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Modeling entropy generation of magnetohydrodynamics flow of nanofluid in

a porous medium: a review

Article in International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat &amp Fluid Flow · September 2022
DOI: 10.1108/HFF-05-2022-0266

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Flow of
Modeling entropy generation of nanofluid in a
magnetohydrodynamics flow of porous
medium
nanofluid in a porous medium:
a review
Feda Abdalla Zahor Received 2 May 2022
Revised 15 August 2022
The School of Computational and Communication Sciences and Engineering Accepted 16 August 2022
(COCSE), Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology,
Arusha, United Republic of Tanzania
Reema Jain
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, India
Ahmada Omar Ali
Department of Computer Systems and Mathematics, Ardhi University,
Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania, and
Verdiana Grace Masanja
The School of Computational and Communication Sciences and Engineering,
Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology,
Arusha, United Republic of Tanzania

Abstract
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to review previous research studies on mathematical models for entropy
generation in the magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) flow of nanofluids. In addition, the influence of various parameters
on the velocity profiles, temperature profiles and entropy generation was studied. Furthermore, the numerical
methods used to solve the model equations were summarized. The underlying purpose was to understand the
research gap and develop a research agenda.
Design/methodology/approach – This paper reviews 141 journal articles published between 2010 and
2022 on topics related to mathematical models used to assess the impacts of various parameters on the entropy
generation, heat transfer and velocity of the MHD flow of nanofluids.
Findings – This review clarifies the application of entropy generation mathematical models, identifies areas for
future research and provides necessary information for future research in the development of efficient thermodynamic
systems. It is hoped that this review paper can provide a basis for further research on the irreversibility of nanofluids
flowing through different channels in the development of efficient thermodynamic systems.
Originality/value – Entropy generation analysis and minimization constitute effective approaches for
improving the performance of thermodynamic systems. A comprehensive review of the effects of various
parameters on entropy generation was performed in this study.
Keywords Entropy generation, Porous media, Magnetohydrodynamics, Nanofluids
Paper type Literature review

