Religious and Moral Issues:
- Simony: The unethical practice of buying or selling religious positions, favors, or items,
which was prevalent during the Middle Ages and criticized by the Church.
Architectural and Artistic Style:
- Gothic: A distinctive architectural style of the High and Late Middle Ages known for its
use of pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses, seen in the construction of
magnificent cathedrals.
Crusades and Key Figures:

- Urban II: Pope Urban II, who initiated the First Crusade in 1095 with a call to liberate the
Holy Land from Muslim control.
- Crusade: A series of religious wars fought in the medieval period, including the First
Crusade initiated by Urban II.
- Saladin: A notable Muslim military leader known for recapturing Jerusalem during the
Crusades.
- Richard the LionHearted: King Richard I of England, renowned for his leadership in the
Third Crusade and his courage in battle.
CHANGES IN MEDIEVAL SOCIETY

Agricultural Advancements:
- Three-Field System: A farming technique that increased agricultural productivity in
medieval Europe by dividing fields into three parts to allow for crop rotation and soil
rejuvenation.
Medieval Guilds and Commerce:

- Guild: Associations of craftsmen and merchants that regulated trade, provided training,
and protected the interests of members.
- Commercial Revolution: A period of economic expansion and trade growth in medieval
Europe, leading to the rise of a money-based economy.
ENGLAND AND FRANCE DEVELOP

Emergence of Legal Systems:
- Common Law: A legal system based on custom and precedent, developed in medieval
England and still influential in modern legal systems.
- Magna Carta: A historic document signed in 1215, limiting the power of the English
monarchy and laying the groundwork for constitutional principles.
Political Developments:
- William the Conqueror: The Norman Duke who became King of England in 1066 after
the Norman Conquest.
- Henry II: An English monarch who expanded the legal system and introduced jury trials.
- Parliament: A legislative body that evolved in medieval England and later influenced the
development of modern representative government.
- Estates-General: A representative assembly in medieval France.
THE HUNDRED YEARS WAR AND THE BUBONIC PLAGUE

Challenges and Conflicts:
- Hundred Years' War: A long conflict between England and France from 1337 to 1453.
- Joan of Arc: A French heroine who played a key role in the Hundred Years' War.
- Bubonic Plague: A devastating pandemic that swept through Europe in the 14th century,
resulting in widespread death and societal upheaval.
Religious Movements:
- John Wycliffe: An English theologian who criticized the practices of the medieval Church
and advocated for the translation of the Bible into English.
- Jan Hus: A Czech priest and reformer who challenged the Catholic Church's authority.
- Great Schism: A split within the Catholic Church when multiple popes claimed authority,
leading to confusion and division.
35
CHAPTER 15:
SOCIETY AND EMPIRES OF AFRICA
800 - 1500
36
NORTH AND CENTRAL AFRICA

Hunters and Gatherer is a type of subsistence lifestyle that relies on hunting and
fishing animals and foraging for wild vegetation and other nutrients like honey, for
food.
Example of Hunter and Gatherer
-The Efe, who live in the rain forest of central Africa, are one group of hunter-
gatherers that are studied. They keep few possessions so that they can move
often in the search for food.
✓ Stateless Society -those that had no centralized authority, no administrative
machinery and no courts of justice.
✓ Muslim States
-Almoravids - The Almoravid dynasty (al-Murabitun, ca. 1062–1150), a newly
emerged Islamic power in North Africa, ethnically more Berber than
Arab, conquered Morocco and founded Marrakesh as its capital in 1062.
-Almohad Caliphate was a North African Berber Muslim empire founded in the
12th century. At its height, it controlled much of the Iberian Peninsula and North
Africa.
WEST AFRICAN CIVILIZATION
Empire of Ghana
✓ The Ghana Empire lay in the Sahel region to the north of the West African gold
fields and was able to profit by controlling the trans-Saharan gold trade, which
turned Ghana into an empire of legendary wealth. Ghana appears to have had
a central core region and was surrounded by vassal states.
The Empire of Mali
✓ The Mali Empire was a powerful West African empire that existed from the 13th
to the 17th century. It was located in what is now Mali, Senegal, Gambia,
Guinea, Mauritania, and parts of Niger.
-Sundiata Keita – founded the empire of Mali in 1230. He was a legendary warrior
king.
-Mansa Musa (1312-1332 A.D) – He became the greatest king of Mali and known
as the richest man in the history.
The Empire of Songhai
✓ It arose in the 1400s when Sunni Ali used river canoes and horses to strike
quickly. He gained control of new areas—including the city of Timbuktu.
✓ He was followed by Askia Muhammad. He was a Muslim with a deep sense of
religious feeling who was determined to run the empire in the way of Islam.
EASTERN CITY-STATES AND SOUTHERN EMPIRES
East coast of Africa. Indian Ocean Trade Network
✓ Africans speaking Bantu languages moved to the area from central Africa.
✓ Kilwa, Mogadishu, and Mombassa most important trade cities in east Africa
✓ Traded ivory, gold, and slaves.
✓ Swahili - an Arabic blended with Bantu language. It became common in the port
cities of the east coast of Africa.
Trading Ports of Kilwa
-One of the richest of these trading ports was Kilwa. It was located to the south—
as far south as traders could reach from India and return in the same season. Thus,
all trade goods from farther south had to come through Kilwa.
Europeans arrive in Africa. Portuguese
✓ Arrived along African coast in the late 1400’s.
✓ Built trade forts along African coast and captured many trades cities.
✓ Brought European influence on Africa including Christianity.
✓ Began European slave trade by exploiting the existing slave trade.
Great Zimbabwe
✓ From 1200-400, this city controlled inland Africa.
✓ Many ruins are left from this site, including huge city structures and walls.
✓ Considered to be African culture most free from outside influence.
37
CHAPTER 16:
PEOPLE AND EMPIRES IN THE
AMERICAS
500 - 1500
38
NORTH AMERICAN SOCIETIES

✓ The third-largest continent, North America, stretches from the Isthmus of
Panama in the south to the minuscule Aleutian Islands in the northwest.
✓ The physical geography, environment and resources, and human geography of
North America can all be taken into consideration independently.
✓ After the Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci, North America and South America
were given their names. The idea that the Americas are a completely different
landmass from the East Indies was first put out by Vespucci. North America
refers to the parts of the landmass that spread out north of the Panama Isthmus.
✓ Citizens of Canada, the United States, Greenland, Mexico, Belize, Costa Rica,
El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, and the island nations
and territories of the western and eastern Caribbean Sea now call North
America home.
MAYA KINGS AND CITIES
✓ The foundation of the ancient Maya government was the belief that kings and
queens were deities, which would suggest the existence of a single, united state
to some.
✓ The general agreement among anthropologists is that each significant Maya city
remained a separate, autonomous, and independent entity with its own
particular fights for political dominance.
✓ The Maya valued maintaining the line of succession within the family, which
occasionally included a female monarch, as a result of their belief in god-like
rulers.
✓ There are still remnants of the many Maya city-states in what are now Mexico,
Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras.
THE AZTECS CONTROL CENTRAL MEXICO
✓ The Mexica in Tenochtitlan were initially one of several little city-states in the
area. They had to pay tribute to the Tepanec, whose capital city was
Azcapotzalco, and were under their rule.
✓ The Mexica formed an alliance with Texcoco and Tlacopan in 1428. By forming
the Aztec Triple Alliance, they were able to gain control of the area and amass
tribute from conquered states.
✓ The agricultural system that made it feasible to feed the population was essential
to Tenochtitlan’s rise to power.
✓ One element of the system were the small, man-made islands known as
chinampas that were created above the water.
✓ Tracking tributes required keeping records.
✓ The Matricula de tributos and Codex Mendoza, two pictographic documents that
escaped Spanish destruction, list the tributes made to the Aztecs.
THE INCAN CREATE A MOUNTAIN EMPIRE
✓ After years of traversing the highlands, the Inca eventually settled in the Valley
of Cuzco’s bountiful fields.
✓ The Incas created customs and beliefs that aided in the founding and unification
of their empire during this early time. One of these customs was the idea that
the Incan monarch came from the sun.
✓ Only men from one of the 11 noble families thought to be derived from the sun
god were eligible to become Incan leaders.
✓ Pachacuti (PAH•chah•KOO•tee), a strong and ambitious king, ascended to the
throne in 1438.
✓ Under his direction, the Inca completely conquered Peru before expanding into
nearby regions.
✓ By the year 1500, the Inca had a 2,500-mile-long empire across the western
coast of South America.
✓ Up to 16 million people lived in this kingdom, which the Inca referred to as “Land
of the Four Quarters.”
39
CHAPTER 17:
EUROPEANS RENAISSANCE AND
REFORMATION
1300 - 1600
40
Innumerable domains of science, technology, religion, and politics saw

enormous societal transformation during the Renaissance and Reformation
period. Europe went through transformative times and quickly broke free from the
traditional social structure that had been followed for generations. Through the
efforts of many creative people, society had entered a new era of cutting-edge
techniques and technology that would serve as the model for the extremely
developed civilization we live in today. One of the most important eras in human
history, the Renaissance and Reformation led humanity out of the shadows and
into the light.
ITALY: BIRTHPLACE OF RENAISSANCE
The Renaissance
The Italian Renaissance, spanning the 14th to 17th centuries, was a cultural
and intellectual revival that originated in Florence. It featured achievements in art,
literature, architecture, music, philosophy, and science. Notable figures like Dante
Alighieri, Petrarch, and the Medici family played pivotal roles. The Renaissance's
impact on modern thought and art is profound, with enduring influences like
individualism and artistic techniques. Italy's advantages included thriving city-
states, a wealthy merchant class, and a classical heritage. Overseas trade,
boosted by the Crusades, fueled the Renaissance's growth.
Italy’s Advantages
This movement, which originated in Italy, led to a surge in artistic, literary,
and intellectual activity that lasted roughly from 1300 to 1600. This time period is
known as the Renaissance. The phrase, which in this context alludes to a
resurrection of art and knowledge, signifies "rebirth." The educated people of Italy
wished to revive the traditions of classical Greece and Rome.
The Renaissance Man
Renaissance writers introduced the idea that
all educated people were expected to create art. In
fact, the ideal individual strove to master almost
every area of study. A man who excelled in many
fields was praised as a “universal man.” Later ages
called such people “Renaissance men.” Baldassare
Castiglione wrote a book called The Courtier (1528)
that taught how to become such a person. A young
man should be charming, witty, and well educated
in the classics. He should dance, sing, play music,
and write poetry. In addition, he should be a skilled
rider, wrestler, and swordsman.
The Renaissance Woman

In "The Courtier," upper-class Renaissance women were expected to be
knowledgeable about classics and charming, but not to seek fame or create art.
While they received better education than medieval women, they had limited
political influence. Exceptions like Isabella d'Este existed; she was skilled in
politics, art patronage, and successfully defended Mantua when her husband was
captured in war.
THE NORTHERN RENAISSANCE
✓ The Northern Renaissance was famous for its advanced oil painting techniques,
realistic, expressive altarpiece art, portraiture on wooden panel paintings, as
well as woodcuts and other forms of printmaking.
41
✓ Stone sculpture was not popular, but woodcarving was a German specialty. In
the 15th century, artistic tastes throughout Europe started to shift. This change
resulted in a period known as the Renaissance, a 300-year “golden age” of
enlightenment.
✓ To many people, this piece of European art history is often only associated with
masters of the Italian Renaissance, like Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, and
Sandro Botticelli.
Gothic Traditions
The intellectual movement ending the Middle Ages was strong in both
Northern and Southern Europe. The year 1492 marked the start of the modern era,
with profound cultural changes. Northern art was practical and realistic, contrasting
with the idealized Italian Renaissance. After the 16th-century Reformation, art in
Northern Europe shifted from historical themes to portraiture and genre painting.
LUTHER LEADS THE REFORMATION
Martin Luther at the Diet of Worms 1521
Martin Luther,
a German teacher
and a monk, brought
about the Protestant
Reformation when he
challenged the
Catholic Church's
teachings starting in
1517. The Protestant
Reformation was a
religious reform
movement that swept
through Europe in
the 1500s. It resulted
in the creation of a
branch of Christianity
called Protestantism. On October 31, 1517, a teacher and monk named Martin
Luther released a work he called Disputation on the Power of Indulgences, or 95
Theses, which marked the start of the Protestant Reformation.
Henry VIII started the Protestant Reformation in England in 1534 as a result
of the Pope refusing to annul his marriage. King Henry therefore rejected the
Pope's authority and established and took control of the Church of England, a kind
of hybrid church that blended some Protestant ideals and some Catholic dogma.
The next 20 years saw religious strife in England as Queen Mary (1553–1558)
restored Catholicism while persecuting and banishing Protestants. During her
reign (1558–1603), Queen Elizabeth I and her Parliament made an effort to steer
the nation back toward Protestantism. The Bill of Rights expressly prohibits
"establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof." Nevertheless,
this diversity of religious beliefs has also come to define the American identity, and
after more than 400 years of development and with roots in the Protestant
Reformation, the notion of individual freedom and independence in religious
matters has become a tenet of the American way of life.
THE REFORMATION CONTINUES
The entire path of history was rewritten as a result of Martin Luther's
decision to follow his own personal conscience. Join Ty, David, Jeffrey, James,
and Fred as they examine the Protestant Reformation, its current ramifications,
and the necessity of continuing the Reformation.
42
CHAPTER 18:
THE MUSLIM WORLD EXPANDS
1300 - 1700
43
Three of the great empires of history—the Ottomans in Turkey, the

Safavids in Persia, and the Mughals in India—emerged in the Muslim world
between the 14th and the 18th centuries.
THE OTTOMANS BUILD A VAST EMPIRE
By 1300, the Byzantine Empire was declining, and the Mongols had
destroyed the Turkish Seljuk kingdom of Rum. From this place, a strong leader
would emerge to unite the Turks into what eventually would become an
immense empire stretching across three continents.
Turks Move Many Anatolian Turks saw themselves as ghazis, or
into Byzantium warriors for Islam. They formed military societies under the
leadership of an emir, a chief commander, and followed a
strict Islamic code of conduct.
Osman The most successful ghazi was Osman. People in the West
Establishes a called him Othman and named his followers Ottomans.
State Osman built a small Muslim state in Anatolia between 1300
and 1326.
Timur the The rise of the Ottoman Empire was briefly interrupted in the
Lame Halts early 1400s. Permanently injured by an arrow in the leg, he
Expansion was called Timur-i-Lang, or Timur the Lame. His son, Murad
II, defeated the Venetians, invaded Hungary, and overcame
an army of Italian crusaders in the Balkans.
Mehmed II Mehmed the Conqueror, achieved the most dramatic feat in
Conquers Ottoman history. Mehmed took power in 1451,
Constantinople Constantinople had shrunk from a population of a million to a
mere 50,000. They helped rebuild the city, which was now
called Istanbul. Selim the Grim, came to power in 1512. In
1514, he defeated the Safavids of Persia at the Battle of
Chaldiran.
Suleyman the Suleyman was a superb military leader. He conquered the
Lawgiver important European city of Belgrade in 1521. He had become
the most powerful monarch on earth. Only Charles V, came
close to rivaling his power.
Cultural Suleyman had broad interests, which contributed to the
Flowering cultural achievements of the empire. He employed one of the
world’s finest architects, Sinan, who was probably from
Albania.
The Empire Despite Suleyman’s magnificent social and cultural
Declines achievements, the Ottoman Empire was losing ground.
Slowly Suleyman killed his ablest son and drove another into exile.
His third son, the incompetent Selim II, inherited the throne.
However, the Ottoman Empire continued to influence the
world into the early 20th century.
CULTURAL BLENDING
Throughout the course of world history, cultures have interacted with each
other. Often such interaction has resulted in the mixing of different cultures in
new and exciting ways. This process is referred to as cultural blending. The
Safavid Empire, a Shi’ite Muslim dynasty that ruled in Persia between the 16th
and 18th centuries.
Patterns of Continental crossroads, trade routes, ports, and the borders
Cultural of countries are places where cultural blending commonly
Blending begins. Societies that are able to benefit from cultural
blending are those that are open to new ways and are willing
to adapt and change.
Causes of Migration, pursuit of religious freedom or conversion, trade,
Cultural and conquest.
44
Blending The Ottoman Empire’s location on a major trading route

Cultural: created many opportunities for contact with different cultures.
They brought new ideas about art, literature, and learning to
the empire.
Results of Cultural blending may lead to changes in language, religion,
Cultural styles of government, the use of technology, and military
Blending tactics. These changes often reflect unique aspects of several
cultures. For example: • Language • Religion and ethical
systems • Styles of government • Racial or ethnic
blending • Arts and architecture
THE SAFAVIDS BUILD AN EMPIRE
Originally, the Safavids were members of an Islamic religious brotherhood
named after their founder, Safi al-Din. In the 15th century, the Safavids aligned
themselves with the Shi’a branch of Islam.
Isma’il The Safavid military became a force to reckon with. In 1499,
Conquers a 12-year-old named Isma’il began to seize most of what is
Persia now Iran. Isma’il destroyed the Sunni population of Baghdad
in his confrontation with the Ottomans.
A Safavid Shah Abbas, or Abbas the Great, took the throne in 1587.
Golden Age He helped create a Safavid culture and golden age that drew
from the best of the Ottoman, Persian, and Arab worlds. Shah
Abbas reformed aspects of both military and civilian life.
A New The Shah built a new capital at Esfahan. With a design that
Capital covered four and a half miles, the city was considered one of
the most beautiful in the world.
The Dynasty In finding a successor, Shah Abbas made the same mistake
Declines the Ottoman monarch Suleyman made. With Nadir Shah’s
Quickly death in 1747, the Safavid Empire fell apart.
THE MUGHAL EMPIRE IN INDIA
The Gupta Empire crumbled in the late 400s. First, Huns from Central Asia
invaded. Their leader was a descendant of Timur the Lame and of the Mongol
conqueror Genghis Khan.
Early History The 8th century began with a long clash between Hindus
of the Mughals and Muslims in this land of many kingdoms. For almost 300
years, the Muslims were able to advance only as far as the
Indus River valley.
Babur In 1494, an 11-year-old boy named Babur inherited a
Founds an kingdom in the area that is now Uzbekistan and Tajikistan.
Empire Babur’s 13-year-old grandson took over the throne after
Humayun’s death.
Shah Jahan Jahangir’s son and successor, Shah Jahan, secured his
throne by assassinating all his possible rivals. In 1631,
Mumtaz Mahal died at age 39. To enshrine his wife’s memory,
he ordered that a tomb be built “as beautiful as she was
beautiful.” The Taj Mahal, has been called one of the most
beautiful buildings in the world.
Aurangzeb’s A master at military strategy and an aggressive empire
Reign builder, Aurangzeb ruled from 1658 to 1707. He expanded the
Mughal holdings to their greatest size. The more territory he
conquered, the more desperate his situation became.
The Empire’s By the end of Aurangzeb’s reign, he had drained the empire
Decline and of its resources. After Aurangzeb’s death, his sons fought a
Decay war of succession. As the Mughal Empire rose and fell,
Western traders slowly built their own power in the region.
45
CHAPTER 19:
AN AGE OF EXPLORATIONS AND
ISOLATION
1400 – 180
46
EUROPEANS EXPLORE THE EAST

