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Introduction
The first baby Louise Brown was born in 1978 through In-Vitro fertilization
and since then IVF treatment has benefited millions of people who
experience childlessness. According to an estimate, there are around 5
million IVF infants in the world. Hower scientific advancement of IVF has also
brought legal and social issues with it. The research and literature regarding
In-vitro fertilization have expanded to cover the legal and ethical dimensions
of IVF but it is still not sufficient. IVF is legal in India but there is still no
specific law regarding IVF. In the last 20 years, IVF treatment has gained a
lot of public attention and thus it needs to be properly scrutinised when it
comes to the legal and ethical aspect.
What is IVF ?
In-vitro fertilization is an advanced type of fertility treatment in which
fertilization takes place outside of the body that is used to treat infertility
where other types of Assisted Reproductive technology like surrogacy, etc
failed. It can be described as a process where a woman’s egg and man’s
sperm is combined in a laboratory. A woman has to undergo many IVF
treatments before she gets pregnant.
Defects in Offspring
As the success of IVF depends on the result of many stages of the process,
throughout the process, the main concern is to monitor the safety of the
treatment as the treatment can cause many defects and disorders. The
children born of IVF are more likely to be shorter than the normal children or
even have low weight. It can also cause multiple pregnancies. It is
reasonable to reject the use of a treatment which can cause side effects and
many genetic disorders. So in such cases, can the parents sue the treatment
provider? Should we proceed with technology which can cause defects? No,
we should provide insurance to the parents so that if there is a defect they
can treat it.
Commercialization of IVF
IVF treatment treats an embryo as a commodity because its very nature is
buying and selling. Parents are treating the child through IVF as a commodity
as the offspring can be modified through IVF. We don’t have a right to
disturb the natural process to achieve the results through artificial means.
Current regulations
According to the 228th Law Commission of India report, in 2009 the
Assistive reproductive technology industry was recognised as a 25000
crore gold pot. Although in India we do not have a specific law to regulate
IVF, each state has come with its own approach to regulate it. IVF in India
is regulated by the Indian Council of Medical Research. There are some
guidelines which are issued by Indian Council of Medical Research to regulate
In-vitro fertilization like the clinic should not disclose any confidential
information of the donor and the clients except in the cases that involve
court order. If the person is under the age of 21 the gamete presented
should not be used by the clinic. The child born through IVF shall be
presumed as the legitimate child of the parents as it is done with the proper
consent of the parents. The couple must be given mandatory counselling
before the procedure. Human embryos cannot be placed in a non-human
body and all the research on embryos should be done after taking consent
from the Institutional ethical committee.
To make a specific law relating to IVF, the Central Government approved the
Assisted Reproductive Technology Regulation Bill 2020. It can be a path-
breaking bill for the women in the country. According to the bill, the
government will form an apex body which will be known as “NATIONAL
BOARD” which will regulate IVF clinics across the country. This board will
make a code of conduct to be observed by the employees working at the
clinics and will decide the minimum standards of work and working
environment to be maintained by the clinics. The bill also proposes to ban
the sale of human embryos. Those involved in trafficking of human
embryos shall be fined 10 lakh rupees for the first time and for the
second time the person could be imprisoned for 12 years. This bill is
the best chance to eliminate exploitation in this field.
Challenges
Some of the risks and challenges of IVF are:
Reprogenetics
One of the challenges of IVF is reprogenetics. As there is an increase in the
scientific knowledge of genomics it can give access to our personal genetic
information. People in the future will start considering reprogenetics
alongside IVF as it will allow them to edit the DNA of embryos according to
them before transferring it into a uterus. It will help them to influence the
particular characteristics of an embryo. Initially, it might help in preventing
genetic disorders but it can be used in another way. It can create
discrimination and division in society.
Financial challenges
IVF treatments are very costly; these treatments are becoming a financial
risk for many people. The cost of IVF treatment in India is around 1.5 lakhs
to 2.5 lakhs and this cost can be a limiting factor for many couples who
wanted to opt for this treatment. With the success rate around 40%, there
should be insurance for the couple opting for this treatment.But insurance
companies fail to provide insurance on this treatment as the insurance only
covers the aftermath, not preplanning. The insurance covers illness and
fertility treatments are not an illness.
Suggestions
Some suggestion regarding the challenges faced by IVF are:
1. Insurance cover should be provided to those who opt for this treatment
as these treatments are costly and can cause a financial burden on the
couple. Paying out of pockets for many couples is not a viable option as
the success rate of IVF is only 30 to 40%.
2. The state should ensure the proper way to use the frozen embryos as it
is unethical to destroy the embryos as the science also considers
embryos as an individual and also the state should set a time limit for
the use of frozen embryos.
3. An intervention should be there when it comes to reprogenetics in
order to accept them legally. Intervention is important for the welfare
of society and for future generations as reprogenetics can create divide
and division in the society.
4. Commercialisation and trafficking of the embryos should be banned and
proper guidelines should be made regarding this.
Conclusion
Around 10% of people suffer from infertility and IVF is a technique through
which people who were not able to experience parenthood are experiencing
parenthood. As we know it is legal and a good option, it is essential to have a
specific law regarding it. The first priority of the government should be to
pass the Assisted Reproductive Technology Regulation Bill. This bill can bring
positive impacts on reproductive rights and choice of women in India. As we
know there are many ethical and legal questions regarding the
implementation of IVF we cannot solve all those ethical and legal questions
because those questions differ from society to society but this bill can be
treated as a hallmark to solve such questions related to IVF. As the use of
IVF treatment is increasing, creating a specific law IVF will have a clear way
to bloom in India.