1. Introduction International Journal of Numerical

Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow
Many scientists and engineers have worked to improve the efficiency and rate of heat © Emerald Publishing Limited
0961-5539
transmission in recent decades, using a variety of strategies to do so. Increasing the fluid’s DOI 10.1108/HFF-05-2022-0266
HFF conducting qualities is one of these strategies for improving the heat transfer rate.
Nanofluids, a combination of a base fluid (typically water, oil or ethylene glycol) with high
thermal conductivity metallic nanoparticles such as Cu, Al2O3, SiO2 and others, can achieve
this enhancement (Barnoon et al., 2019). The addition of nanoparticles and a surfactant to a
base fluid can significantly improve thermal conductivity and convective heat transfer. In
recent years, nanofluid technology has evolved as a novel enhanced heat transfer technique
(Parvin et al., 2013; Sivamani et al., 2020).
Nanofluids improve heat exchanger design and medical applications such as cancer
treatments and heat-assisted surgery. Nanofluid technology can also aid in the development
of more practical oils and lubricants (Ellahi, 2018; Saini et al., 2016). By using the high
thermal conductivity of nanoparticles and therefore hybrid nano-fluids, Ferhi et al. (2022)
and Ma et al. (2020) have lately concentrated on increasing the heat transfer rate and its
thermal performance. In recent years, the simultaneous use of nanofluids and porous
materials in enhanced heat transfer problems has also attracted a great deal of attention
(Siavashi et al., 2019). In addition, Mebarek Oudina and Chabani (2022) discussed the
importance of using nanofluid flow inside porous materials and investigated the effects of
magnetic fields in different applications. Increased volume fraction-based heat transfer
qualities also intensify the entropy formation indicated by Ferhi et al. (2022) and Ma et al.
(2020) that lowers stream-function values and heat-transmission rates.
Also, nanofluids have become a rapidly emerging research field, offering unique
potential in many applications and for the unforeseeable future. Reducing entropy
generation is important for improving the performance of thermal systems, and skin friction
tends to decrease the heat transfer rate in systems (Ellahi et al., 2018; Jawad et al., 2019). The
flow of nanofluids through porous pipes has very high thermal performance compared with
the flow of normal fluids (Karthikeyan et al., 2014; Cacua et al., 2019). Numerous
experimental and numerical models as well as various nanofluid parameters were addressed
by Khamis et al. (2015), Nasrin et al. (2019), Menni et al. (2020), Vemula et al. (2016), S enay
et al. (2019), Mousavi et al. (2021), Xu and Kleinstreuer, (2014) and Yıldız et al. (2019).
Irreversibility of a system is the difference between actual work and the reversible work.
Lack of thermodynamic equilibrium during the process, including mechanical equilibrium,
thermal equilibrium and chemical equilibrium, as well as the presence of dissipative effects
during the process, are the main causes of irreversibility (Lee and Ramamurthi, 1998). The
irreversibility is demonstrated by Kotas (2012) to be a result of the ambient temperature and
the change in the universe’s entropy with a negative sign. Entropy will always rise in a
coupled system when an irreversible process occurs. The existence of irreversibilities affects
the effectiveness of engineering equipment. Entropy generation is a measure of the level of
irreversibilities present during a process. The greater the rate of entropy development, the
more irreversibilities there are (Casas et al., 2014) and (Lucia et al., 2020). Irreversible losses
raise the entropy and lower the thermal efficiency; they always have an impact on how well
thermal devices work. Therefore, to have a thorough understanding of the working process,
which would then aid in streamlining the device performance, it is crucial to comprehend the
irreversibility associated with any process. Many authors have recently strengthened their
efforts to have a better understanding of the irreversibility of numerous processes (Prajapati
et al., 2022; Balunov and Tsirlin, 2020; Feng et al., 2020; Akhremenkov et al., 2020;
Mehdizadeh-Fard and Pourfayaz, 2019; Tsirlin et al., 2006).
The application of the second law of thermodynamics to analyze the irreversibilities in
terms of entropy generation is the other area of research that anticipates convective
processes. This is because entropy generation, specifically, is the production of heat during
any irreversible process in a heat transport mechanism. Zhang et al. (2018) concentrated on
investigating the possibility of reducing the rate of entropy development in the reverse Flow of
water gas shift reactor. The findings indicate that adjusting the temperature profile can nanofluid in a
reduce the rate of entropy production by up to 23%. The major goal of these optimization porous
efforts is to decrease the irreversibility of heat transfer. Adesanya and Falade (2015)
investigated how heat is transferred and entropy is produced when hydromagnetic fluid is
medium
circulated in a porous channel. The channel’s temperature profile was observed to rise when
permeability, Brinkman number and magnetic field increased. Entropy generation increased
as well, increasing near the centerline of the channel, when heat transfer irreversibility
overcame liquid friction irreversibility. For the sake of material processing, Kaluri and
Basak (2011) optimized natural convection in square cavities filled with porous cavities
using the entropy generation minimization technique. They discovered that when the Darcy
number is lower, there is less thermal mixing and the irreversibility of heat transport
dominates the creation of total entropy. In addition, it is discovered that heat transfer
irreversibility dominates the total entropy production for lower Prandtl number fluids,
whereas friction irreversibility dominates the total entropy generation for higher Prandtl
number fluids at greater Darcy number. Ib
añez et al. (2013) investigated the impacts of slip
flow on heat transfer and entropy formation by taking into account the conjugate heat
transfer problem in microchannels. They come to the conclusion that the system can
function under minimal circumstances of global entropy generation, which correspond to
minimal irreversibilities brought on by viscous friction and heat movement in the fluid and
walls. In a Darcy–Brinkman–Forchheimer nanofluid saturated lid-driven porous medium,
Marzougui et al. (2020) studied the effects of nanoparticle volume fraction and the Hartman
number generated by an angled magnetic field over the irreversibility and heat transfer.
They came to the conclusion that regardless of the magnetic influence, clear fluid viscosity
and Darcy fluid viscosity irreversibilities decrease as the nanoparticle volume fraction
increases. In addition, they demonstrated that when the volume percentage of nanoparticles
grows, thermal irreversibility reduces at constant magnetic field angle but magnetic entropy
generation increases. Rasool et al. (2020) and Abbas et al. (2020) studied the optimization of
entropy, heat and mass transfer in a nonlinearly expanding surface-enclosed Darcy–
Forchheimer magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) nanofluid flow. They found that a porous
medium provides more friction, which gradually reduces the fluid’s velocity. Mahdy et al.
(2021), Marzougui et al. (2021), Mansour et al. (2018) and Hoseinpour et al. (2017) are among
the other researchers who have concentrated on entropy formation involving MHD flow of
nanofluid in a porous medium.
This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review on mathematical models for entropy
generation in MHD flow of nanofluids. In addition, the influence of various parameters on
the velocity profiles, temperature profiles and entropy generation was studied. Furthermore,
the numerical methods used to solve the model equations were summarized.