✓ European crusaders - fought Muslims for control of the Holy Lands in Southwest
Asiaaround 1100.
✓ Marco Polo, an Italian trader, arrived at the court of Kublai Khan in China in 1275.
European exploration happened because:
➢ The desire for new sources of wealth was the main reason.
➢ The desire to spread Christianity.
✓ "God, glory, and gold" - were the fundamental motivations for travel.
✓ Technological advancements - enabled European voyages of discovery,
overcoming the limitations of previous vessels.
✓ Prince Henry - was the first European nation to establish commercial ports
along the African continent's west coast. He also promoted Christianity. In 1419,
a navigational school was established on Portugal's west coast, attracting
cartographers, instrument makers, shipbuilders, scientists, and mariners.
✓ Bartolomeu Dias - Portuguese captain, explored Africa's southeast coast
before returning home due to a storm.
✓ Vasco da Gama - explored the east African coast in 1497 and arrived at Calicut
in 1498, discovering delicacies, rare silks, and precious metals.
✓ Pope Alexander VI - proposed an imaginary dividing line through the Atlantic
Ocean, with lands west of the Line of Demarcation being Spain's and east to
Portugal.
✓ Da Gama's voyage - marked the beginning of direct sea trade with Asia, causing
violent conflict in the East.
✓ Afonso de Albuquerque - Portuguese sea captain convinced his crew to attack
Malacca to crush Muslim-Italian domination over Asian trade.
✓ Around 1600, the English and Dutch challenged Portugal's dominance over the
Indian Ocean trade. The Dutch Republic, established in 1581, was ruled by
Spain.
CHINA LIMITS EUROPEAN CONTACTS

✓ Under the Ming Dynasty, China became the dominant power in Asia, and vassal
states paid tribute to their Ming overlords.
✓ Hongwu - a peasant's son, led a rebellion against the Mongols and became the
first Ming emperor. However, Hongwu became a ruthless tyrant, leading to
purges and the death of thousands of officials.
✓ Yonglo - son of Hongwu, emerged victorious, implementing many of his father's
policies and expanding China's tribute system.
✓ Zheng He - led seven large Chinese Muslim expeditions, ranging from
Southeast Asia to eastern Africa, with 40 to 300 ships and crews of over 27,000.
✓ In the 1500s, China's official trade policies focused on government control and
coastal ports, but trade flourished up and down the coast. However, China did
not become highly industrialized due to:
➢ First, the idea of commerce offended China’s Confucian beliefs.
Merchants, it was said, made their money “supporting foreigners and
robbery.”
✓ Second, Chinese economic policies traditionally favored agriculture.
✓ Matteo Ricci - Italian Jesuit, brought Christianity and European science and
technology to China, gaining favor at the Ming court due to his fluency in
Chinese. However, educated Chinese opposed European and Christian
presence.
✓ The Ming Dynasty, ruled for over 200 years, faced weakening conditions,
including ineffective leaders, corrupt officials, and a government out of money.
47
✓ Manchus - invaded China, securing Beijing and becoming the new emperor.
They took the name Qing Dynasty and ruled for over 260 years, expanding
China's borders.
✓ Kangxi - manchus ruler, who ruled for 60 years, reduced government expenses
and taxes, and gained support from intellectuals. His grandson
✓ Qian-long - Kangxi's grandson, who ruled from 1736 to 1795, grew China's size
and prosperity, often working on the empire's problems, including armed
nomads and European missionaries and merchants.
✓ In 1636, the Manchus conquered Korea and made it a vassal state, despite
remaining independent. Koreans followed Confucian principles and adopted
China's technology, culture, and isolation policy.
✓ Qing Dynasty - irrigation and fertilizer use increased, leading to increased food
production and population growth.
✓ Traditional artists - people who valued technique over creativity, and high-quality
ceramics were produced due to technical skill and experimentation.
JAPAN RETURNS TO ISOLATION

✓ Sengoku - period where Japan's feudal system collapsed due to civil war,
leading to centralized rule and power shifting from the shogun to territorial lords
in various domains.
✓ Daimyo - powerful samurai who took control of old feudal estates and offered
protection to peasants and others.
✓ Oda Nobunaga - a brutal and ambitious figure, defeated rivals and seized Kyoto
in 1568, securing the empire's control. Own motto “Rule the empire by force,”
✓ Toyotomi Hideyoshi - Nabunaga's successor, continued his mission to destroy
hostile daimyos and controlled most of Japan by 1590. He also invaded Korea
in 1592, aiming to conquer China.
✓ Tōkaidō Ieyasu - a strong alligator of Hideyoshi, completed Japan's unification
in 1600 after defeating rivals at the Battle of Sekigahara. He founded the
Tokugawa Shogunate, which ruled until 1867. He is also the one that found the
Christian invasion troublesome that is why he focused on ridding Japan of all
Christians.
✓ Kabuki theater - is a place where actors performed skits about modern life.
✓ 16th century - Europeans arrived in Japan during the Warring States period.
Despite the severe disorder, the Japanese welcomed traders and missionaries
from Portugal and other European countries, introducing new technologies and
ideas.
✓ In 1549, Christian missionaries arrived in Japan, primarily to purchase European
goods.
✓ Francis Xavier - led the first mission, baptizing about a hundred converts before
leaving Japan.
✓ Tokugawa shoguns - who later on valued European trade and decided to
exclude missionaries and merchants, sealing Japan's borders and
implementing a "closed country policy" by 1639.
✓ Edo period is a period where European commercial contacts with Japan ended,
with only Dutch and Chinese merchants allowed into Nagasaki port.
48
CHAPTER 20:
THE ATLANTIC WORLD
1492 - 1800
49
SPAIN BUILDS AN AMERICAN EMPIRE

✓ 1492: Christopher Columbus's first voyage funded by Spain, leading to the
discovery of the Americas.
✓ Conquistadors: Spanish explorers and conquerors like Hernán Cortés and
Francisco Pizarro who sought wealth and power in the New World.
✓ Aztec and Inca Empires: Conquest of the Aztec Empire in Mexico (1519-1521)
and the Inca Empire in Peru (1532-1533) by Spanish forces.
✓ Encomienda System: Labor system in Spanish America where Spanish
landowners were granted indigenous people as laborers.
EUROPEAN NATIONS SETTLE NORTH AMERICA

✓ Jamestown (1607): The first permanent English settlement in North America,
focused on economic pursuits like tobacco cultivation.
✓ Plymouth (1620): Pilgrims seeking religious freedom, leading to the Mayflower
Compact and the establishment of a colony in present-day Massachusetts.
✓ New France: French exploration and colonization in North America, focused on
fur trade and alliances with Native Americans.
✓ Dutch Settlements: Dutch exploration and trade in the New World, including
New Amsterdam (later New York).
THE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE

✓ Origins: Slavery in Africa, driven by European demand for labor in the Americas.
✓ Triangular Trade: Exchange of goods, slaves, and resources between Europe,
Africa, and the Americas.
✓ Middle Passage: The harrowing journey of enslaved Africans across the
Atlantic.
✓ Impact on Africa: Profound social, economic, and demographic changes.
THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE

✓ Definition: Global transfer of plants, animals, culture, and technology between
the Old World and the New World.
✓ New World to Old World: Maize, potatoes, tomatoes, and tobacco.
✓ Old World to New World: Wheat, sugar, horses, and diseases like smallpox.
✓ Impact: Transformative effects on agriculture, diet, and population growth.
GLOBAL TRADE (1492-1800)

✓ Mercantilism: Economic system where nations sought to export more than they
imported, accumulating wealth.
✓ Spanish Galleons: Treasure fleets transporting gold and silver from the
Americas to Spain.
✓ Transatlantic Trade: Exchange of goods between Europe, Africa, and the
Americas.
✓ Commercial Revolution: Emergence of joint-stock companies, banking, and
the growth of a market economy.
CONCLUSION
✓ Legacy: Lasting impact on global trade, cultural exchange, and the emergence
of modern economic systems.
✓ Complexity: The interconnectedness of these historical developments and their
multifaceted consequences.
50
CHAPTER 21:
ABSOLUTE MONARCHS IN EUROPE
1500 - 1800
51
SPAIN’S EMPIRE AND EUROPEAN ABSOLUTISM

✓ Charles V a devout Catholic opposed Lutherans.
✓ Peace of Augsburg which allowed German princes to choose a religion for their
region.
✓ Philip II inherited Spain, Spanish Netherlands, and American colonies.
✓ Reconquista or a campaign that drives Muslims happened in this continent
before.
✓ Philip believed that it is his duty to protect Catholicism from the Muslims of
Ottoman Empire and Protestants of Europe. As a result, Philip sends more than
200 Spanish and Venetian ships and defeated large Ottoman fleet at Lepanto.
✓ Philip raised taxes in the Netherlands and took steps to crush Protestantism. In
response, in 1566, angry protestant mobs swept through Catholic churches.
Philip then sent an army under the Spanish duke of Alva to punish the rebels.
On a single day in 1568, the duke executed 1,500 Protestants and suspected
rebels.
✓ The Theory of Absolutism These rulers wanted to be absolute monarchs, kings
or queens who held all the power within their states’ boundaries. Their goal was
to control every aspect of society.
✓ Absolute monarchs believed in divine right, the idea that God created the
monarchy and that the monarch acted as God’s representative on Earth. An
absolute monarch answered only to God, not to his or her subjects.
REIGN OF LOUIS XIV

✓ Henry was robust, athletic, and handsome. In 1589, when both Catherine and
her last son died, Prince Henry inherited the throne. He became Henry IV, the
first king of the Bourbon dynasty in France.
✓ Edict of Nantes – Declaration of religious toleration.
✓ After Henry IV’s death, his son Louis XIII reigned.
✓ Louis was a weak king, but in 1624, he appointed a strong minister who made
up for all of Louis’s weaknesses.
✓ That minister is Cardinal Richelieu. He was a leader of the church yet very
ambitious. As Louis’s minister he pursued his ambitions in the political arena.
✓ Skepticism is the idea that nothing can ever be known for a certain.
✓ The efforts of Henry IV and Richelieu to strengthen the French monarchy paved
the way for the most powerful ruler in French history—Louis XIV. He was only
four years old when he started his reign.
✓ Versailles was a center of the arts during Louis’s reign. Louis made opera and
ballet more popular. He even danced to the title role in the ballet The Sun King.
CENTRAL EUROPEAN MONARCHS CLASH

✓ Ferdinand II was the head of the Hapsburg Family. He was not trusted by the
Protestants in Bohemia because he was a foreigner and a Catholic.
✓ Thirteen Years’ War - a conflict over religion and territory and for power among
European ruling families.
52
✓ The Peace of Westphalia (1648) ended the war.
ABSOLUTE RULERS OF RUSSIA

✓ Ivan IV, called Ivan the Terrible, came to the throne in 1533 when he was only
three years old.
✓ Over time, the Romanovs restored order to Russia. They strengthened the
government by passing a law code and putting down a revolt. This paved the
way for the absolute rule of Czar Peter I. He is also known as Peter the Great
because of his reforms.
✓ Peter named a city that he won “St. Petersburg” after his patron saint.
PARLIAMENTS LIMITS THE ENGLISH MONARCHY

✓ Elizabeth I had no child and her nearest cousin is James Stuart. In 1603 he
was named as King James I of England.
✓ In 1625, James I died and his son Charles I inherited the throne.
✓ Charles offended Puritans by upholding the rituals of the Anglican Church.
✓ From 1642 to 1649, supporters and opponents of King Charles fought the
English Civil War.
✓ In 1644, the Puritans found a general that could win – Oliver Cromwell.
✓ In 1649, he abolished the monarchy and the House of Lords. He established a
commonwealth, a republican form of government.
✓ Cromwell’s associate John Lambert drafted a constitution. The first written
constitution of any modern European state.
✓ Cromwell ruled until his death in 1658. Afterwards, the government he had
established collapsed, and the new parliament was selected.
✓ Charles II reign began on 1660. His reign was called restoration since because
he restored monarchy in his period.
✓ During Charles II’s reign. Parliament passed an important guarantee of freedom,
habeas corpus.
✓ In 1685, Charles II died, and James II became king. James soon offended his
subjects by displaying his Catholicism.
✓ This bloodless overthrow of James II is called the Glorious Revolution.
✓ At their coronation, William and Mary vowed to recognize Parliament as their
partner in governing. England had become not an absolute monarchy but a
constitutional monarchy, where laws limited the ruler’s power.
53
CHAPTER 22:
ENLIGHTENMENT AND REVOLUTION
1550 - 1789
54
✓ A revolution is a major/drastic change in society.

✓ The Scientific Revolution was a new way of thinking about science and
nature. It was based on observation and a willingness to question accepted
beliefs.
✓ New Science: Scholars began to use observation, experimentation, and
scientific reasoning to gather knowledge and draw conclusions about the
world (Scientific Revolution).
1543: Nicolas Copernicus publishes De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium
(On the Revolutions of Celestial Bodies) Copernicus’ masterwork; he sets out the
heliocentric theory.
1591: Galileo Galilei demonstrates the Properties of Gravity. Galileo
demonstrates, from the top of the leaning tower of Pisa, that a one- pound weight
and a one hundred-pound weight, dropped at the same moment, hit the ground at
the same moment, refuting the contention of the Aristotelian system that the rate
of fall of an object is dependent upon its weight.
1618: Johannes Kepler reveals his third and final law of Planetary Motion.
Kepler’s laws of planetary motion describe the form and operation of planetary
orbits and are the final step leading to the academic rejection of the Aristotelian
system.
1620: Francis Bacon publishes Novum Organum. Bacon attempts to create
organization and cooperation within the scientific community by demonstrating
how the diverse fields of science relate to one another.
1637: Rene Descartes publishes his Discourse on Method. Descartes’ work sets
forth the principles of deductive reasoning as used in the modern scientific method.
1687: Isaac Newton publishes Philosophia Naturalise Principia Mathematica.

Perhaps the most important event in the history of science, the Principia lays out
Newton’s comprehensive model of the universe as organized according to the law
of universal gravitation. The Principia represents the integration of the works of all
of the great astronomers who preceded Newton.
ENLIGHTENMENT
The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement in the 1700s that Stressed
reason and thought and the power of individuals to solve problem age of Reason).
Enlightenment thinkers:
Locke-Observation: Govt exist to” preserve life, liberty and property.”
✓ Hypothesis: people should be sovereign (rule)Hypothesis: Absolute
monarch not chosen by God.
Hobbes-Observation: Life without gov’t is “solitary, poor, anty, bratish, & short.”
✓ Hypothesis: Absolute gov’t needed to control evil behavior (not divine right)
Frederick the Great - Granted religious freedoms, reduced censorship and
improved education reformed justice system and eliminated fortune.
55
Thomas Jefferson - Declaration of Independence (People have certain

inalienable rights including life, liberty and pursuit of happiness all men are created
equal.
✓ Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment
➢ Aristotle – As the father of western logic, Aristotle was the first to develop
a formal system for reasoning.
➢ Geocentric view – a debunked theory that the Earth is the center of the
universe.
➢ Descartes – his philosophical statement, “I think, therefore I am.”
➢ Bacon – Francis Bacon is most famous for his philosophy of science.
➢ Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) – the sun was stationary in the center
of the Universe and the earth revolved around it.
➢ “On the Revolution of Heavenly Sphere” 1543 – presented a discussion
of a Heliocentric model of the universe in much the same way as Ptolemy
in the 2nd Century had presented his geocentric model in his Almagest.
➢ Heliocentric view – is the astronomical model in which the Earth and
planets Revolve around the Sun at the center of the universe.
➢ Galileo – an Italian scientist who formulated the basic law of falling bodies.
➢ Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) – His study of the “new star” that appeared in
1572 Showed that it was farther away than the Moon and was among the
fixed stars, which were regarded as perfect and unchanging.
➢ Francis Bacon (1561-1626) – He was an English lawyer, statesman,
essayist, Historian, intellectual reformer, philosopher, and champion of
modern science.
➢ Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) – was a German astronomer,
mathematician, Astrologer, natural philosopher and writer on music.
➢ Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) – called the father of observational astronomy.
➢ Rene Descartes (1596-1650) – He was a creative mathematician of the
First Order, an important scientific thinker, and an original metaphysician.
➢ “Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy” – 1687, known
Popularly as “Principia”-, is a book by Isaac Newton
➢ Isaac Newton (1642-1727) - He was an English scientist and
mathematician.
➢ “Principle of Universal Gravitation“– bodies with mass attract each other
with a Force that varies directly as the product of their masses and inversely
as the Square of the distance between them.
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CHAPTER 23:
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND
NAPOLEON
1789 - 1815
57
✓ Old Regime (Ancien Regime) is the socio-political system in France from the
late Middle Ages until the French Revolution. It encompasses the First Estate
(clergy), Second Estate (nobles), and Third Estate (commoners).
✓ Due to social inequalities and prejudices by upper estates, the Third estate was
eager for change. The following factors also add fuel to France’s revolutionary
mood.
1. Enlightenment ideas – Inspired by the success of the American
Revolution, the Third Estate began demanding equality, liberty, and
democracy.
2. Weak leadership – Louis XVI was indecisive, and his wife interferes in
government decisions.
3. Economic problems - burden of taxes, crop failures due to bad weather,
and extravagant spending of the rulers.
SIGNIFICANT EVENTS IN THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

✓ May 5, 1789 – Meeting of Estates-General (first after 175 years) at
Versailles
✓ June 17, 1789 – Establishment of the National Assembly
✓ June 20, 1789 – Tennis Court Oath
✓ July 14, 1789 – Storming of Bastille
✓ July 22-August 6, 1789 – The Great Fear
✓ August 4, 1789 – Abolition of feudal (noble, clerical) rights
✓ August 26, 1789 – Declaration of Rights of Man and of the Citizens
✓ October 5-6, 1789 – The Wives’ March
✓ June 20-21, 1791 – Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette flee, captured at
Varenness
✓ September 1791 – Founding of the Legislative Assembly
✓ April 1792 – Declaration of war against Austria and Prussia
✓ September 21, 1792 – Birth of National Convention, and France became of
republic.
✓ January 21, 1793 – Death of Louis XVI by guillotine
✓ April 1793 – Foundation of the Committee on Safety, Maximilien
Robespierre rise to power.
✓ September 5, 1793 – Start of Reign of Terror
✓ July 28, 1794 – Robespierre was guillotined, ending the Reign of Terror
✓ November 2, 1795 – Founding of the Directory
THE RISE AND FALL OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE

✓ August 15, 1769 – Birth of Napoleon at Corsica
✓ 1778-1785 – Military school in France
✓ 1789-1795 – French Revolution
✓ March 2, 1796 – Hailed as a hero for defending the Directory and became
chief of the French army.
✓ March 9, 1796 – Napoleon marries Josephine de Beauharnais.
✓ 1796-1799 – Defeat of Austrian forces and campaign to conquer Egypt.
✓ October-November 1799 – Overthrow of the Directory in the coup d’état of
18 Brumaire (November 9)
✓ December 13, 1799 – Bonaparte as First Consul
✓ June 14, 1800 – Battle of Marengo
✓ 1800-1801 – Napoleon reforms France
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✓ January 29, 1802 – Sent an army to establish control over Saint Domingue
✓ August 3, 1802 – Bonaparte becomes First Consul for Life
✓ 1803 – Abandons French expansion in America and sells the Louisiana
Territory to the United States
✓ May 18, 1804 – Napoleon proclaimed himself as emperor.
✓ December 2, 1804 – Coronation of Napoleon and Josephine
✓ October 21, 1805 – Battle of Trafalgar
✓ December 2, 1805 – Battle of Austerlitz
✓ July 7-9, 1807 – Treaty of Tilsit
✓ December 15, 1809 – Divorced with Josephine
✓ 1810 – Marriage with Archduchess Marie-Louise of Austria
✓ March 11, 1811 – Birth of Napoleon’s son
✓ June 1812 – Russian campaign
✓ September 7, 1812 – Battle of Borodino
✓ November 1812 – French army retreated from Russia and returned to Paris.
✓ October 19, 1813 – Battle of Leipzig
✓ April 11, 1814 – Abdicated as emperor and exiled on the island of Elba
✓ February 26, 1815 – Napoleon escapes from Elba and takes back the
French throne during the Hundred Days
✓ September 1814-June 1815 – Congress of Vienna
✓ June 18, 1815 – Battle of Waterloo
✓ June 22, 1815 – Second exile in the island of St. Helena for good.
✓ May 5, 1821 – Napoleon’s death at age of 51
Napoleon’s three disastrous mistakes that led to his downfall:

1. Continental System (1806) – Napoleon set up a blockade to prevent all
trade and communication between Great Britain and other European
nations.
2. Peninsular Wars (1808) – The Spanish guerillas aided by the British
troops, attacked and battled the French armies in Spain.
3. Invasion in Russia (1812) – Napoleon’s Russian campaign diminished the
number of his Grand Army.
The Congress of Vienna’s three goals to establish long-lasting peace in

Europe:
1. Containment of France - Surrounding France with strong countries
2. Balance of power – No country will be a threat to another.
3. Legitimacy – Restoration of European families to their thrones to stabilize
political relations.
POLITICAL CHANGES BEYOND VIENNA

✓ Britain and France adapted constitutional monarchy, while Russia, Prussia,
and Austria remained as absolute monarchs.
✓ Revolutions and birth of independence in Latin America.
✓ Decrease of power and size of France; increased the Britain and Prussia
✓ Independence from European and Spanish colonies
✓ Democracy as the way towards equality and justice for all
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CHAPTER 24:
NATIONALIST REVOLUTIONS
SWEEP THE WEST
1789 - 1900
60
REVOLUTIONS IN THE AMERICAS
By the late 1700s, colonists in Latin America, already aware of Enlightenment

ideas, were electrified by the news of the American and French Revolutions. The
success of the American Revolution encouraged them to try to gain freedom from
their European masters.
Revolution in Haiti the French colony called Saint Domingue was the first Latin
American territory to free itself from European rule. The colony, now known as
Haiti, occupied the western third of the island of Hispaniola in the Caribbean Sea.
CREOLES LED INDEPENDENCE
Even though they could not hold high public office, creoles were the least
oppressed of those born in Latin America. They were also the best educated.
Bolívar's Route to Victory Simón Bolívar's native Venezuela declared its

independence from Spain in 1811. But the struggle for independence had only
begun. Bolívar's volunteer army of revolutionaries suffered numerous defeats.
Twice Bolívar had to go into exile. A turning point came in August 1819.
San Martín Leads Southern Liberation Forces San Martin's Argentina had declared
its independence in 1816. However, Spanish forces in nearby Chile and Peru still
posed a threat. In 1817, San Martin led an army on a grueling march across the
Andes to Chile.
MEXICO ENDS SPANISH RULE
In most Latin American countries, creoles led the revolutionary movements. But in
Mexico, ethnic and racial groups mixed more freely. There, Indians and mestizos
played the leading role.
A Cry for Freedom In 1810, Padre Miguel Hidalgo, a priest in the small village of
Dolores, took the first step toward independence. Hidalgo was a poor but well-
educated man. He firmly believed in Enlightenment ideals.
Mexico's Independence Events in Mexico took yet another turn in 1820 when a
revolution in Spain put a liberal group in power there. Mexico's creoles feared the
loss of their privileges in the Spanish-controlled colony.
Brazil's Royal Liberator

Brazil's quest for independence was unique in this period of Latin American history
because it occurred without violent upheavals or widespread bloodshed.
EUROPE FACES REVOLUTION

Clash of Philosophies
Conservative: usually wealthy property owners and nobility. They argued for
protecting the traditional monarchies of Europe.
Liberal: mostly middle-class business leaders and merchants. They wanted to

give more power to elected parliaments, but only the educated and the landowners
would vote.
61
Radical: favored drastic change to extend democracy to all people. They believed
that governments should practice the ideals of the French Revolution-liberty,
equality, and brotherhood.
Nationalism Develops
As conservatives, liberals, and radicals debated issues of government, a new

movement called nationalism emerged. Nationalism is the belief that people's
greatest loyalty should not be to a king or an empire but to a nation of people who
share a common culture and history.
Reform in Russia
Unlike France, Russia in the 1800s had yet to leap into the modern industrialized
world. Under Russia's feudal system, serfs were bound to the nobles whose land
they worked. Nobles enjoyed almost unlimited power over them.
Nationalism: A Force for Unity or Disunity
During the 1800s, nationalism fueled efforts to build nation-states. Nationalists

were not loyal to kings, but to their people to those who shared common bonds.
Nationalists believed that people of a single "nationality," or ancestry, should unite
under a single government.
Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires
Three aging empires the Austrian Empire of the Hapsburgs, the Russian Empire
of the Romanovs, and the Ottoman Empire of the Turks-contained a mixture of
ethnic groups.
Bismarck Unites Germany
Like Italy, Germany also achieved national unity in the mid-1800s. Beginning in
1815, 39 German states formed a loose grouping called the German
Confederation. The Austrian Empire dominated the confederation.
Revolution in the Arts
The Romantic Movement At the end of the 18th century, the Enlightenment idea
of reason gradually gave way to another major movement in art and ideas:
romanticism.
React Against Realism
Beginning in the 1860s, a group of painters in Paris reacted against the realist
style. Instead of showing life "as it really was," they tried to show their impression
of a subject or a moment in time. For this reason, their style of art came to be
known as impressionism.
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CHAPTER 25:
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
1700 – 1900
63
THE BEGINNINGS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION
Why Britain?
Economic growth in Britain was fueled by a number of factors: Agricultural
Revolution, Technological revolution, Natural resources, Economic strength, and
Political stability
New Inventions
Some key inventions were:
✓ The flying shuttle – John Kay’s invention
✓ The spinning jenny – James Hargreaves’ invention
✓ The water frame – Richard Arkwright’s invention
✓ The spinning mule – In 1779, Samuel Crompton combined features of the
spinning jenny and the water frame to produce the spinning mule.
Transformation Improvements
Railroads revolutionized life in Britain in several ways:
1) Railroads gave manufacturers a cheap way to transport materials and
finished products.
2) Created hundreds of thousands of new jobs for both railroad workers and
miners.
3) Spawned new industries and inventions and increased the productivity of
others.
4) Transported people, allowing them to work in cities far away from their
homes and travel to resort areas for leisure.
EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION
Working Conditions
✓ Industry created many new jobs.
✓ Factories were dirty, unsafe, and dangerous.
✓ Factory bosses exercised harsh discipline.
Long-Term Effect Workers won higher wages, shorter hours, better conditions.
Social Classes
✓ Factory workers were overworked and underpaid.
✓ Overseers and skilled workers rose to lower middle Class. Factory owners
and merchants formed upper Middle class.
✓ Upper class resented those in middle class who became wealthier than they
were.
Long-Term Effect Standard of living generally rose.
Size of Cities
✓ Factories brought job seekers to cities
✓ Urban areas doubled, tripled, or quadrupled in size.
✓ Many cities specialized in certain industries.
Long-Term Effect Suburbs grew as people fled Crowded cities.
Living Conditions
✓ Cities lacked sanitary codes or building controls.
64
✓ Housing, water, and social services were scarce.

✓ Epidemics swept through the city.
Long-Term Effect Housing, diet, and clothing improved.
Industrialization in the United States
Industrialization in the United States began in the textile industry. Eager to
keep the secrets of industrialization to itself, Britain had forbidden engineers,
mechanics, and toolmakers to leave the country.
Samuel Slater, a young British mill who built a spinning machine from memory
and a partial design.
Moses Brown opened the first factory in the United States to house Slater’s
machines in Pawtucket.
Francis Cabot Lowell, they mechanized every stage in the manufacture of cloth.
The Impact of Industrialization
The Industrial Revolution shifted the world balance of power. It increased
competition between industrialized nations and poverty in less-developed nations.
It leads also to the rise of global inequality and transformation of society.
REFORMING THE INDUSTRIAL WORLD

Laissez faire —This policy favors a free market unregulated by the government.
The term is French for “let do,” and by extension, “let people do as they please.”
Laissez-faire Economics — theory that advocates the ability of the economy to
function without government interference.
Adam Smith – According to Smith, economic liberty guaranteed economic
progress. As a result, the government should not interfere. Smith’s arguments
rested on what he called the three natural laws of economics:
✓ the law of self-interest—People work for their own good.
✓ the law of competition—Competition forces people to make a better product.
✓ the law of supply and demand—Enough goods would be produced at the
lowest possible price to meet demand in a market economy.
Capitalism is an economic system in which the factors of production are privately
owned, and money is invested in business ventures to make a profit.
The Economists of Capitalism
✓ Thomas Malthus
✓ David Ricardo
The Rise of Socialism
✓ Jeremy Bentham – He argued that the government should try to promote
the greatest good for the greatest number of people.
✓ John Stuart Mil – He believed it was wrong that workers should lead
deprived lives that sometimes bordered on starvation.
✓ Robert Owen –He prohibited children under ten from working in the mills
and provided free schooling.
— Socialism — Factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the
welfare of all
✓ Charles Fourier
✓ Henri de Saint- Simon
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Marxism: Radical Socialism

Karl Marx – he is a German journalist who introduced the world to a radical type
of socialism called Marxism.
The Communist Manifesto
— Written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
— Argued that societies have always divided into warring classes
✓ Bourgeois – Middle class, “haves”, employers, own the means of
production.
✓ Proletariat — working class, “have- nots”, workers, own nothing but their
labor.
— Believe that the industrial Revolution had enriched the wealthy and
impoverished the poor
The Future according to Marx
✓ Marx believed that the capitalist system would eventually destroy itself in
the following way.
✓ Inequality would cause workers to revolt, seize factories and mills.
✓ Communism – society where people own share, the means of production
✓ Marx’s ideas later take root in Russia, China, and Cuba
✓ Time has shown that society is not controlled by economic forces alone.
LABOR UNIONS AND REFORM LAWS

Unionization
— voluntary labor associations that were meant to allow working people to
become more active in politics
— Skilled Laborers actually lead the movement for Unions
— Great Britain
Reform Laws
✓ 1820s & 1830s started investing child labor.
✓ Factory Act of 1833
✓ Ten hours Act 1847
The Reform Movement Spread
— Abolition of slavery
— Fights for Women’s Rights
— Reform spread to many areas of life
— Horace Mann (US)
— Alexis de Tocqueville (France)
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CHAPTER 26:
AN AGE OF DEMOCRACY AND
PROGRESS
1815 – 1914
67
Democratic Reform and Activism

Britain Enacts Reform
Date Events Key takeaways
Late Britain became a Constitutional  People’s Charter demands:

1600’s Monarchy. (1) suffrage for all men, (2)
Early  Not true democracy of selecting annual Parliamentary
1800’s British Government was not a true elections, and (3) make the
democracy. Parliament responsive to
 Only 5% of the population can the lower class.
vote. Men who owned substantial  To make the Parliament
amount of land gets to vote. responsive to the lower
 Upperclassmen ran the class, the Chartist
government. movement demanded: (1)
1830 Protest around England to extend secret ballots, (2) end to
suffrage. property requirements for
1832 Reform Bill of 1832 was passed. serving in the parliament,
and (3) pay for members of
the Parliament.
1838 Chartist Movement
 1890, several industrial
countries had universal
Early All demands of chartists, except for
male suffrage.
1990’s annual election became law.
 Queen Victoria was the
1999 Right of hereditary peers to inherit the figure who presided over all
House of The Lords was abolished. of this historical change.
France
Third Republic
(Problems and Events happened during the third republic)
Threats  Threatened by monarchists, clergy, and army leaders.
 These groups wanted a monarchy or military rule.
Dreyfus  1894, Captain Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish officer in the French
Affair army was falsely accused of selling military secrets to
Germany.
 1898, Emile Zola published an open letter J'accuse! (I
accuse!).
Anti-  Russian officials permitted pogroms.
Semitism  The long history of exile, persecution, and prejudice against
Jews led them to work for a homeland in Palestine.
 In 1897, Theodore Herzl led Zionism
Self-Rule for British Colonies
Canada
Date Events
1763 Great Britain took possession of Canada after France lost the
French and Indian War.
Conflict between Roman Catholic French and the mainly
Protestant English-speaking colonists arose.
1791 The British Parliament addressed the issues by establishing two
new Canadian provinces: Upper and Lower Canada.
1830 Both Lower and Upper Canada experienced rebellions.
1839 Durham sent a report proposing two major reforms to Parliament:
(1) reunifying Upper and Lower Canada (2) allowing colonists
to govern themselves.
Australia
Date Events
68
1770 Captain James Cook claimed part of Australia for Great Britain.
1788 Penal Colonies
Early 1800s Population growth
1850s  Colonies became self-governing and created parliamentary
forms of government.
 Australian ballot or secret ballot was first used.
1851 The population skyrocketed because of a gold rush.
January 1, Australia became a colony of British Empire.
1901
1901 Australian colonies were united under a federal constitution as
the Commonwealth of Australia.
New Zealand
Date Events
1769 Captain James Cook claimed New Zealand for Great Britain.
1814 Missionary groups seeking to convert the Maori to Christianity.
1839 Britain annexed New Zealand and installed a governor.
1840 The Maori accepted British rule in exchange for recognition of
their land rights.
1893 The world's first country to provide women (white) full voting
rights was New Zealand.
Ireland
Date Events
1100s English expansion begun.
1500s and Laws imposed by the English limited the rights of Catholics and
1600s favored the Protestant religion and the English language.
January 1, Act of Union between Ireland and Great Britain.
1801
1829 Irish leader Daniel O’Connell persuaded Parliament to pass the
Catholic Emancipation Act in 1829. This law restored many rights
to Catholics.
1840s Great Famine hit Ireland.
1845-1848 A plant fungus ruined nearly all of Ireland’s potato crop.
Second half Greater number of Irish preferred home rule. They wanted
of 1800s Independence for Ireland.
1914 Parliament enacted a home rule bill for southern Ireland.
World War I halted the home rule bill in Ireland.
1916 Irish nationalists rebelled in Dublin during Easter week
After World War I, the Irish nationalists won a victory in the
elections for the British Parliament.
1921 • Britain split Ireland and gave the south of the country its own
government.
• Northern Ireland: Ulster. South: Irish Free State
1949 Irish Free State declared itself the independent Republic of
Ireland.
War and Expansion in the United States
Date Events
1783 The United States became an independent state.
1804 President Thomas Jefferson bought the Louisiana
Territory from France.
69
1819 Spain gave up Florida to the United States.