2. Entropy generation mathematical models

Several studies have been conducted on the formulation of mathematical models of entropy
generation caused by different irreversibilities. Mathematical models presented by Nagaraju
et al. (2017), Das and Jana (2014), Das et al. (2021), Malik and Nayak (2017), Hussain et al.
(2020) and Tayebi and Chamkha (2020) are based on irreversibility due to magnetic field,
heat transfer and fluid friction losses. On the other hand, the models based on entropy
generation due to heat transfer, thermal radiation and fluid friction were presented by
Ogunseye and Sibanda (2019), Sukumar and Varma (2016) and Kumam et al. (2019).
HFF Furthermore, mathematical models formulated by Goqo et al. (2018), Salawu and
Ogunseye, (2020), Sithole et al. (2018) and IbÁÑE, (2015) are based on irreversibilities due to
magnetic fields, heat transfer and fluid friction losses.
Furthermore, mathematical models of entropy generation due to heat transfer and
thermal radiation effects, nanoparticle effects, and entropy generation due to magnetic field
effects were presented ALMAKKI_ et al. (2020) and Bibi and Xu (2019). Following that,
Vedavathi et al. (2021) and Shukla et al. (2019) developed mathematical models to analyze
entropy generation due to heat transfer, fluid frictional interaction, magnetic field and mass
transfer.
The mathematical models presented by Aziz and Shams (2020), Magherbi et al. (2021),
Rashed (2016), Sharma et al. (2019) and Sharma et al. (2020) are based on irreversibility due
to heat transfer, fluid frictional interaction, magnetic field and porosity and are considered
(see Table 1).

3. Effects of various parameters of mass and heat transfer rate on velocity and
temperature profiles
Many studies have investigated the effects of various mass and heat transfer rate
parameters on velocity and temperature profiles. Das (2014) investigated the effects of
thermal radiation and magnetic fields on steady laminar physical phenomenon flow and
heat transfer from a warm electrically conducting fluid to a melting surface flowing parallel
to a continuing free stream. The results reveal that increasing the thermal radiation
parameter and magnetic field slows the fluid rate. When the thermal radiation, magnetic
field and melting constraint are increased, the thermal physical phenomenon thickness and
fluid temperature decrease, whereas an increase in the movement parameter leads to an