1821 Mexico had gained its independence from Spain.
1836 Texans revolted against Mexican rule and won their
independence.
1845 The United States annexed Texas. Since Mexico still
claimed Texas, it viewed this annexation as an act of war.
1846 A treaty with Great Britain gave the United States part of
the Oregon Territory.
Between May 1846 Mexican American War happened. Mexico ceded territory
and February 1848 to the United States. The Mexican Cession included
California and a huge area in the Southwest.
1860 Conflict between the Northern (Union) and Southern
(Confederate) part of United States reached a climax in
when Abraham Lincoln was elected president.
April 12, 1861 • Confederate forces fired on Fort Sumter, a federal fort
in Charleston, South Carolina.
• The U.S. Civil War had begun.
January 1, 1863 Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation,
declaring that all slaves in the Confederate states were
free.
April 1865 The Confederate states surrendered.
December 6, 1865 Ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment of the
Constitution, which abolished slavery in the United States.
1865 to 1877 Period of Reconstruction. Union troops occupied the
South and enforced the constitutional protections.
1914 The United States became a leading industrial power.
Nineteenth-Century Progress
Inventors Contributions
Inventions that made life easier
Thomas Edison • Light bulb
• Kinetoscope
• Phonograph
• Research Laboratory
Alexander G. Bell Telephone
Guiglielmo Marconi Radio (1895)
Karl Benz • First practical Automobile powered by internal
combustion engine (1855).
Henry Ford • Cars that are more affordable for most people (1903).
• Automobile Assembly Line
Wilbur and Orville • Gasoline-powered flying machine.
Wright • Wings for airplanes.
Medicine
Louis Pasteur • Germ theory of disease (bacteria causes disease)
(mid- 1800s).
• Learned that heat can kill bacteria
Joseph Lister • Proper sanitation in surgical wards.
• He insisted that wounds be washed in antiseptics, or
germ-killing liquids.
Social Science
(Birth of Psychology)
Ivan Pavlov • Classical Conditioning
Sigmund Freud • Psychoanalysis
Charles Darwin • Social Darwinism
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CHAPTER 27:
THE AGE OF IMPERIALISM
1850 – 1914
71
Imperialism originated from the Latin word imperium. Which means supreme
power, sovereignty, or rule. Imperialism can be defined as the seizure of a country
or territory by a stronger country.
THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA
✓ The Scramble for Africa was a period in the late 19th and 20th century
when European powers aggressively tried to dominate and conquer the
African territories. Britain, Germany, and France competed for control of
East African territories, leading to the division of modern-day Kenya,
Tanzania, and Rwanda, among others.
✓ Motivations for the Imperialism included the desire to exploit. Africa is
abundant to various minerals, which piqued the interest of Europeans.
Also, missionaries also came to Africa in hopes to expand their religion.
They wanted not just to Civilized the Africans but to Westernized them.
✓ Many Europeans believed that their race is far superior compared to
others. The racism behavior of the Europeans can be reflected to the
Social Darwinism of Charles Darwin.
✓ The Division of Africa was primarily due to the Berlin Conference.
European powers convened in Berlin to establish ground rules for the
colonization in Africa. The conference divided the Africa among the
European countries without consulting the African leaders. Only Liberia
and Ethiopia remained free from European control.
✓ The Boer war also known as the South African War between the British
and the Boers was the first modern “total war.”
African resistance
1. Alegria’s 50 years 6. Mahdist War
resistance 7. Ethiopian-Italian War
2. Resistance led by 8. Herero and Nama
Samori Toure Genocide
3. Maji-Maji rebellion 9. Ashanti Resistance
4. Anglo-Zulu War 10. Somali Resistance
5. First and Second Boer
Wars
EUROPEANS CLAIM MUSLIM LANDS
✓ The Ottoman Empire experienced a decline marked by weak leadership,

corruption, and financial problems after the reign of Suleyman I.
✓ In 1853, war broke out between the Russians and the Ottomans.
➢ The Crimean War was the first war in which women, led by Florence
Nightingale, established their position as army nurses. It was also
the first war to be covered by newspaper correspondents.
✓ During the 19th century, Great Britain and Russia engaged in the "Great
Game," a geopolitical struggle over Muslim lands in Central Asia, primarily
focused on British India.
✓ The "Battle over Tobacco" in Persia occurred in 1890 when the Persian ruler
granted a tobacco concession to a British company, causing outrage among
the population.
British Imperialism in India
✓ British economic interest in India began in the 1600s, when the British East
India Company set up trading posts at Bombay, Madras, and Calcutta. At
first, India’s ruling Mughal Dynasty kept European traders under control.
72
➢ The company has its own army or soldiers called the sepoys,
which was referred to by Mountstuart Elphinstone as “a delicate
and dangerous machine, which a little mismanagement may
easily turn against us.
✓ India was labeled by the Britain as Jewel in the Crown due to its’ economic
wealth, strategic importance, cultural significance, and role as a symbol of
British imperial power.
✓ The Sepoy Mutiny, also known as the Indian Rebellion of 1857, was a major
uprising against British colonial rule in India. It began with Indian sepoys
rebelling against British officers in Meerut in May 1857 and quickly spread
to other parts of northern and central India.
o The root cause included the use of animal fat in rifle cartridges, which
offended both Hindu and Muslim sepoys, and suspicions that the
British aimed to convert Indian soldiers to Christianity.
✓ As a response to the British Colonial rule, Indians pushed through the
Nationalism that led to the creation of two major Nationalist group called the
Indian National Congress in 1885 and the Muslim League in 1906.
➢ The Indian National Congress (INC) was founded in 1885 as a
political organization aimed at representing the interests and
aspirations of the Indian people under British colonial rule.
➢ The All-India Muslim League was founded in 1906 as a political
organization representing the interests of Muslims in British India.
Aga Khan III was the first president of the Muslim League.
IMPERIALISM IN SOUTHEAST ASIA

✓ European powers competed to colonize Southeast Asia, specifically the
Pacific Rim in the late 19th and early 20th centuries due to its strategic
location along sea routes to China and its valuable resources.
✓ Siam (Thailand) remained independent despite the power of European
powers. They managed to stay independent through their diplomatic skill,
geographic positioning, internal stability, and a willingness to modernize and
engage with European powers on its terms.
➢ King Mongkut and his son Chulalongkorn played pivotal roles
in shaping Siam's response to the challenges of Western
imperialism and contributed to its modernization and reform
efforts during a critical period in its history.
✓ The United States acquired the Philippine Islands, Puerto Rico, and Guam
as a result of the Spanish-American War in 1898.
➢ The acquisition of the Philippines sparked a debate in the United
States over imperialism. President McKinley's Position: President
McKinley advocated for imperialism, emphasizing the intention to
"educate Filipinos, and uplift and Christianize them."
➢ Filipino nationalists declared their independence and established
the Philippine Republic.
✓ U.S. interest in Hawaii dates back to the 1790s due to its strategic location
as a port for trade with China and East India.
✓ The McKinley Tariff Act influenced the push for Hawaii's annexation by the
United States.
✓ Queen Liliuokalani's attempts to regain political power were thwarted by
American businessmen, leading to her removal from power in 1893.
In 1898, the Republic of Hawaii was annexed by the United States, concluding a
period of significant change and power shifts in the region under the ruling of the
new president, Sanford B. Dole.
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CHAPTER 28:
TRANSFORMATIONS AROUND THE
GLOBE
1800 – 1914
74
CHINA RESISTS OUTSIDE INFLUENCE

✓ Extraterritorial rights= Under these rights, foreigners were not subject to
Chinese law at Guangzhou and four other Chinese ports.
✓ Opium War= an open clash between the British and the Chinese.
✓ Taiping Rebellion= from the Chinese word taiping, meaning “great peace.”
✓ Sphere of Influence= was an area in which the foreign nation-controlled trade
and investment.
✓ Open Door Policy= This proposed that China's “doors” be open to merchants
of all nations.
✓ Boxer Rebellion= a campaign against the Dowager Empress’s rule and
foreigner privilege.
MODERNIZATION IN JAPAN
✓ Treaty of Kanagawa= This treaty marked the end of Japan's 200-year-long
period of isolation.
✓ Meiji Era= a transformative period in Japanese history from 1868 to 1912,
marked by the restoration of imperial rule, rapid modernization, and the
transition from a feudal society to an industrialized nation.
✓ Russo-Japanese War= was a conflict between Russia and Japan over
territorial disputes in Manchuria and Korea.
U.S ECONOMIC IMPERIALISM

✓ Monroe Doctrine= declared that the Western Hemisphere was to be considered
off-limits to further colonization or interference by European powers, and any
attempt to do so would be viewed as a threat to the United States.
✓ José Martí= a writer who had been exiled from Cuba by the Spanish, returned
to launch a second war for Cuban independence.
✓ Spanish-American War= was a conflict between the United States and Spain.
✓ Panama Canal= is considered one of the world's greatest engineering
accomplishments. Its completion changed the course of history by opening a
worldwide trade route between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.
✓ Roosevelt Corollary= gave the United States the right to be “an international
police power” in the Western Hemisphere.
TURMOIL AND CHANGE IN MEXICO

✓ Antonio López de Santa Anna= was a prominent Mexican military and political
leader.
✓ Benito Juárez= was a distinguished Mexican statesman and reformer.
✓ La Reforma= was a series of liberal reforms and political conflicts in mid-19th
century Mexico.
✓ Porfirio Díaz= was a prominent Mexican general and politician.
✓ Francisco Madero= was a key figure in the Mexican Revolution, leading the
1910 uprising against Porfirio Díaz's regime and briefly serving as Mexico's
president before his assassination in 1913.
✓ Francisco "Pancho" Villa= a legendary Mexican revolutionary leader, played
a crucial role in the Mexican Revolution of the early 20th century, leading forces
in the northern part of the country and participating in various significant battles.
✓ Emiliano Zapata= was a leading figure in the Mexican Revolution, known for
his advocacy of agrarian reform and land redistribution, as well as his rallying
cry "Tierra y Libertad" (Land and Liberty).
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CHAPTER 29:
THE GREAT WAR
1914 – 1918
76
Increasing rivalry among European nations stemmed from several

sources
• Competition for materials and markets
• Territorial disputes
France, for example, had never gotten over the loss of Alsace-Lorraine to
Germany in the Franco-Prussian War (1870).
• Imperialism
The quest for colonies sometimes pushed European nations to the brink of
war. The sense of rivalry and mistrust of one another deepened.
The policy of glorifying military power and keeping an army prepared for war was
known as militarism.
By 1907, two rival camps existed in Europe. A dispute between two rival powers
could draw all the nations of Europe into war.
Triple Alliance Triple Entente
Prussia’s blood-and-iron chancellor, Otto von In 1907, Britain made another
Bismarck, his first goal was to isolate France. entente, this time with both
In 1879, he formed the Dual Alliance France and Russia. The Triple
between Germany and Austria-Hungary. Entente, as it was called, did
Three years later, Italy joined the two not bind Britain to fight with
countries. France and Russia.
• Germany
• Austria Hungary
• Italy
By 1881, Bismarck took yet another possible

ally away from France by making a treaty
with Russia.
Kaiser Wilhelm II, who two years earlier had > Great Britain
become ruler of Germany forced Bismarck to > France
resign. A proud and stubborn man, Wilhelm II > Russia
did not wish to share power with anyone.
Wilhelm let his nation’s treaty with Russia

lapse in 1890. Russia responded by forming
a defensive military alliance with France in
1892 and 1894.
Crisis in the Balkans

✓ Tensions between Serbia and Austria steadily rose.
✓ Gavrilo Princip, a 19-year-old Serbian, killed Archduke Franz Ferdinand and
his wife Sophie.
Europe Plunges into War

✓ Russia, an ally of Serbia with its largely Slavic population, acted. Russia looked
to its ally France for help. Germany, however, did not even wait for France to react.
Two days after declaring war on Russia, Germany also declared war on France.
Soon afterward, Great Britain declared war on Germany. Much of Europe was now
locked in battle.
➢ Central Powers - Germany and Austria-Hungary, because of their location
in the heart of Europe
77
➢ Allies - Composed of Great Britain, France, and Russia. Japan and Italy
joined with them.
Trench Warfare
✓ In this type of warfare, soldiers fought each other from trenches. Life in the
trenches was pure misery.
The Battle on the Eastern Front

✓ Eastern Front, this area was a stretch of battlefield along the German and
Russian border. By 1916, Russia’s war effort was near collapse.
Women and the War

✓ Women saw the horrors of war firsthand. Shirley Millard was one of the brave
and commendable individuals who witnessed the event.
The Central Powers Collapse

✓ Armistice, an agreement to stop fighting. On November 9, 1918, Kaiser
Wilhelm II stepped down. Germany declared itself a republic. A representative
of the new German government met with French Commander Marshal Foch,
the two signed an armistice, or an agreement to stop fighting. On November 11,
World War I came to an end.
A FLAWED PEACE
Woodrow Wilson of the David Lloyd George of

United States Great Britain
Georges Clemenceau of Vittorio Orlando of

France Italy
✓ On January 18, 1919, a conference to establish those terms began at the

Palace of Versailles, outside Paris. Attending the talks, known as the Paris
Peace Conference, were delegates representing 32 countries.
✓ The meeting’s major decisions were hammered out by a group known as
the Big Four
✓ President Wilson had drawn up a series of peace proposals known as the
Fourteen Points.
✓ Treaty of Versailles between Germany and the Allied powers was signed
on June 28, 1919.
✓ Adopting Wilson’s fourteenth point, the treaty created a League of
Nations. The league was to be an international association whose goal
would be to keep peace among nations.
✓ The treaty also punished Germany. The defeated nation lost substantial
territory and had severe restrictions placed on its military operations. As
tough as these provisions were, the harshest was Article 231. It was also
known as the “war guilt” clause.
✓ The settlements at Versailles represented, as one observer noted, “a peace
built on quicksand.” Indeed, that quicksand eventually would give way. In a
little more than two decades, the treaties’ legacy of bitterness would help
plunge the world into another catastrophic war.
78
CHAPTER 30:
REVOLUTION AND NATIONALISM
1900 – 193
79
REVOLUTIONS IN RUSSIA
✓ 1881, a government of autocracy. ✓ 1916, the railways that connected
Alexander III has control over European Russia in the west with
Russia and target Jews for Russian ports on the Pacific
prosecution. Ocean in the east were
✓ 1890, Nicholas II’s government completed.
sought foreign investors and ✓ March 1917, women textile
raised taxes. workers, led a five-days citywide
✓ 1900, Russia had become the strike in Petrogard and exploded
world’s fourth-ranking into a general uprising called, The
producer of steel. March Revolution.
✓ 1903, the proletariat would form ✓ March 1918, Russia and
“a dictatorship of the Germany signed the Treaty of
proletariat”. Two groups of Brest-Litovsk.
revolutionary tactics: Mensheviks ✓ 1918-1920, Leon Trotsky
and Bolsheviks commanded Bolshevik Red
✓ 1905, 200,000 workers and their Army against pro-czar ruler, the
families, brought petitions to White Army.
czar’s Winter Palace in St. ✓ March 1921, Lenin resorted a
Petersburg. “Bloody Sunday” small-scale version of capitalism
happened. called the New Economic Policy
✓ May 1906, Nicholas II approved (NEP) for the Russian economy.
and met the creation of Duma— ✓ 1922, Russia was named the
But dissolved the Duma after ten Union of Soviet Socialist
weeks. Republics (USSR). Bolsheviks
✓ 1914, Nicholas II, entangle renamed their party, Communist
Russia in World War I. Party where Lenin established a
✓ 1915, Rasputin, with the help of dictatorship.
Czarina Alexandra, Nicholas II’s ✓ 1928, Joseph Stalin, became the
wife, was allowed to make key total command of the Communist
political decisions for saving her Party.
son, Alexis. ✓ 1929, Stalin forced Trotsky into
✓ 1916, a group of nobles murdered exile.
Rasputin for gaining power.
TOTALITARIANISM
Type of government that sees the national government that assumes authority
over all aspects of life, both public and private.
Stalin’s Totalitarianism:
➢ Stalin’s government and the League of Militant Godless spread propaganda
attacking religion.
➢ In 1928, the command economy was established.
➢ Then, Five-Year Plan— an impossibly high quotas, or numerical goals, to
increase the output of steel, coal, oil, and electricity.
➢ Stalin’s government established collective farms, producing food for the state.
IMPERIAL CHINA COLLAPSES

✓ 1911, Nationalist Party pushes the new Republic of China.
for modernization and “Three Principles of the
nationalization. The predecessor People”
of Kuomintang, the 1. nationalism— an end to
Revolutionary Alliance, foreign control
successfully overthrew the last 2. people’s rights— democracy
emperor of the Qing dynasty. 3. people’s livelihood—
✓ 1912, Sun Yixian, the first great economic security of all
leader that became president of Chinese.
80
Yuan Shikai, a powerful ✓ 1925, Jiang Jieshi headed the

general that succeeded Sun. Kuomintang after Sun Yixian
✓ 1917, hoping for an Allied died.
victory and would return control ✓ 1928, Jiang became president of
of Chinese territories, declared the Nationalist Republic of
war against Germany. However, China.
under the Treaty of Versailles, ✓ 1930, Mao and other Communist
the Allied leaders gave Japan leaders, recruited the peasants
those territories. for his Red Army and trained
✓ May 4, 1919, 3,000 angry them in a guerilla warfare.
students and more Chinese, ✓ 1931, Japanese took advantage
gathered in the center of Beijing of Chinese fought Chinese
when news of the Treaty of weakening situation.
Versailles reached China. ✓ 1933, Jiang’s 700,000 men
✓ 1921, Mao Zedong was among surrounded the Communists
the founders of the Chinese mountain stronghold. The Long
Communist Party. March happened.
✓ 1923, Lenin, seized the ✓ 1935, Mao and seven or eight
opportunity to help China’s thousand Communist survivors
Nationalist government and sent settled in caves in northwestern
military advisers and equipment China.
to China in return of allowing the ✓ 1937, launched an all-out
Chinese Communists to join the invasion of China.
Kuomintang. ✓ 1938, held control of a large part
of China
NATIONALISM IN INDIA AND SOUTHWEST ASIA

✓ 1902, Abd al-Aziz Ibn Saud, ✓ 1923, Kemal, became the
began a successful campaign to president of the new Republic
unify Arabia. of Turkey, the first republic in
✓ 1919, the British passed the Southwest Asia.
Rowlatt Acts. The massacre of ✓ 1930, Gandhi, organized a
Amritsar made Mohandas K. demonstration to defy the hated
Gandhi emerge as the leader of Salt Acts. There they begin to
the independence movement and make their own salt by collecting
the recognition of his religious seawater and letting it evaporate,
teachings. Gandhi attracted called the Salt March. Eventually,
millions of followers and began about 60,000 people including
calling him Mahatma— meaning Gandhi were arrested.
“great soul”. ✓ 1932, Ibn Saud renamed the new
✓ 1920, he endorsed of civil kingdom Saudi Arabia after his
disobedience. family.
✓ 1920s & 1930s, European and ✓ 1935, passed the Government of
American companies India Act.
discovered enormous oil deposits ✓ 1935, Pahlavi changed the name
in Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and of the country from the Greek
Kuwait. name Persia to the traditional
✓ 1921, Reza Shah Pahlavi, name, Iran.
Persia’s new leader. ✓ 1938, Kemal died, but Turkey
✓ 1922, Mustafa Kemal, received a new sense of national
successfully led Turkish identity as a result of his
nationalists in fighting back the leadership.
Greeks and their British backers.
Then, overthrew the last Ottoman
sultan.
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CHAPTER 31:
YEARS OF CRISIS
1919 – 1939
82
Albert Einstein
✓ A German-born physicist offered startling new ideas on space, time, energy,
and matter. Scientists have found that light travels at the same speed no
matter what direction it moves to Earth.
✓ Created new ideas on space, time, energy, and matter. He created the
theory of relativity, how motion is the key to his idea.
Theory of relativity
➢ In 1905, Einstein theorized that while the speed of light is constant, other
things that seem constant, such as space and time, are not. Space and time
can change when measured relative to an object moving near the speed of
light — about 186,000 miles per second. Relative motion is the key to
Einstein's idea.
Sigmund Freud
✓ An Austrian physician who treated patients with psychological problems.

From his experiences, he constructed a theory about the human mind. He
believed that much of human behavior is irrational, or beyond reason.
Existentialism
➢ Is a belief that there is no universal meaning to life. Each person creates his
or her own meaning in life through choices made and actions taken.
Friedrich Nietzsche
✓ A German philosopher who influenced the existentialist movement. In the

1880s, Nietzsche wrote that Western ideas such as reason, democracy,
and progress had stifled people's creativity and actions.
Surrealism
➢ An art movement that sought to link the world of dreams with real life, was
inspired by Freud's ideas. The term surreal means "beyond or above
reality." Surrealists tried to call on the unconscious part of their minds.
Jazz
➢ A type of music developed by musicians, mainly African Americans, in New
Orleans, Memphis, and Chicago. The lively, loose beat of jazz seemed to
capture the new freedom of the age.
Why were the ideas of Einstein and Freud revolutionary?

Einstein developed a new theory of Relativity of uncertainty and relativity replaced
Isaac Newton's comforting belief of a world of constants operating according to
absolute laws of motion and gravity. Freud's theories about the universe were new
and challenged the Enlightenment or Age of Reason theories when he that much
of human behavior is irrational or beyond reason.
83
CHAPTER 32:
WORLD WAR II
1939 – 1945
84
OUTBREAK OF WORLD WAR II (1939)

In late August 1939, Hitler and Soviet leader Joseph Stalin signed the
German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact, which incited a frenzy of worry in London and
Paris. Hitler had long planned an invasion of Poland, a nation to which Great Britain
and France had guaranteed military support if it were attacked by Germany. The
pact with Stalin meant that Hitler would not face a war on two fronts once he
invaded Poland and would have Soviet assistance in conquering and dividing the
nation itself. On September 1, 1939, Hitler invaded Poland from the west; two days
later, France and Britain declared war on Germany, beginning World War II.
On September 17, Soviet troops invaded Poland from the east. Under
attack from both sides, Poland fell quickly, and by early 1940 Germany and the
Soviet Union had divided control over the nation, according to a secret protocol
appended to the Nonaggression Pact. Stalin’s forces then moved to occupy the
Baltic States (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania) and defeated a resistant Finland in
the Russo-Finnish War. During the six months following the invasion of Poland, the
lack of action on the part of Germany and the Allies in the west led to talk in the
news media of a “phony war.” At sea, however, the British and German navies
faced off in heated battle, and lethal German U-boat submarines struck at
merchant shipping bound for Britain, sinking more than 100 vessels in the first four
months of World War II.
WORLD WAR II IN THE WEST (1940-41)
On April 9, 1940, Germany simultaneously invaded Norway and occupied

Denmark, and the war began in earnest. On May 10, German forces swept through
Belgium and the Netherlands in what became known as “blitzkrieg,” or lightning
war. Three days later, Hitler’s troops crossed the Meuse River and struck French
forces at Sedan, located at the northern end of the Maginot Line, an elaborate
chain of fortifications constructed after World War I and considered an
impenetrable defensive barrier. In fact, the Germans broke through the line with
their tanks and planes and continued to the rear, rendering it useless. The British
Expeditionary Force (BEF) was evacuated by sea from Dunkirk in late May, while
in the south French forces mounted a doomed resistance. With France on the
verge of collapse, Italy’s fascist dictator Benito Mussolini formed an alliance with
Hitler, the Pact of Steel, and Italy declared war against France and Britain on June
10.
On June 14, German forces entered Paris; a new government formed by
Marshal Philippe Petain (France’s hero of World War I) requested an armistice two
nights later. France was subsequently divided into two zones, one under German
military occupation and the other under Petain’s government, installed at Vichy
France. Hitler now turned his attention to Britain, which had the defensive
advantage of being separated from the Continent by the English Channel.
To pave the way for an amphibious invasion (dubbed Operation Sea Lion),
German planes bombed Britain extensively beginning in September 1940 until May
1941, known as the Blitz, including night raids on London and other industrial
centers that caused heavy civilian casualties and damage. The Royal Air Force
(RAF) eventually defeated the Luftwaffe (German Air Force) in the Battle of Britain,
85
and Hitler postponed his plans to invade. With Britain’s defensive resources
pushed to the limit, Prime Minister Winston Churchill began receiving crucial aid
from the U.S. under the Lend-Lease Act, passed by Congress in early 1941.
HITLER VS. STALIN: OPERATION BARBAROSSA (1941-42)

By early 1941, Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria had joined the Axis, and
German troops overran Yugoslavia and Greece that April. Hitler’s conquest of the
Balkans was a precursor for his real objective: an invasion of the Soviet Union,
whose vast territory would give the German master race the “Lebensraum” it
needed. The other half of Hitler’s strategy was the extermination of the Jews from
throughout German-occupied Europe. Plans for the “Final Solution” were
introduced around the time of the Soviet offensive, and over the next three years
more than 4 million Jews would perish in the death camps established in occupied
Poland.
On June 22, 1941, Hitler ordered the invasion of the Soviet Union,
codenamed Operation Barbarossa. Though Soviet tanks and aircraft greatly
outnumbered the Germans’, Russian aviation technology was largely obsolete,
and the impact of the surprise invasion helped Germans get within 200 miles of
Moscow by mid-July. Arguments between Hitler and his commanders delayed the
next German advance until October, when it was stalled by a Soviet
counteroffensive and the onset of harsh winter weather.
WORLD WAR II IN THE PACIFIC (1941-43)

The Path to Pearl Harbor
With Britain facing Germany in Europe, the United States was the only
nation capable of combating Japanese aggression, which by late 1941 included
an expansion of its ongoing war with China and the seizure of European colonial
holdings in the Far East. On December 7, 1941, 360 Japanese aircraft attacked
the major U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, taking the Americans
completely by surprise and claiming the lives of more than 2,300 troops. The attack
on Pearl Harbor served to unify American public opinion in favor of entering World
War II, and on December 8 Congress declared war on Japan with only one
dissenting vote. Germany and the other Axis Powers promptly declared war on the
United States.
After a long string of Japanese victories, the U.S. Pacific Fleet won the
Battle of Midway in June 1942, which proved to be a turning point in the war. On
Guadalcanal, one of the southern Solomon Islands, the Allies also had success
against Japanese forces in a series of battles from August 1942 to February 1943,
helping turn the tide further in the Pacific. In mid-1943, Allied naval forces began
an aggressive counterattack against Japan, involving a series of amphibious
assaults on key Japanese-held islands in the Pacific. This “island-hopping”
strategy proved successful, and Allied forces moved closer to their ultimate goal of
invading the mainland Japan.
86
TOWARD ALLIED VICTORY IN WORLD WAR II (1943-45)

Battle of Stalingrad
In North Africa, British and American forces had defeated the Italians and
Germans by 1943. An Allied invasion of Sicily and Italy followed, and Mussolini’s
government fell in July 1943, though Allied fighting against the Germans in Italy
would continue until 1945.
On the Eastern Front, a Soviet counteroffensive launched in November

1942 ended the bloody Battle of Stalingrad, which had seen some of the fiercest
combat of World War II. The approach of winter, along with dwindling food and
medical supplies, spelled the end for German troops there, and the last of them
surrendered on January 31, 1943.
On June 6, 1944–celebrated as “D-Day”–the Allies began a massive
invasion of Europe, landing 156,000 British, Canadian and American soldiers on
the beaches of Normandy, France. In response, Hitler poured all the remaining
strength of his army into Western Europe, ensuring Germany’s defeat in the east.
Soviet troops soon advanced into Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Romania,
while Hitler gathered his forces to drive the Americans and British back from
Germany in the Battle of the Bulge (December 1944-January 1945), the last major
German offensive of the war.
An Intensive aerial bombardment in February 1945 preceded the Allied land
invasion of Germany, and by the time Germany formally surrendered on May 8,
Soviet forces had occupied much of the country. Hitler was already dead, having
died by suicide on April 30 in his Berlin bunker.
WORLD WAR ENDS (1945)

At the Potsdam Conference of July-August 1945, U.S. President Harry S.
Truman (who had taken office after Roosevelt’s death in April), Churchill and Stalin
discussed the ongoing war with Japan as well as the peace settlement with
Germany. Post-war Germany would be divided into four occupation zones, to be
controlled by the Soviet Union, Britain, the United States and France. On the
divisive matter of Eastern Europe’s future, Churchill and Truman acquiesced to
Stalin, as they needed Soviet cooperation in the war against Japan.
Heavy casualties sustained in the campaigns at Iwo Jima (February 1945)

and Okinawa (April-June 1945), and fears of the even costlier land invasion of
Japan led Truman to authorize the use of a new and devastating weapon.
Developed during a top-secret operation code-named The Manhattan Project, the
atomic bomb was unleashed on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in
early August. On August 15, the Japanese government issued a statement
declaring they would accept the terms of the Potsdam Declaration, and on
September 2, U.S. General Douglas MacArthur accepted Japan’s formal surrender
aboard the USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay.
87
CHAPTER 33:
RESTRUCTURING THE POSTWAR
WORLD
1945 – Present
88
COLD WAR: SUPERPOWERS FACE OFF

Important People:
✓ Joseph Stalin (General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union),
Harry S. Truman (President of the United States).
Key Events
1. Yalta Conference (1945): Held in Yalta, a city in Crimea, Ukraine, this
conference featured Stalin, Truman, and British Prime Minister Winston
Churchill. It took place in February 1945, just months before the end of World
War II in Europe. Key decisions included the division of postwar Germany into
occupation zones and the commitment to hold free elections in Eastern
European countries.
2. Potsdam Conference (1945):* Held in Potsdam, Germany, in July and August
1945, this conference saw Stalin, Truman, and British Prime Minister Clement
Attlee replace Churchill after the British general election. The Potsdam
Conference addressed the postwar occupation of Germany, the demilitarization
and denazification of the country, and the prosecution of war criminals.
3. Iron Curtain Speech (1946): Winston Churchill’s speech in 1946 marked the
beginning of a heightened ideological divide between the Western democracies
and the Soviet Union. He referred to an “Iron Curtain” descending across
Europe, foreshadowing the division between the democratic West and
communist East.
4. Truman Doctrine (1947): Following Churchill’s speech, President Truman’s
doctrine in 1947 signaled the United States' commitment to containing
communism globally. It was a direct response to the perceived Soviet threat,
especially in Europe, and included financial and military support to nations
resisting communist expansion.
5. Berlin Blockade and Airlift (1948-1949): The Berlin Blockade, initiated by the
Soviet Union, was a direct challenge to Western efforts to rebuild Germany. The
successful Berlin Airlift organized by the U.S. and its allies demonstrated their
determination to thwart Soviet aggression and maintain access to West Berlin.
6. Formation of NATO (1949): The establishment of NATO in 1949 formalized the
alliance between Western nations, with the United States playing a central role.
NATO’s primary objective was collective defense against potential Soviet
aggression. It provided a united front against the expanding influence of the
Soviet Union.
7. Marshall Plan (1948): The Marshall Plan, launched in 1948, was a significant
economic initiative to help rebuild Western Europe after World War II. It aimed
to prevent economic instability, which could lead to communist influence, and
bolstered the Western bloc while deepening the divide with the Eastern bloc.
8. Warsaw Pact (1955): The formation of the Warsaw Pact by the Soviet Union
and its Eastern European allies in 1955 was a direct response to NATO. It
solidified the Soviet sphere of influence in Eastern Europe and created a
counterbalance to Western military alliances.
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY: THE SPACE RACE

✓ Important People:
Yuri Gagarin (Soviet cosmonaut, first human in space), Neil Armstrong (American
astronaut, first person on the Moon).
✓ Key Events:
Sputnik 1 launch (1957) from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan, and
Apollo 11 moon landing (1969) launched from Kennedy Space Center in Florida,
USA.
Communists Take Power in China

✓ Important People: Mao Zedong (Chinese Communist revolutionary and
founding father of the People’s Republic of China), Chiang Kai-shek (Nationalist
leader who retreated to Taiwan).
89
✓ Key Events:
Chinese Civil War (1945-1949) resulting in Communist victory in 1949, leading to
the establishment of the People’s Republic of China with Beijing as its capital, while
Chiang Kai-shek’s Nationalists retreated to Taiwan.
✓ More about Chinese Civil War (1945-1949):
➢ Long March: Before the Chinese Civil War, the Chinese Communist Party
(CCP) led by Mao Zedong embarked on the Long March (1934-1935), a
grueling retreat covering thousands of miles. This event solidified Mao’s
leadership and contributed to the survival of the CCP.
➢ Support from the Soviet Union: During the early years of the Chinese
Civil War, the Soviet Union provided military and political support to the
CCP, including weapons, training, and advisors.
➢ Mass Campaigns: Mao Zedong’s CCP implemented various mass
campaigns during their rise to power, including land reform and the
suppression of counterrevolutionaries. These campaigns had profound
social and economic impacts on China.
Wars in Korea and Vietnam

Kim Il-sung (North Korean leader), Ho Chi Minh (North Vietnamese leader).
✓ Korean War (1950-1953)
➢ Armistice Agreement: The Korean War ended with an armistice
agreement in 1953, not a formal peace treaty, which means that technically,
the war has not officially ended, and the Korean Peninsula remains divided
between North and South Korea.
➢ Role of General Douglas MacArthur: General Douglas MacArthur, the
commander of United Nations forces during the Korean War, played a
significant role in the conflict, particularly during the daring Inchon landing
and the subsequent push towards the Yalu River, which led to Chinese
intervention.
✓ Impact on the Korean Peninsula:
The Korean War had a profound and lasting impact on the Korean Peninsula,
leading to the division of North and South Korea along the 38 th parallel. The
Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) separating the two countries remains one of the most
heavily fortified borders in the world.
✓ Vietnam War (1955-1975)
➢ Geneva Accord: The First Indochina War between France and the Viet
Minh (led by Ho Chi Minh) ended with the Geneva Accords in 1954, which
temporarily divided Vietnam at the 17th parallel. This division was intended
to be temporary, but it eventually led to the Vietnam War.
➢ Anti-War Movement: The Vietnam War sparked a significant anti-war
movement in the United States and other Western countries, with large-
scale protests and demonstrations calling for an end to the conflict.
➢ Tet Offensive: The Tet Offensive in 1968 was a major turning point in the
Vietnam War. North Vietnamese forces launched a surprise attack on South
Vietnam’s cities and military bases during the Lunar New Year holiday,
which had a significant psychological impact on both the American public
and policymakers.
➢ Fall of Saigon: The Vietnam War ended in 1975 with the fall of Saigon to
North Vietnamese forces. This event marked the reunification of North and
South Vietnam under communist rule and the end of American military
involvement.
Postwar Southeast Asia

Khmer Rouge and Cambodia
➢ Khmer Rouge Regime (1975-1979): The Khmer Rouge, led by Pol Pot,
emerged as a radical communist movement in Cambodia. In 1975, they
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overthrew the Cambodian government and established the Democratic

Kampuchea regime.
➢ Atrocities and Genocide: During their rule, the Khmer Rouge
implemented radical policies aimed at transforming Cambodia into an
agrarian communist utopia. These policies led to widespread atrocities,
including forced labor, mass executions, and the Cambodian Genocide. It’s
estimated that nearly 1.7 million people, about a quarter of the population,
perished as a result of these policies and actions.
➢ Vietnamese Intervention: In December 1978, Vietnam launched a military
intervention in Cambodia in response to Khmer Rouge attacks on
Vietnamese border villages. This intervention led to the overthrow of the
Khmer Rouge regime in 1979.
The Cold War divides the World

Nikita Khrushchev (Soviet Premier), Dwight D. Eisenhower (President of the
United States), Fidel Castro (Cuban revolutionary leader).
✓ Key Events
➢ Berlin Wall Construction (1961): The construction of the Berlin Wall
physically divided Berlin between East and West, symbolizing the broader
East-West divide of the Cold War.
➢ Confrontations in Latin America: Latin America became a battleground
for Cold War influence. Fidel Castro’s Cuban Revolution in 1959 established
a communist regime in Cuba, leading to tension with the United States.
➢ Civil War in Nicaragua: The Cold War played out in Central America, with
the Nicaraguan Civil War (1978-1990) pitting leftist Sandinistas, supported
by the Soviet Union and Cuba, against Contras, backed by the U.S.
➢ Confrontations in the Middle East: The Middle East saw various proxy
conflicts during the Cold War, including the Suez Crisis (1956) and the Iran-
Iraq War (1980-1988), with superpower involvement.
➢ The Superpowers Face off in Afghanistan: The Soviet invasion of
Afghanistan in 1979 marked a significant Cold War conflict. The U.S.
supported Afghan resistance fighters, the Mujahideen, against Soviet
forces.
HISTORY IN DEPTH: HOW THE COLD WAR WAS FOUGHT