Main investigation Reference Geometry Method

Impacts of joules heating, Nagaraju et al. (2017) Long horizontal pipe Homotopy analysis method
heat transfer and fluid Malik and Nayak (2017) Square enclosure with Finite volume method
friction losses a saturated porous
medium
Mehrez et al. (2015) An open cavity Finite volume method
Impacts of heat transfer, Jawad et al. (2019) Single-walled carbon Homotopy analysis method
thermal radiation and nanotubes
fluid frictional Ogunseye and Sibanda Vertical channel Iterative spectral local
(2019) linearization method
Kumam et al. (2019) Two rotating parallel Homotopy analysis method
plate
Rehman et al. (2017) Horizontal plane Runge–Kutta Fehlberg
Impacts of heat transfer, Aziz and Shams (2020) Parallel plate Runge–Kutta Fehlberg
thermal radiation, Abdel-Rahman Rashed Horizontal sheet BAA Finite element method
viscous dispassion, (2021)
magnetic and porosity
Effect of the heat Makinde and Eegunjobi Vertical channel filled Runge-Kutta Fehlberg
Table 1. transfer, fluid friction (2018) with saturated porous
and porosity media
Summary of entropy
Hosseini et al. (2019) Horizontal porous Collocation method
generation microchannel
investigation in Miles and Bessaïh (2021) Cylindrical annulus Finite volume method
thermodynamics filled with porous
system media
increase in the thermal physical phenomenon thickness and fluid temperature. The skin Flow of
friction coefficient decreases as the temperature increases. The thermal radiation impact of nanofluid in a
MHD boundary layer flow of Williamson nanofluid along a stretching surface with porous
medium taken into account of velocity and thermal slips is numerically discussed by Reddy
porous
et al. (2022). They examined the phenomena of heat and mass transport caused by medium
thermophoresis and Brownian motion. According to Chabani et al. (2022), triangular
obstacles can improve thermal transmission. In addition, the position of the obstacle is an
important factor in modifying thermal transfer.
Warke et al. (2022) concentrated on the flow of MHD micropolar liquid to a heated area
under the influence of porous medium and thermal radiation at the stagnation point.
Anantha Kumar et al. (2020) and Hayat et al. (2017) studied the hydro magnetic stream of
a viscous fluid across a curved stretched area, involving chemical change and thermal
radiation. Their results revealed that increasing the curvature parameter caused the velocity
and temperature distributions to increase. Zainal et al. (2020) investigated the flow and
transfer of heat features of hybrid nanofluids (Cu–Al2O3/H2O) above a porous exciting
surface under the occurrence of thermal radiation and MHD. They revealed that when the
flux was combined with suction, the fluid velocity was reduced. In addition, they established
that as the magnetic parameters were augmented, the amount of heat transfer decreased.
Gupta et al. (2020) discussed a MHD Williamson nanofluid stream over an elongated
sheet. The results show that the horizontal fluid speed decreases as the magnetic and fluid
parameters increase. Temperature species are increased by Brownian motion,
thermophoresis, fluid index, radiation, magnetic field constraints and wall temperature.
However, as Prandtl and Deborah’s numbers increased, the temperature species decreased.
While Patil et al. (2018) studied MHD-mixed convection flow across an exponentially
stretched area with a nonuniform sink/heat source and cross-diffusion. The results reveal
that, as the magnetic effect is reduced, the velocity profile improves. The temperature profile
changes as the magnetic field parameter and Dufour number increase. The heat transfer
increases as the magnetic constraint and Eckert number decrease and decreases as the
space-dependent and temperature-dependent heat sources grow. Several recent studies on
the topic can be cited in Radhika et al. (2021), Mandal and Mukhopadhyay, (2019), Kumar
et al. (2020), Sheikholeslami and Ganji, (2017), Ghadikolaei et al. (2019), Maleki et al. (2019),
Alizadeh et al. (2020) and Fayyadh et al. (2020) (Table 2).

4. Effects of skin friction on entropy production

Several studies have been conducted on the effect of skin friction on the entropy production
of the MHD flow of a radiative nanofluid in porous pipes.
Ibrahim and Shankar (2013) studied the effects of magnetic fields, slip boundary
conditions and thermal radiation on the heat transfer and physical phenomenon flow caused
by a nanofluid across a permeable-stretched area. The results indicate that the profiles of
flow rate and the depth of the speed physical phenomenon decreased because the fields of
the magnetic constraints increased. Because the radiation constraint increases, the
temperature of the sheet surface also increases, but if the Prandtl number increases, then the
temperature of the sheet surface decreases. The skin friction factor increased as the velocity
slip constraint increased.
Hayat et al. (2010) investigated the impact of radiation on MHD by varying the
stagnation point of convection movement in a permeable medium. They discovered that
increasing the Hartman number, radiation constraint and porosity parameter resulted in a
decrease in the velocity. When the Prandtl number was increased in both supporting and
opposing flows, the heat transfer and skin friction coefficient decreased.
HFF Governing
References Nanofluid type Method parameters Remarks