John F. Kennedy (President of the United States during the Bay of Pigs Invasion
and Cuban Missile Crisis), Fidel Castro (Cuban revolutionary and leader).
✓ Key Events:
✓ Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) The Cuban Missile Crisis was a 13-day
standoff in October 1962 between the United States and the Soviet Union.
It was triggered by the discovery of Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba. The
crisis brought the world to the brink of nuclear war before a diplomatic
solution was reached. It remains one of the most perilous moments in the
Cold War.
The Cold War Thaws

Mikhail Gorbachev (General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet
Union), Ronald Reagan (President of the United States).
✓ Key Events:
Gorbachev’s reforms (1980s) including perestroika and glasnost, Reagan-
Gorbachev summits.
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CHAPTER 34:
THE COLONIES BECOME NEW
NATIONS
1945 – Present
92
THE INDIAN SUBCONTINENT ACHIEVES FREEDOM
Southeast Asian Nations Gain Independence
 Philippines is the first world colonies to achieve

independence in WWII wherein United States granted
independence in 1946.
 Ferdinand Marcos – elected president of the Philippines
in 1965, an authoritarian leader who stole millions of
Philippines dollars from the public treasury, governed until 1986.
 Corazon Aquino – defeated Marcos for president in the
Philippines in 1986, a new constitution was ratified and
the lease on the United States military bases was
ended during her presidency.
 In 1989, Burma was officially named Myanmar, its name
in the Burmese language.
 In 1962, General Ne Win set up a military government,
Burma with the goal of making Burma a socialist state.
 Aung San Suu Kyi became active in the newly formed
national league for democracy. For her pro-democracy
activities, she was placed under house arrest for six
years by the government.
 In 1957, the officials created the federation of Malaya
from Singapore, Malaya, Sarawak, and Sabah.
 In 1965, Singapore separated from the federation and
became an independent city state. The federation
Singapore consisting of Malaya, Sarawak, and Saba became
known Malaysia.
 Lee Kuan Yew ruled Singapore as prime minister from
1959 to 1990. Under his administration, Singapore
emerged as banking center as well as center of trade.
 Sukarno a leader of the Indonesian independence
movement proclaimed Indonesia independence from
the Dutch.
 Indonesia is the world’s fourth most populous nation. It
consisted of more than 13, 600 islands, with 300
different ethnic groups, 250 languages and most of the
world’s major religions.
Indonesia  A general named Suharto became president in 1967 and
turned country into a police state and imposed frequent
periods of martial law, human rights violations,
discrimination.
 In 1997 to 1998 the nation suffered worst financial crisis.
Suharto stepped down in 1998. The daughter of
Sukarno, Megawati Sukarnoputri, was elected
presidency in 2001.
 Jose Ramos Horta, an East Timorese independence
campaigner won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1996 for his
efforts to gain independence for the region without
violence.
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East Timor  In August 1999, the UN sponsored referendum. The

referendum results and went into bloody rampage.
NEW NATIONS IN AFRICA

✓ The Africans formed Negritude Movement. The British colony of the Gold Coast
became the first African colony to achieve independence which is now Ghana.
✓ In the 1940’s, Kwame Nkrumah worked to liberate the Gold Coast from the
British using nonviolent tactics.
✓ Jomo Kenyatta became a Kenyan president in 1963, work hard to unite ethnic
and language groups in the country. The rise of the Mau Mau, a secret society
of Kikuyu tribesmen, attempted to drive British settlers.
✓ Ahmed Ben, the leader of Bella Algerian National Liberation Front, named
first prime minister (1962-1963) and first president (1963-1965), reestablish
national order.
✓ Colonel Joseph Mobutu, later known as Mobutu Sese Seko seized power in
the Congo in 1965, renamed country Zaire. A rebel leader Laurent Kabila
renamed the Democratic Republic of Congo. He became president and promise
a transition to democracy. Joseph Kabila took power and began a quest for
peace. In 2006, Kabila was elected under a new constitution.
CONFLICTS IN MIDDLE EAST
✓ The Jews claimed the land Palestine date back 3000 years. During second
century, the Jewish people were not able to establish their own state and lived
in different countries. Palestine was still part of the Ottoman Empire, ruled by
Islamic Turks. After the defeat of the Ottoman in the World War I, the League
of Nations ask Britain to oversee Palestine until it was ready for independence.
By this time, Jews had become a growing presence in Palestine and were
already pressing for their nation in the territory.
✓ A foreigner secretary Sir Arthur Balfour promoted the idea of creating Jewish
homeland in Palestine while protecting the “rights of existing non-Jewish
communities” through a 1917 letter.
✓ At the end of World War II, the United Nations acted period in 1947. The general
assembly voted to partition Palestine into an or a Palestinian state and a Jewish
state. David Ben Gurion, longtime leader of Palestine announces the creation
of an independent Israel.
✓ The Arab – Israeli tensions, cause the migration of thousand Jews living in Arab
lands move to Israel. Israel seized half of the land in the 1948 to 1949 fighting.
Various Arab nations seized other Palestinian lands. Egypt took control of Gaza
Strip and Jordan annexed West Bank of the Jordan river.
✓ An international crisis that occurred after Egypt seized control of the Suez Canal
in 1956 when Israel with the support of Britain and France, invaded Egypt and
marched towards the canal but withdraw under pressure from United States and
Soviet Union.
✓ Following the Suez crisis, the tension of Israel and Arab began to build again.
By early 1967, Nasser and his Arab allies confront Israel. “We are eager for
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battle in order to force the enemy to awake from his dreams and meet Arab
reality face to face”. A brief 1967 conflict between Israel and several Arab states
during which Israel took control of the Jerusalem, the Sinai Peninsula, the Golan
Heights, and the West Bank.
✓ The fourth Arab Israeli conflict erupted in October 1973. Nasser successor,
Anwar Sadat, succeed Nasser as president of Egypt. He planned the 1973 Arab
attack on Israel later agreed recognized Israel as a legitimate state in Camp
David Accords (1978). However, the Israelis prime minister Golda Meir,
launched counterattack.
✓ In 1964, Palestine officials formed Palestine Liberation Organization.
✓ Prime minister Menachem Begin signed the Camp David Accords in 1978 which
he agreed that Israel would return the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt. It ended 30
years of hostilities between Egypt and Israel and became first signed agreement
between Israel and Arab country. A new leader emerged, Hosni Mubarak who
succeeded Sadat as president of Egypt, he maintained peace with Israel.
✓ In 1987, Palestinian began to express their frustrations in a widespread
campaign of civil disobedience called the intifada or uprising.
✓ Israel under the leadership of prime minister Yitzhak Rabin agreed to grant the
Palestinian self-rule in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank beginning with the
town of Jericho.
✓ In January 1997, Netanyahu met with Arafat to work out plans for partial Israeli
withdrawal from the West Bank. The second intifada began much like the first
but this time Palestinian militant groups began using new weapons. It continued
through 2007, thousands of Israelis and Palestinians died in the conflict.
CENTRAL ASIA STRUGGLES
✓ In 1991, the Soviet Union collapsed, and the republics that it conquered emerged
as 15 independent nations. Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia make up the
Transcaucasian Republics. East of the Caspian Sea and extending to the Tian
Shan and Pamir mountains lie the five nations known as Central Asian
Republics they are Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, and
Kyrgyzstan.
✓ In 1964, the Afghanistan established a more democratic style of government,

However, officials could not agree and show little interest.
✓ 1979 to 1980, Soviet troops rolled into Afghanistan to annex a country to add in
their communist empire. After the fall of Soviet, a conservative group known as
Taliban emerged as victor. By 1998, it controlled 90 percent of the country.
✓ Osama bin Laden, whose al-Qaeda organization is thought to be the mind
behind attacks on the World Trade Center in New York and the Pentagon in
Washington, D.C, on September 11,2001.
✓ In October 2001, US Forces began bombing Taliban. However, in 2006, Taliban
appeared, and NATO troops took over military operations. Heavy fighting with
the Taliban continued into 2007.
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CHAPTER 35:
STRUGGLES FOR DEMOCRACY
1945 – Present
96
DEMOCRACY
✓ Democracy is government by the people. Direct democracy, in which all

citizens meet to pass laws, is not practical for nations.
✓ Although the principle of equality is part of the Constitution, many
Americans have struggled for equal rights. To cite one example, women did
not receive the right to vote until 1920. Democracy is always a “work in
progress.”
Brazil Gained Independence in 1822
✓ Dictators and Democracy (1956-1964)
✓ Military Dictators emphasized economic growth in Brazil.
✓ The Road to Democracy, Presidential Election (2002)
✓ One-Party Rule (1917)
✓ Beginnings of One-Party Domination (1920-1934)
✓ The Party Becomes PRI (1946)
✓ Economic and Political Crises (1980’s-1990’s)
✓ The PRI Loses Control (1997)
✓ New Policies and Programs of Fox’s (2006)
Political and Economic Disorder 1990’s
✓ Peron Rules Argentina (1946-1955)
✓ Repression in Argentina (1970’s-1980’s)
✓ Rebuilt the Democracy and the Economy (1982)
✓ A Growing Crisis in Argentina (2001-2006)
✓ The Challenge of Democracy in Africa (1950’s)
COLONIAL RULE LIMITS DEMOCRACY

✓ Short-Lived Democracies
Civil War in Nigeria (1960)
✓ War with Biafra (1966)
NIGERIA’S NATION-BUILDING
✓ Federal Government Restored (1970’s -1983)
✓ A Return to Civilian Rule (1999)
✓ Ken Saro-Wiwa one of nine political prisoners were hanged (Nov. 10, 1995)
SOUTH AFRICA UNDER APARTHEID

✓ Apartheid Segregates Society (1948)
✓ Blacks Protest (1976-1986)
Struggle for Democracy in South Africa (1980s)
✓ A New Constitution in South Africa (1996)
✓ The Collapse of the Soviet Union (1960’s)
Gorbachev Moves Toward Democracy (1982)
✓ Glasnost Promotes Openness (1985)
Reforming the Economy and Politics (1985)
✓ Democratization Opens the Political System (1987)
✓ Foreign Policy (1987)
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THE SOVIET UNION FACES TURMOIL

✓ Lithuania Defies Gorbachev (1990-1991)
✓ Yeltsin Denounces Gorbachev (1991)
✓ The August Coup (August 18, 1991)
Russia Under Boris Yeltsin
✓ Yeltsin Faces Problems (1992-1994)
✓ Chechnya Rebels (1994)
Russia Under Vladimir Putin (2000)
✓ Changes in Central and Eastern Europe (1980’s)
Poland and Hungary Reform (1980)
✓ Solidarity Defeats Communists (1989)
✓ Poland Votes Out Walesa (1995)
✓ Poland Under Kwasniews (1989-2005)
Germany Reunifies (1989)
✓ Fall of the Berlin Wall (1989)
✓ Reunification (October 3, 1990)
✓ Germany’s Challenges (1998)
DEMOCRACY SPREADS IN CZECHOSLOVAKIA

✓ Czechoslovakia Breaks Up (1993)
Overthrow in Romania (1989)
✓ A Bloody Breakup (1945-1980)
✓ Rebellion in Kosovo (1998)
✓ The Region Faces Its Problem
✓ Ethnic Groups in the Former Yugoslavia
CHINA: REFORM AND REACTION

The Legacy of Mao (1949)
China and the west
✓ In 1979, the United States and China established diplomatic relations.
Massacre in Tiananmen Square (1989)
Deng Orders a Crackdown
✓ In 1989, Deng declared martial law in Beijing. On June 4, 1989, armed
soldiers stormed Tiananmen Square.
China Enters the New Millennium (2002)
Transfer of Hong Kong
✓ China's 1997 transfer of Hong Kong.
History Through Art: Photojournalism
✓ Photos included in the Photojournalism:
✓ Flight from Srebrenica
✓ Man, Defying Tanks
✓ Fall of the Wall
✓ Abuelas de Plaza de Mayo
✓ Voting Lines
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CHAPTER 36:
GLOBAL INTERDEPENDENCE
1960 – Present
99
THE IMPACT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

✓ From the 1950s to the 1970s, the United States and Soviet Union took their
Cold War rivalry to space.
✓ In the 1970s, the space race itself became cooperative.
✓ In 1975, U.S. and Soviet spacecraft docked, or joined together, in space.
✓ The Soviets were the first to send an international crew into space. The
crew of Soyuz 28, which orbited Earth in 1978, included a Czech cosmonaut.
✓ International Space Station (ISS) is a project sponsored by the United States,
Russia, and 14 other nations.
✓ In 1990, the U.S. space agency, NASA, and the European space agency, ESA,
worked together to develop and launch the Hubble Space Telescope.
✓ Artificial satellites launched into orbit around Earth have aided worldwide
communications.
✓ The computer required fans or an elaborate air-conditioning system to cool the
vacuum tubes that powered its operations.
✓ Following this development, consumer goods such as microwave ovens,
telephones, and cars often include computer chips to keep them running.
✓ The Internet allows people to access information or communicate with one
another across the nation and around the world.
✓ Surgery using lasers allows doctors to fix problems in the eye or the brain. New
methods for making images of the body help doctors locate problems.
✓ In the “green revolution,” they have used better strains of food crops to help
farmers grow more food.
GLOBAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

✓ The economies of nations are so tightly linked that the actions of one nation
affects others.
✓ Technological advances have changed industrial processes, lowered costs, and
increased the quality or the speed of production.
✓ The industrialized nations changed the focus of their economies. They came to
have more jobs in service and information industries.
✓ Adopting Western technologies, Japanese companies became leaders in cars,
electronic goods, and ships.
✓ U.S. companies such as Exxon Mobil, General Motors, and Ford; European
companies such as BP, DaimlerChrysler, and Royal Dutch/Shell; and
Japanese companies such as Toyota, Mitsubishi, and Mitsui all became
multinational giants.
✓ In 1951, some nations in Europe joined together to create free trade among their
people. That group, now called the European Union (EU), has grown to
become a powerful trading block.
✓ To compete, the United States, Canada, and Mexico agreed to the North
American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1994.
✓ Whenever the flow of oil has been threatened, the world’s economies have
suffered severe shocks.
✓ Burning coal and oil has polluted the air. It has caused acid rain and brought
about a general rising of temperatures on Earth.
GLOBAL SECURITY ISSUES

✓ World War II was one of history’s most devastating conflicts.
✓ Near the end of the war, one of humankind’s most destructive weapons, the
atomic bomb, killed more than 100,000 people in Hiroshima and Nagasaki
in a matter of minutes.
✓ World leaders look for ways to make the earth a safer, more secure place to live.
✓ The Cold War created new divisions and tensions among the world’s nations.
This uneasy situation potentially threatened the economic, environmental, and
100
personal security of people across the world. So, nations began to work together
to pursue collective security.
✓ North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the Southeast Asia Treaty
Organization (SEATO), the Warsaw Pact, and others are military alliances
pledging for military aid for their common defense.
✓ The United Nations (UN) was formed to promote world peace. It now has more
than 180 member nations.
✓ Another approach to greater peace and security has been the attempt to limit
weapons of mass destruction. These include nuclear missiles, chemical
weapons, and biological weapons.
✓ Nations signed a Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty to help prevent the
proliferation, or spread, of nuclear weapons to other nations.
✓ In the 1970s, the United States and the Soviet Union signed the Strategic
Arms Limitation Treaties.
✓ Another source of world conflict has been the struggle between different ethnic
and religious groups.
✓ In 1948, the UN approved the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
✓ Later, in the Helsinki Accords of 1975, the UN addressed the issues of freedom
of movement and freedom to publish and exchange information.
✓ World health faced a major threat in 2003, with the outbreak of severe acute
respiratory syndrome (SARS).
TERRORISM
✓ Terrorism strikes fear in the hearts of people everywhere.
✓ The weapons most frequently used by terrorists are the bomb and the
bullet.
✓ The targets of terrorist attacks often are crowded places where people
normally feel safe.
✓ Some terrorist groups have used biological and chemical agents in their
attacks.
✓ Cyberterrorism involves politically motivated attacks on information systems,
such as hacking into computer networks or spreading computer viruses.
✓ The Department of Homeland Security was created in 2002 to coordinate
national efforts against terrorism.
CULTURAL BLEND IN A GLOBAL AGE

✓ Television is one of the main forces in this trend. It provides a window on the
world through news broadcasts.
✓ Movies and radio also have had an impact in bringing the world’s people
together.
✓ English is now a major world language.
✓ Elvis Presley called as the “King of Rock ‘n Roll” by many.
✓ U2, led by singer Bono, is one of the world's most popular and influential rock
bands.
✓ Youssou N’Dour, a singer from the West African country of Senegal, blends
traditional African styles with American rock to create a new form called “world
pop fusion”.
✓ Kenzaburo Oe of Japan was awarded the Nobel Literature Prize in 1994.
✓ Nadine Gordimer, a South African writer, won the Nobel Prize for Literature
in 1991 for she wrote stories that focused on the evils of apartheid system.
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GLOSSARY
A
Acropolis– an acropolis is a fortified citadel within a larger city. It is usually located
on top of a hill and at the center of the city. The most famous acropolis is
the Acropolis of Athens.
Abbasid– relating to a dynasty of caliphs who ruled in Baghdad.
Aborigines (AB•uh•RIHJ•uh•nee)– the native population of Australian continent
that arrived more than 60000 years ago from Indian continent is termed as
aboriginals in the country.
Adulis (AHD•uh•lis)– traders from Egypt, Ambia, Persia, India, and the Roman
Empire crowded Aksum's chief seaport.
AIDS– is a disease that attacks the immune system, leaving sufferers open to
deadly infections.
Akbarnamah– “Book of Akbar”, the story of the great emperor’s campaigns and
deeds.
Almohads– it was a North African Berber Muslim empire founded in the 12th
century.
Anatolia– is a huge peninsula in modern-day Turkey that juts out into the Black
and Mediterranean seas.
Annexation (An•ex•a•shun)– the act of incorporating or adding territory, often a
region or a country, into an existing political entity, such as a nation or state.
Apartheid– a South African policy of complete legal separation of the races,
including the banning of all social contact between blacks and whites.
Apprentice– a boy who worked for a guild master in order to learn a trade or craft.
Archaeologists– are specially trained scientists who work like detectives to
uncover the story of prehistoric peoples.
Arthasastra– Ruler’s handbook.
Assimilation– the process of becoming similar to others by taking in and using
their customs and culture.
Association– refers to a social or cultural approach in which distinct groups
maintain their separate identities, customs, and cultures while coexisting
within a larger society.
Astrolabe– a brass circle with carefully adjusted rings marked off in degrees.
Atlantic Charter– a declaration of principles issued in August 1941 by British
Prime Minister Winston Churchill and U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt, on
which the Allied peace plan at the end of World War II was based.
Autocracy (aw•TAHK•ruh•see)- a government in which the ruler has unlimited
power and uses it in an arbitrary manner.
Axis Powers– in World War II, the nations of Germany, Italy, and Japan, which
had formed an alliance in 1936.
B
Balkans (BAWL•kuhnz)– the region of southeastern Europe now occupied by
Greece, Albania, Bulgaria,Romania, the European part ofTurkey, and the
formerrepublics of Yugoslavia.
Bambuti (bah•uhm•BOO•tee)– also called Mbuti, a group of Pygmies of the Ituri
Forest of eastern Congo (Kinshasa).
Bas-relief– images from a flat background.
Battle of Britain– a series of battles between German and British air forces, fought
over Britain in 1940–1941.
Battle of Guadalcanal (GWAHD•uhl•kuh•NAL)– a 1942–1943 battle of World War
II, in which Allied troops drove Japanese forces from the Pacific Island of
Guadalcanal.
Battle of Midway– a 1942 sea and air battle of World War II, in which American
forces defeated Japanese forces in the central Pacific.
102
Battle of Stalingrad (STAH•lihn•GRAD)– a 1942–1943 Battle of World War II, in

which German forces were defeated in their attempt to capture the city of
Stalingrad in the Soviet Union.
Battle of the Bulge– a 1944–1945 battle in which Allied Forces turned back the
last major German offensive of World War II.
Bay of Pigs Invasion– a 1961 U.S. attempt to overthrow Fidel Castro’s
government in Cuba.
Bishop– a leader in the church, the bishop was often the top church leader in a
kingdom.
Black Death– a deadly disease that spread through much of Europe during the
Middle Ages. It is estimated that it killed at least one third of all the people
in Europe.
Blitzkrieg (BLIHTS•KREEG)– “lightning war”—a form of warfare in which surprise
attacks with fast-moving airplanes are followed by massive attacks with
infantry forces.
Blockade– an act or means of sealing off a place to prevent goods or people from
entering or leaving.
Bolsheviks (BOHL•shuh•VIHKS)– a group of revolutionary Russian Marxists who
took control of Russia’s government in November.
Bronze Age- aprehistoric period that followed the Stone Age and preceded the
Iron Age, when certain weapons and tools came to be made of bronze
rather than stone.
Bubonic Plague– also known as the Black Death, was a devastating pandemic in
the 14th century that resulted in widespread death and social upheaval,
primarily caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis.
Bureaucracy (byu•RAHK•ruh•see)– system of departments and agencies formed
to carry out the work of government.
Burgher– a burgher is a term used to describe a member of the middle class or
bourgeoisie, often associated with urban dwellers engaged in trade,
commerce, or craft.
C
Calvinism (KAL•vuh•ni•zm)– calvinism is a denomination of Protestantism that
adheres to the theological traditions and teachings of John Calvin.
Capitalism (ka•puh•tuh•li•zm)– is an economic system in which the factors of
Production are privately owned, and money is invested in business ventures
to make a profit.
Caudillo (Caw•dee•yo)– a military or political leader, often with authoritarian
tendencies, who exercises strong, centralized control over a region or a
country.
Chaldeans (kal•DEE•uhnz)– a Southwest Asian people who helped to destroy the
Assyrian Empire.
Ching (eejihng)– Chinese book of oracles, consulted to answer ethical and
practical problems.
Civil Disobedience– the deliberate and public refusal to obey an unjust law and
nonviolence as the means to achieve independence.
Civilization– is a complex human society, usually made up of different cities, with
certain characteristics of cultural and technological development.
Civil War– a prolonged and often violent conflict that occurs within the borders of
a single sovereign state, involving two or more opposing groups, factions,
or parties within that nation.
Coat of Arms– a symbol used by knights on their shield, banner, and armor. It
helped to distinguish one knight from another.
Collective Farms– combined privately owned farms into large, government-
owned farms.
Colossus (Kuh•law•sus)– a term often used to refer to a large and powerful entity,
such as a nation or empire, symbolizing immense strength and influence.
103
Common Law– is a legal system where laws are developed through judicial
decisions and precedents rat Crimean War- Was a major conflict that
occurred from 1853 to 1856. It was primarily fought on the Crimean her than
through legislative statutes.
Communism (kaa•myoo•nuh•zm)– property is publicly owned, and each person
works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.
Concordat– an agreement or treaty, especially one between the Vatican and a
secular government relating to matters of mutual interest.
Congress Party– a major national political party in India- also known as the Indian
National Congress, made up mostly of Hindus.
Conservative– usually wealthy property owners and nobility. They argued for
protecting the traditional monarchies of Europe.
Cultural diffusion– the process in which a new idea product spreads from one
culture to another.
Cyberterrorism– is another recent development of terrorists which involves
politically motivated attacks on information systems, such as hacking into
computer networks or spreading computer viruses.
Czar (zahr)– Russian emperor (from the Roman title Caesar); a person appointed
by government to advise on and coordinate policy in a particular area.
D
Daoism (DOW•ihz•uhm)– a philosophy based on the ideas of the Chinese thinker
Laozi, who taught that people should be guided by a universal force called
the Dao (Way).
Declaration of Rights of Man and of the Citizens– a document set by France’s
National Constituent Assembly in 1789, is a human civil rights document
from the French Revolution.
Delhi Sultanate– the capital of a loose empire of Turkish warlords. The city was
so completely devastated that according to one witness, “for months, not a
bird moved in the city.”
Demilitarization (dee•MIHL•ih•tuhr•ih•ZAY•shuhn)– a reduction in a country’s
ability to wage war, achieved by disbanding its armed forces and prohibiting
it from acquiring weapons.
Department of Homeland Security– was created in 2002 to coordinate national
efforts against terrorism. Antiterrorism measures included a search for
terrorists in the United States and the passage of antiterrorism laws.
Deposed– removed from power.
Depression (dee•PRESH•uhn)– is a dramatic and sustained downturn in
economic activity, with symptoms including a sharp fall in economic growth,
employment, and production.
Derailed– cause (a train or trolley car) to leave its tracks accidentally.
Devshirme - slaves were acquired as part of a policy. Under
the devshirme system, the sultan’s army drafted boys from the peoples of
conquered Christian territories.
Dictator– a leader who had absolute power to make laws and command the army.
Dissident– an opponent of a government’s policies or actions.
Domestication– the process of taming an animal and keeping it as a pet or on a
farm.
Dominion– means "that which is mastered or ruled". It was used by the British to
describe their colonies or territorial possessions.
Dowager (Dow•uh•jer)– a widow, especially one of high social or political status,
who holds or exerts influence or power after her husband's death.
Dream of the Red Chamber– is an 18th-century novel written by Cao Zhan that
is generally considered to be the greatest novel of Chinese literature.
Dynastic Cycle– is the pattern of rise, decline and replacement of dynasties.
Dynasty– series of rulers from a single family.
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E
Eastern Front– in World War I, the region along the German-Russian border
where Russians and Serbs battled Germans, Austrians, and Turks.
Edict of Nantes–declaration of religious tolerance.
Edo period– period when Japan was under the rule of the Tokugawa shogunate
and the country's 300 regional daimyo.
Emerging Nations– are those nations that are still in the process of becoming
industrialized.
Encroaching– gain control or custody of something often without being seen.
Esfahan– Shah’s new capital with a design that covered four and a half miles, the
city was considered one of the most beautiful in the world.
Ethnic Cleansing– A policy of murder and other acts of brutality by which Serbs
hoped to eliminate Bosnia’s Muslim population after the breakup of
Yugoslavia.
European Union (EU)– is an international organization and partnership among 27
European countries governing common economic, social, and security
policies.
Evolution– is a process of gradual change that takes place over many
generations, during which species of animals, plants, or insects slowly
change some of their physical characteristics.
Extraterritorial rights (Ex•truh•ter•i•toh•ree•ul rights)– legal privileges granted to
foreign citizens, allowing them to be subject to their home country's laws
while in a foreign nation.
Ezana (AY•zah•nah)– one of the strong rulers of Aksum.
F
Fascism (FASH•IHZ•uhm)– a political movement that promotes an extreme form
of nationalism, a denial of individual rights, and a dictatorial one-party rule.
Federal System– a system of government in which power is divided between a
central authority and a number of individual states.
Feudal System– a system of government where the king allotted land to his lords
and barons. The lords and barons would then pledge their loyalty to the king
and promise to protect his rule.
Fief– an area of land given to a lord or baron by a king to rule.
Filial piety (FIHL•ee•uhlPY•ih•tee)– respect shown by children for their parents
and elders.
Final Solution– Hitler’s program of systematically killing the entire Jewish people.
Financial analysis (fai•NAN•shl uh•NA•luh•suhs)– is the process of evaluating
businesses, projects, budgets, and other finance-related transactions to
determine their performance and suitability.
Four Modernization– set of goals adopted by the Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping
in the late 20th century, involving progress in agriculture, industry, defense,
and science and technology.
Fourteen Points– a series of proposals in which U.S. President Woodrow Wilson
outlined a plan for achievinga lasting peace after World War I.
Francisco Madero (Fran•sis•koh Mah•de•ro)– Mexican revolutionary leader who
called for democracy and ran for president in 1910, leading to the Mexican
Revolution.
G
Gender Inequality– the difference between men and women in terms of wealth
and status.
General Pervez Musharraf– seizes control of government in a military coup.
Genetics– the study of heredity through research on genes.
Genocide (JEHN•uh•SYD)– the systematic killing of an entire people.
Geocentric view– a debunked theory that the Earth is the center of the universe
with the sun and planets revolving around.
105
Geopolitics– is the study of the influence of geographical factors, such as

geography, location, resources, and physical terrain, on politics, foreign
policy, and international relations of nations and regions.
Ghazis– Anatolian Turks, or warriors for Islam. They formed military societies
under the leadership of an emir.
Ghettos (GEHT•ohz)– city neighborhoods in which European Jews were forced to
live.
Glasnost– Gorbachev’s policy of openness, allowing more political and social
transparency.
Global Economy– includes all the financial interactions among people,
businesses, and governments that cross international borders.
Glorious Revolution– a period of bloodless overthrow of James I.
Gothic– refers to a style of architecture, art, and literature that flourished in Europe
during the Middle Ages, characterized by pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and
flying buttresses in architecture, and themes of romance and the
supernatural in literature.
Government of India Act– provided self-government and limited democratic
elections, but not total independence.
Great Fear– French Grande Peur, (1789) in the French Revolution, a period of
panic and riot by peasants and others amid rumours of an “aristocratic
conspiracy” by the king and the privileged to overthrow the Third Estate.
Great Schism– refers to a split within the Catholic Church in the 14th and 15th
centuries, resulting in multiple popes and rival papal seats in Avignon and
Rome.
Great Trek– it involved the migration of thousands of Boers (Afrikaner settlers of
Dutch, German, and French Huguenot descent) from the Cape Colony
(controlled by the British) into the interior regions of Southern Africa.
Green Revolution– a campaign driven by agricultural scientists around the world.
It was an attempt to increase food production worldwide by promoting the
use of fertilizers, pesticides, and high-yield, disease-resistant strains of a
variety of crops. The green revolution helped avert famine and increase
crop yields in many parts of the world.
Griots (gree•OHZ)– a storyteller to keep their history.
Guild– is an association of craftsmen or merchants who come together to protect
their mutual interests, regulate their trades, and maintain standards of
workmanship.
H
Haiku– a Japanese poem of seventeen syllables, in three lines of five, seven, and
five, traditionally evoking images of the natural world.
Hammurabi– Was an ancient Babylonian king who reigned from approximately
1792 BCE to 1750 BCE.
Hausa– are a native ethnic group in West Africa.
Heliocentric model– a model of the universe in much the same way as Ptolemy
in the 2nd century had presented his geocentric model in his Almagest.
Heliocentric view– is the astronomical model in which the Earth and planets.
Hellenistic Period– The Hellenistic Period of Ancient Greece lasted from 323 BC
when Alexander the Great came to power to 146 BC when Rome conquered
Greece.
Henry II– was an English king who ruled from 1154 to 1189. He is known for
strengthening the English monarchy and instituting legal reforms.
Hieroglyphics– Form of writing in Egypt
Hindu rajputs– whom Akbar had converted from potential enemies to allies,
rebelled. Aurangzeb defeated them repeatedly, but never completely.
Hittites– group of Indo-European speakers.
106
Holocaust (HAHL•uh•KAWST)– a mass slaughter of Jews and other civilians,

carried out by the Nazi government of Germany before and during World
War II.
Holy Synod (SI•nuhd)– Ecclesiastical governing body created by Tsar Peter I in
1721 to head the Russian Orthodox Church, replacing the patriarchate of
Moscow.
Home Rule– movement to secure internal autonomy for Ireland within the British
Empire.
Homo Erectus– ability to stand and walk with an upright or erect stand.
Homo Habilis– which means ‘handy man’, was given in 1964 because this
species was thought to represent the first maker of stone tools.
Homo Neanderthals– skilled tool makers.
Hundred Days– Also known as the War of the Seventh Coalition, marked the
period between Napoleon’s return from eleven months of exile on the island
of Elba to Paris on 20 March 1815 and the second restoration of King Louis
XVIII on 8 July 1815.
Hyksos (HIHK•sohs)– a group of nomadic invaders from Southwest Asia who
ruled Egypt from 1640 to 1570 B.C.
I
Ibn Battuta– was a medieval Muslim traveler who wrote one of the world's most
famous travel logs, the Riḥlah.
Imperator– supreme military commander.
Imperialism (Im•peer•ee•al•iz•um)– the policy of extending a country's power and
influence through diplomacy or military force.
Impressionism– art style that tries to capture precise point in time.
Industrial Revolution (uhn•duh•stree•uhlreh•vuh•loo•shn)– refers to the greatly
increased output of machine-made goods that began in England in the
middle 1700s.
Inquisition– refers to a series of ecclesiastical institutions and legal procedures
used by the Roman Catholic Church to combat heresy and enforce religious
orthodoxy.
Instability (in•stuh•BI•luh•tee)– the quality or state of being unstable; lack of
stability or firmness.
Institutional Revolutionary Party (In•sti•too•shuh•nal Re•vuh•loo•shun•ar•ee
Party)– a political party formed in 1929 in Mexico, bringing political stability
to the country after the Mexican Revolution.
Intendants (in•TEN•dnts)– administrative official under the ancient regime in
France who served as an agent of the king in each of the provinces, or
generalities.
International Space Station (ISS)– is a project sponsored by the United States,
Russia, and 14 other nations. It covers an area larger than a football field
and houses a crew of six.
Internet– is the voluntary linkage of computer networks around the world.
Ionian Sea– the sea that separates western Greece from southeastern Italy.
Iron Age– a prehistoric period that followed the Bronze Age, when weapons and
tools came to be made of iron.
Iron Curtain Speech– Winston Churchill’s 1946 speech warning of the division of
Europe into Western and Eastern blocs.
Iroquois– a group of Native American peoples who spoke related languages, lived
in the eastern Great Lakes region of North America, and formed an alliance
in the late 1500s.
Isma’il– began to seize most of what is now Iran. He took the ancient Persian title
of shah, or king. He also established Shi’a Islam as the state religion.
J
Jacobin– a member of the Jacobin Club, a revolutionary political movement that
was the most famous political club during the French Revolution.
107
Jahangir– or “Grasper of the World, "Akbar’s son, left the affairs of state to his
wife, who ruled with an iron hand.
Janissaries– an elite force of 30,000 soldiers that was trained to be loyal to the
sultan only.
Japanese Occupation of Korea (Jap•an•eez Oc•kyoo•pay•shun of Ko•ree•uh)–
Japan's control over Korea in the early 20th century, leading to its eventual
annexation.
Journeyman– a position in a guild above the apprentice, a journeyman worked
for a master craftsman and earned a wage.
Junkers– strongly conservative members of Prussia’s wealthy land-owning class.
K
Kabuki Theater– a traditional form of Japanese theater. It makes use of
extravagant costumes, masklike makeup, and exaggerated postures and
gestures.
Kaiser– title for king or emperor of Prussia
Kamikaze (KAH•mih•KAH•zee)– During World War II, Japanese suicide pilots
trained to sink Allied ships by crashing bomb-filled planes into them.
Keep– A large tower within a castle that was considered the last line of defense.
Khmer Rouge Regime– radical communist movement that ruled Cambodia from
1975 to 1979, known for extreme policies and the Cambodian Genocide.
Kievan Rus– an empire founded by Vikings in the city of Kiev. It was the forerunner
of Russia.
King– the top ruler in a monarchy.
Knight– a warrior who rode a horse and wore heavy metal armor. Knights were
rewarded with land and were required to protect the king when needed.
Korean War– a conflict from 1950-1953 on the Korean Peninsula.
Kristallnacht (krih•STAHL•NAHKT)– “Night of Broken Glass”—the night of
November 9, 1938, on which Nazi stormtroopers attacked Jewish homes,
businesses, and synagogues throughout Germany.
Kowtow– the act of supplication made by an inferior to his superior by kneeling
and knocking his head to the floor.
Kuomintang (KWOH•mihn•TANG)– the Chinese Nationalist Party, formed in
1912.
Kush (kuhsh)– an ancient Nubian kingdom whose rulers-controlled Egypt between
2000 and 1000 B.C.
L
La Reforma (La Re•for•ma)– 19th-century liberal reform movement in Mexico that
aimed to promote various progressive ideals, including land reform,
separation of church and state, and expanded educational opportunities for
the populace.
Laissez-faire (lehs•ay•fair)– refers to the economic policy of letting owners of
industry and business set working conditions without interference. The term
is French for “let do,” and by extension, “let people do as they please ".
Land concentration (Land con-sen-tray-shun)– the centralization of land
ownership in the hands of a few wealthy individuals or entities.
Land Reform– a redistribution of farmland by breaking up large estates and giving
the resulting smaller farms to peasants.
Lebensraum (LAY•buhns•ROWM)– “living space”—the additional territory that,
accordi(g to Adolf Hitler, Germany needed because it was overcrowded.
Legalism– a Chinese political philosophy based on the idea that a highly efficient
and powerful government is the key to social order.
Legislative Assembly– the governing body of France between October 1791 and
September 1792.
108
Liberal– mostly middle-class business leaders and merchants. They wanted to