Anantha Kumar Casson RKF4 1# Ec # 4  An upsurge in curvature

et al. (2020) nanofluid 0 # Pr # 3 parameter yields an
1#M # 3 augmentation in both the
0.1 # b # 0.7 velocity and temperature
distributions
Mandal and – RKF 0.3 # Rd # 0.9  Velocity increases but the
Mukhopadhyay 1.2 # r # 1.4 temperature decreases with the
(2019) increase in velocity ratio
parameter
 Increase in radiation parameter
means diminish in radiative heat
flux
Kumar et al. Fe2O3–Se RKF45 4 # Pr # 7  The enhancement of heat
(2020) 0.5 # Rd # 2.0 transfer is escalated values of
radiation parameter
 Reduction in heat transfer is
observed for rising values of
Prandtl number
Sheikholeslami CuO–H2O FEM 103 # Ra # 105  Heat transfer enhances with rise
and Ganji (2017) 0# Ha # 40 of radiation parameter while it
0.0 # Rd # 0.8 reduces with augment of
0.0 # w # 0.4 Hartmann number
 As magnetic field increases, the
velocity of nanofluid and heat
transfer reduces
Ghadikolaei et al. Hybrid RKF 5 0# Gr # 3  The velocity profile increases
(2019) nanofluid 0# Ha # 6 with increasing volume fraction
0# Rd # 2 and Grashof number, and
0.01 # w # 0.04 decreases with increasing
magnetic parameter
 The temperature profile has
increased with increasing volume
fraction and radiation parameter
Takabi and Al2O3/H2O FVM 0.00 # w # 0.02  The convective heat transfer
Shokouhmand Al2O3–Cu/H2O 104 # Ra # 105 coefficient rises as the Reynolds
Table 2. (2015) number and volume
Summary of effects concentration rise
 Using hybrid nanofluid enhances
of various heat transfer rate as compared to
parameters on pure water and nanofluid
velocity and
temperature profiles Notes: RKF Runge Kutta Fehlberg; FEM = Finite Difference Method; FVM = Finite Volume Method