give more power to elected parliaments, but only the educated and the
landowners would vote.
Loess– silt that is actually fertile soil.
Long March– refers to the grueling retreat undertaken by the Chinese Communist
Party (CCP) led by Mao Zedong from 1934 to 1935.
Lutheran (loo•THR•uhn)– major branch of Protestantism.
Lycees– a secondary school in France that is funded by the government.
M
Magna Carta– a document forced upon King John of England by his barons. It
said that the king was not above the law and that the people had the right
to a fair trial.
Maji-Maji rebellion– the rebellion was rooted in African spiritual and religious
beliefs. The term "Maji-Maji" referred to a magical water (Maji means "water"
in Swahili) that was believed to have protective powers.
Manor– the center of life during the Middle Ages, the manor was the local lord’s
house or castle.
Maori (MOW•ree)– are the indigenous Polynesian people of mainland New
Zealand.
Marshall Plan– the 1948 European Recovery Program providing aid to Western
European nations.
Martial Law– a temporary rule by military authorities over a civilian population,
usually imposed in times of war or civil unrest.
Masai (mah•SEYE)– a Nilotic ethnic group inhabiting northern, central and
southern Kenya and northern Tanzania.
Mass Campaigns– Socio-political movements and initiatives implemented by Mao
Zedong’s CCP during their rise to power in China.
Master– The highest position in a guild, a master could own a shop and hire
journeymen and apprentices.
Materialism– the Western mindset of placing a high value on acquiring material
possessions.
Maxim Gun– the Maxim gun is a recoil-operated machine gun invented in 1884
by Hiram Stevens Maxim. It was the first fully automatic machine gun in the
world.
McKinley Tariff Act– the McKinley Tariff Act, officially known as the Tariff Act of
1890, was a piece of legislation passed by the United States Congress and
signed into law by President Benjamin Harrison on October 1, 1890.
Medes (meedz)– a Southwest Asian people who helped to destroy the Assyrian
Empire.
Meiji Era (May•jeeEe•ruh)– The period in Japanese history when Emperor
Mutsuhito (Emperor Meiji) ruled, marked by rapid modernization.
Mercantilism (MUR•kuhn•tuh•lu•zm)– economic theory and practice common in
Europe from the 16th to the 18thcentury that promoted governmental
regulation of a nation’s economy for the purpose of augmenting state power
at the expense of rival national powers.
Mercenaries – foreign soldiers who fought for money.
Migration– movements of a people from one region to another.
Militarism (MIHL•ih•tuh•RIHZ•uhm)– a policy of glorifying military power and
keeping a standing army always prepared for war.
Millets– follow its own religious laws and practices. The head of the millets
reported to the sultan and his staff. This system kept conflict among people
of the various religions to a minimum.
Monastery– religious area or group of buildings where monks lived. Monasteries
were isolated from the rest of the world so the monks could focus on
worshiping God. Also called Abby.
109
Monopoly– occurs when a group has exclusive control over the production and
distribution of certain goods.
Monotheism– a belief in a single god, comes from the Greek words’ mono,
meaning “one,” and theism, meaning “god-worship”.
Monroe Doctrine (Mon•roe Doc•trin)– policy statement issued by President
James Monroe in 1823, opposing further colonization of the American
continents by European powers.
Mughals– which means “Mongols.” The people who invaded descended from
Muslim Turks and Afghans.
Multinational Corporations – are companiesthat operate in a number of different
countries.
N
Nationalism (na•SHuh•nuh•li•zm)– the belief that people should be loyal mainly
to their nation— that is, to the people with whom they share a culture and
history— rather than to a king or empire.
Nationalist (na•SHuh•nuh•luhst)– a person who strongly identifies with their own
nation and vigorously supports its interests, especially to the exclusion or
detriment of the interests of other nations.
NATO– The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, a 1949 military alliance between
Western countries.
New Kingdom– the period of ancient Egyptian history that followed the overthrow
of the Hyksos rulers, lasting from about 1570 to 1075 B.C.
Nicene Creed– basic belief of the church.
Nile River– One of the world’s longest and most famous rivers, flows through
north-eastern Africa.
Nomad– a member of a people having no permanent abode, and who travel from
place to place to find fresh pasture for their livestock. Hunter-gatherer.
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)– is a trade pact signed in 1992
that gradually eliminated most tariffs and other trade barriers on products
and services passing between the United States, Canada, and Mexico.
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty– is an international treaty whose objective is to
prevent the spread of nuclear weapons, promote cooperation in the
peaceful uses of nuclear energy, and achieve the goal of nuclear
disbarment.
Nuremberg Trials (NUR•uhm•BURG)– a series of court proceedings held in
Nuremberg, Germany, after World War II, in which Nazi leaders were tried
for aggression, violations of the rules of war, and crimes against humanity.
O
Open Door Policy (Oh•pen Door Pol•i•see) – A policy proposed by the United
States in 1899 to ensure China remained open to international trade.
Opium War (O-pee-um War)– A conflict between China and Britain in 1839-1842,
primarily over the opium trade.
Order and Progress (Or•der and Proh•gress)– The slogan associated with
Porfirio Díaz's rule, emphasizing stability and progress.
Osman– The most successful ghazi, people in the West called him Othman and
named his followers Ottomans.
Ostrogoths– a member of the eastern group of the Goths, who formed a kingdom
in Italy from 493 to 552.
Ottoman– member of a Turkish dynasty founded by Osman I that ruled the
Ottoman Empire.
P
Page– a young boy that acts as a servant for a knight while training to become a
knight someday.
110
Paleolithic Age– the inhabitants were dependent on their environment. Men were
hunters and women were gatherers. Used simple tools.
Palestine– a region at the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea.
Panama Canal (Pan•uh•mah Ca•nal)– a vital waterway across Panama
connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, opened in 1914.
Pancho Villa (Pahn•cho Vee•ya)– a prominent leader in the Mexican Revolution,
known for advocating wealth redistribution.
Parliament– is a legislative body in various countries, notably the United Kingdom,
where elected representatives’ debate and pass laws.
Patriarchal– headed by the eldest male.
Pax Romana– period of peace and prosperity
Peloponnesian War–war between Athens and Sparta.
Penal (PEE•nuhl) Colony– a remote or foreign settlement built to isolate offenders
from society and subject them to forced labor.
Peninsular War– The military conflict fought in the Iberian Peninsula by Spain,
Portugal, and the United Kingdom against the invading and occupying
forces of the First French Empire during the Napoleonic Wars.
Pericles– Ancient Athenian leader who strove to make Athens the center of art
and literature and who was responsible for building the Parthenon.
Plebiscite– The direct vote of all the members of an electorate on an important
public question such as a change in the constitution.
Pogroms– Russian word meaning “to wreak havoc, to demolish violently.”
Historically, it refers to violent attacks by local non-Jewish populations on
Jews in the Russian Empire and in other countries.
Politburo– the ruling committee of the Communist Party in the Soviet Union
Polytheism– belief in more than one god.
Pope Urban II– was the Pope who called for the First Crusade in 1095, aiming to
recapture Jerusalem from Muslim control.
Popular Culture– are cultural elements that reflect a group’s common background
and changing interests. Popular culture involves music, sports, movies,
clothing fashions, foods, and hobbies or leisure activities.
Potlatch– a ceremonial feast used to display rank and prosperity in some
Northwest Coast tribes of Native Americans.
Potsdam Conference– a 1945 conference in Potsdam, Germany, discussing the
postwar occupation of Germany and denazification.
PRI– the Institutional Revolutionary Party—the main political party of Mexico
Principle of Universal Gravitation– bodies with mass attract each other with a
force that varies directly as the product of their masses and inversely as the
square of the distance between them.
Proletariat (PROh•lih•TAIR•ee•iht)– in Marxist theory, the group of workers who
would overthrow the czar and come to rule Russia.
Proliferation– is the spread of nuclear weapons to other nations.
Pueblo– a village of large apartment-like buildings made of clay and stone, built
by the Anasazi and later peoples of the American Southwest.
Q
Qin (chihn) Dynasty– a short-lived Chinese dynasty that replaced the Zhou
Dynasty in the third century B.C.
Qing Dynasty (Ching Dy•nas•tee)– The ruling dynasty of China during the late
18th and 19th centuries.
R
Racism– the belief that different races possess distinct characteristics, abilities, or
qualities, especially so as to distinguish them as inferior or superior to one
another.
Radical– favored drastic change to the French Revolution, liberty, equality, and
brotherhood.
111
Raj– refers to the period of British rule in India from the mid-19th century to 1947.
It is derived from the Hindi word "raj," which means "rule" or "government."
Rationing (RASH•uh•nihng)– the limiting of the amountsof goods people can buy–
often imposed by governmentsduring wartime when goods are in short
supply.
Realism– art style attempting to depict life accurately.
Realpolitik– the politics of reality. “Tough politics with no room for idealism.
Recession– a slowdown in a nation’s economy.
Reconquista– the wars where the Christian nations took back control of the
Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal) from the Muslim Moors.
Religious Toleration– acceptance of people who held different religious beliefs.
Republic– a form of government in which power rests with citizens who have the
right to vote for their leaders.
Romanticism– interest in nature; preferring emotion, individuality.
Roosevelt Corollary (Ro•zuh•velt Cor•oh•lar•ee)– an extension of the Monroe
Doctrine, issued by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1904, allowing the
United States to act as an "international police power" in the Western
Hemisphere.
Rowlatt Acts– laws passed in 1919 that allowed the British government in India
to jail anti-British protesters without trial for as long as two years.
Royal Road– a road in the Persian Empire, stretching over 1,600 miles from Susa
in Persia to Sardis in Anatolia.
Russification– a policy of forcing Russian culture on all ethnic groups in the
empire.
S
Safavids– were members of an Islamic religious brotherhood named after their
founder, Safi al-Din. Safavids were also squeezed geographically between
the Ottomans and Uzbek tribespeople and the Mughal Empire
Satrap (SAY•trap) – a governor of a province in the Persian Empire.
Scholastics– were medieval scholars who were part of the scholasticism
movement, which combined philosophy and theology to explore questions
of faith and reason.
Scorched-earth policy– the military tactic of destroying everything that enables
the enemy to wage war, including crops, livestock, buildings, and
infrastructure.
Scribe– is a person who made copies of manuscripts.
Self-sufficiency (Self•suh•fish•uhn•see)– China's ability to sustain itself
economically and agriculturally without heavy reliance on foreign trade.
Seljuks– a member of any of the Turkish dynasties which ruled Asia Minor in the
11th to 13th centuries.
Sepoys– The term "sepoy" is derived from the Persian word "sipahi," which means
"soldier" or "warrior."
Serf– A peasant who worked the land for the local lord. The serf had few rights and
was little better than a slave.
Sikhs– a nonviolent religious group whose doctrines contained elements similar
to Hinduism and Sufism (Islamic mysticism).
Simony– practice of buying or selling ecclesiastical offices, such as positions
within the clergy, which was considered a corrupt practice in the Catholic
Church
Skepticism [skep•ti•si•zm]– the idea that nothing can be known for certain.
Social Darwinism– the theory that human groups and races are subject to the
same laws of natural selection as Charles Darwin perceived in plants and
animals in nature.
Socialism (sow•shuh•li•zm)– the factors of production are owned by the public
and operate for the welfare of all.
112
Songhai– the Songhai people are an ethnolinguistic group in West Africa who
speak the various Songhai languages.
Soviet (SOH•vee•eht)– one of the local representative councils formed in Russia
after the downfall of Czar Nicholas II.
Squire– a knight in training, the squire would take care of the knight’s armor and
weapons. He would also accompany the knight into battle.
Steppes– dry grasslands that stretched north of the Caucasus.
Stupas– mounded stone structures built over holy relics.
Sustainable Growth– is an environmental movement which involves two goals:
(a) meeting current economic needs, while ensuring the preservation of the
environment and (b) the conservation of resources for future generations.
Swahili– they speak as their native tongue the Swahili language, which is a
member of the Bantu subgroup of the Niger-Congo family.
T
Taiping Rebellion (Tie•ping Ree•bell•yun)– a massive mid-19th-century uprising
led by Hong Xiuquan with the goal of creating a "Heavenly Kingdom of Great
Peace."
Terrorism– the use of violence against people or property to force changes in
societies or governments, strikes fear in the hearts of people everywhere.
The Analects– a collection of aphorisms and historical anecdotes embodying the
basic values of the Confucian tradition: learning, morality, ritual decorum,
and filial piety.
The Estates– General was a representative assembly in France that included
clergy, nobility, and commoners. It was convened by the French monarch
to discuss matters of state.
The Three Field System– was an agricultural system used in medieval Europe,
which divided fields into three parts, rotating crops to improve soil fertility.
Theocracy– type of government in which rules is based on religious authority.
Tribute– peace money paid by a weaker power to a stronger.
Triumvirate– a group of three rulers.
U
United Nations (UN)– was formed at the end of World War II to promote world
peace. It now has more than 180 member nations. The UN provides a place
for countries—or groups within countries—to speak their views.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights– which set human rights standards for
all nations. It stated that “All human beings are born free and equal in dignity
and rights. . .. Everyone has the right to life, liberty, and security of person.”
The declaration further listed specific rights that all human beings should
have.
Ural– a mountain range in western Russia extending from the Arctic to the Caspian
Sea.
USA Patriot Act– is a law that allowed the government to – detain foreigners
suspected of terrorism for seven days without charging them with a crime.
Utilitarianism (yoo•ti•luh•teh•ree•uh•ni•zm)– the doctrine that actions are right if
they are useful or for the benefit of majority.
V
Vassal– Someone who pledges their allegiance to a lord.
Vernacular– refers to the common, everyday language spoken by the people of a
region, as opposed to classical or literary languages.
Versailles (vuhr•SY)– center of art during Louis’s reign.
Vikings– people who came from Scandinavia in Northern Europe. The Vikings
raided many countries in Northern Europe during the Viking Age (800 to
1066).
113
Voyage– a long journey to a distant or unknown place especially over water or

through outer space.
W
Wang Mang– a Confucian scholar and member of the court, decided that a strong
ruler was needed to restore order.
Welfare State– a government that tries to provide for all its citizen’s needs-
including health, education, and employment.
World Trade Organization (WTO)– is an intergovernmental organization that
regulates and facilitates international trade.
X
Xia Dynasty– Emerged and the leader was Yu who was an engineer and
mathematician.
Y
Yin and yang– in Chinese thought, the two powers that govern the natural rhythms
of life.
Yoruba– one of the three largest ethnic groups of Nigeria, concentrated in the
southwestern part of that country.
Z
Ziggurat Evolution– an ancient Mesopotamian temple tower consisting of a lofty
pyramidal structure built in successive stages with outside staircases and a
shrine at the top.
114
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i

A premier Science and Technology university for the

formation of world class and virtuous human resource for

sustainable development in Bohol and the Country.

BISU is committed to provide quality higher education in the

arts and sciences, as well as in the professional and technological fields;

undertake research and development and extension services

for the sustainable development of Bohol and the country.

curricular programs and develop curricular programs that are responsive to

• Develop Communities through Responsive Extension Programs;

• Adopt Efficient and Profitable Income Generating Projects/Enterprise for

• Provide adequate, state-of-the-art and accessible infrastructure support

facilities for quality education;

• Promote efficient and effective good governance supportive of high quality

deeply inspired them.

They are extending their appreciation to the proofreaders- Jenalyn Batingal,

accurate and outstanding.

BSED SOCIAL STUDIES 3- 2

Axum civilization in Ethiopia. Growth of Phoenician city states

HUMAN ORIGINS IN AFRICA

Scientists search for human origins:

HUMANS TRY TO CONTROL NATURE

HOW CIVILIZATION DEVELOPS

PYRAMIDS ON THE NILE

PLANNED CITIES ON THE INDUS

RIVER DYNASTIES IN CHINA

Key Events of the Hittite Empire

The Rise of Aryan Kingdoms

Important Hindu concepts

Some Hindu Gods: Brahma (creator); Vishnu (protector); Shiva (destroyer)

MINOANS AND PHOENICIANS

SEAFARING MINOANS PHOENICIANS

The Origin of Judaism

THE EGYPTIAN AND NUBIAN EMPIRES

THE ASSYRIAN EMPIRE

THE PERSIAN EMPIRE

Important Events, People, & their Contributions in Persian Empire

➢ King Darius the Great

THE UNIFICATION OF CHINA

Confucius, on the other hand, believed that society should be organized

1. Democracy: Classical Greece is often associated with the birth of

It was a time of democracy, with Athens as a notable example, where

THE ROMAN REPUBLIC

THE ROMAN EMPIRE

60 BC - Julius Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey became Rome's First

✓ Rome emphasized the values of discipline, strength, and loyalty.

THE RISE OF CHRISTIANITY

63 B.C Roman power spread to Judea, the home of the Jews.

THE FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE

INDIA’S FIRST EMPIRES

✓ 185 B.C. Chandra Gupta emerged in Magdha and marryied a daughter of an

HAN EMPERORS IN CHINA

✓ Paper was invented in A.D. 105.

✓ Another technological advance was the collar harness for horses.

DIVERSE SOCIETIES IN AFRICA

✓ Nomadic Lifestyle Africa's earliest peoples were nomadic hunter-

✓ Animism is a religion in which spirits play an important role in regulating

Djenne-Djeno is the oldest city in Africa, south of the Sahara.

THE KINGDOM OF AKSUM

✓ Adulis is Aksum’s chief seaport, near present-day Massawa.

✓ The Aksumites, like other ancient Africans, traditionally believed in one

✓ Aksum becomes Christian through the leadership of Ezana.

THE EARLIEST AMERICANS

EARLY MESOAMERICAN CIVILIZATIONS