Butt et al. (2012) studied that entropy effects in a mixed convective hydromagnetic nanofluid
flow past a stretching surface. The results show that increasing the magnetic field
parameter increases the skin friction coefficient while decreasing the thermal buoyancy and
concentration buoyancy parameters.
Makinde and Eegunjobi (2018) investigated the inherent irreversibility of the
hydromagnetic physical phenomenon flow over a heated vertically stretched surface
enclosed in a porous medium with thermal radiation absorption. The results indicate that
entropy generation is enhanced by the force field, thermal radiation and heat source, but is
reduced by increasing the porous medium permeability and buoyancy force. In addition, the Flow of
local skin friction coefficient increases with the magnetic parameter and Prandtl number, nanofluid in a
but decreases with the Darcy number, Eckert number, radiation parameter and Grashof
number. Ahmad et al. (2021) investigated the effects of viscous dissipation, thermal
porous
radiation, Joule heating and magnetic flux on the radiative viscous fluid flow across a medium
stretched surface. They concluded that the velocity increased with the injection parameter
and Reynolds number but decreased with the porosity and Hartmann number. Moreover,
skin friction increases with porosity and injection parameters and decreases with the
Reynolds number.
Daniel et al. (2018) studied the MHD nanofluid stream directed toward a spatial
stretching sheet with variable thicknesses under an applied electric field. According to the
findings, the mass transfer, heat transfer rates and skin friction decreased as the wall
thickness increased. In the presence of an electric field, the temperature increased, and the
nanofluid velocity decreased as the concentration decreased. The radiation became more
sensitive as the temperature of the nanofluid increased and the size of the temperature field
increased.
Hamad and Pop (2011) examined the MHD movement of a nanofluid past an oscillatory-
moving vertical permeable semi-infinite flat plate with a relentless heat source in a rotating
frame. The findings reveal that the thickness of the thermal physical phenomenon increases
as the volume percentage of the nanoparticles increases. It was also discovered that skin
friction increased as the magnetic constraint value increased. The effects of radiation
absorption, diffusion and thermal and chemical reactions on the MHD-free convective heat
transfer stream of a nanofluid limited by a semi-infinite flat surface were investigated by
Prasad et al. (2018). The findings demonstrate that the fluid velocity diminishes as the
suction and magnetic constraints increase for the mentioned nanoparticles, but increases as
the Dufour number and radiation absorption constraint increase. Moreover, radiation and
magnetic field constraints have a significant impact on the skin friction coefficient.
Makinde (2013) studied the impacts of viscous dissipation and thermal radiation on the
physical phenomenon of nanofluid flow over a permeable moving flat plate. The findings reveal
that the skin friction increases with increasing quantity fraction, and the Cu–water nanofluid
shows the next highest skin friction compared to alumina. The warmth transfer rate at the plate
surface decreases with increasing Brinkman number, radiation parameter and velocity ratio
parameter, whereas it increases with suction rate and nanoparticle solid fraction.
Adesanya (2015) investigated the unsteady free convective flow of a heat generating/
absorbing fluid through a porous vertical channel with velocity and temperature jumps. The
results showed that an increase in the slip parameter extended the flow velocity and reduced
the shear stress at the suction wall. Moreover, an increase in the temperature jump
parameter increased the fluid temperature and reduced the speed of heat transfer at the
suction wall. In addition, an increase in the Navier slip parameter weakens the skin friction
at the suction wall.
Mohamed et al. (2021) studied the steady convective heat transfer and physical phenomena
flowing over a permeable flat surface. The results showed that an increase in the nanoparticle
volume fraction led to an increase in the skin friction coefficient. The suction effect increases with
the reduced Nusselt number and skin friction coefficient, whereas the injection effect decreases.
The results show that the Eckert number reduces convective heat transfer.
Abbas et al. (2016) discussed the flow and warmth transfer during a two-dimensional
physical phenomenon. The flow of an electrically conducting nanofluid over a curved
stretching sheet coiled in a circle. The results show that the quantity of the skin-friction
coefficient increases with increasing solid volume fraction and magnetic parameters. The
HFF value of the Nusselt number increases by further increasing the radiation parameter because
the heat generation parameter decreases by increasing the magnetic parameter and solid
volume fraction.
Khader and Megahed (2015) investigated the flow of a Newtonian fluid over an
impermeable stretching sheet with a power law surface. The results showed that an increase
in the slip velocity parameter reduced the skin friction coefficient. In contrast, it was
observed that the local skin friction coefficient increased because of the wall thickness
parameter. In addition, an increase in the velocity power index parameter causes the fluid to
bog down past the stretching sheet; therefore, the local skin friction coefficient increases in
magnitude.
Ellahi et al. (2015) studied the effect of nanosized particles in natural convection physical
phenomenon flow on entropy formation with a base fluid along an inverted cone. The results
show that brick nanoparticles reduce velocity the most when placed next to other forms. The
temperature increases when the particle friction, magnetic properties, porosity and radiation
characteristics increase. The skin friction and Nusselt number decreased because the
magnetic and porosity parameters increased, whereas the skin friction increased because
the particle friction and viscous dissipation values increased. By increasing the values of the
particle friction and power-law index, the Nusselt number also increases.
Mkwizu and Makinde (2015) studied the combined effects of thermophoresis, Brownian
motion and variable viscosity on entropy formation in an unsteady flow of a water-based
nanofluid confined between two parallel plates with convective heat exchange with the
ambient environment at the walls. The results demonstrate that skin friction increases with
time, local Biot number, thermal expansion coefficients, Brownian motion parameter and
pressure gradient parameter, but decreases with Eckert number and thermophoresis
parameter. The Nusselt number, Eckert number, Biot number and thermal expansion
coefficients all increased with time. The speed of entropy creation normally increases with
time, Eckert number, thermal expansion coefficient and pressure gradient parameter. The
thermophoresis parameter and Biot number boost entropy generation at the walls, but
decrease entropy generation within the channel.
Waini et al. (2019) investigated the steady flow and warmth transfer of a Cu–Al2O3/water
hybrid nanofluid over a nonlinear permeable stretching/shrinking surface and found an
increase in the skin friction coefficient and a reduction in the Nusselt number with an
increase in the copper nanoparticle volume fractions. The skin friction coefficient and
Nusselt number increased when the suction parameter increased. The temperature
increased in the presence of radiation.
Javed et al. (2018) investigated the effect of heat generation and absorption on the
axisymmetric Casson liquid flow across a stretched cylinder. From their analysis, they
inferred that the speed components are a decreasing function of the Casson parameter,
Reynolds number and magnetic parameter. Skin friction coefficients increase because the
Reynolds number and magnetic parameter increase, whereas this decrease because
the Casson parameter increases. The local Nusselt number improves the estimation of the
Reynolds and Prandtl numbers while decaying with the Casson, magnetic and absorption
parameters.
Sivasankaran et al. (2020) explored the impact of the ratio, thermal radiation and entropy
generation on buoyant-induced convection in an exceedingly rectangular box crammed with
Casson fluid. The results show that the skin friction increases with the ratio and heat
radiation, and therefore, the Casson fluid parameter. Furthermore, the thermal radiation,
Grashof number and Casson fluid parameters all improve the average heat transmission.
When the ratio of the box increased, it first increased and then decreased (Table 3).
 Nanofluid Governing
Flow of
References type Method parameters Remarks nanofluid in a
porous
Butt et al. (2012) – RKF 0.01 # K # 5.0  With a rise in the slip parameter
0 # Pr # 5 and the Prandtl number, the skin medium
0.5 # Gr # 3.0 friction coefficient drops while the
heat transfer rate at the plate’s
surface increases
 Increases in the local Grashof
number and convective heat
transfer parameter increase skin
friction and the rate of transfer at
the surface
Waini et al. Al2O3–Cu/H2O bvp4c 0# Rd # 2  The skin friction coefficient and the
(2019) 0.05 # w # 0.1 local Nusselt number increase when
suction parameter is increased for
the upper branch
 The temperature increases within
the presence of the radiation
parameter
Pal and Mandal Al2O3–Cu–TiO RKF 0.05 # w # 0.1  Skin-friction increases with porous
(2014) /H2O 0.0 # K # 0.5 parameter and nanoparticle volume
fraction
 The Copper–water nanofluid has
higher skin-friction coefficient and
mass transfer rate
– FVM 0.01 # b # 1  Aspect ratio, heat radiation and the
Sivasankaran 0 # Ar # 5 Casson fluid parameter all
et al. (2020) 0 # Rd # 10 contribute to the development of
skin friction
 Thermal radiation and the Casson
fluid parameter improve averaged
heat transmission
Hussain et al. Au/H2O and Ag/ bvp4c 00 # M # 50  The magnetic field and the volume
(2021) H2O 0.0 # w # 2.0 fraction, respectively, exhibit
inverse connections with the skin
friction coefficient and the local
Nusselt numbers
Devi and Devi Al2O3–Cu/H2O RKF 00 # M # 04  The skin friction coefficient reduces
(2016) 0.00 # w # 0.04 as the magnetic field increases
Khan et al. (2021) – QLM 0.0 # « # 6.4  The velocity ratio parameter
0 # g # 1.5 reduces the skin friction
 The total entropy generation rate
decreases with increasing the size of
the needle
Hosseinzadeh Fe3O4–MoS2/ HPM 0.1 # Ec # 0.7  The skin friction coefficient is an
et al. (2019) (H2O and 0.0 # w # 0.04 increasing function of the
Hexanol) 3.7 # S # 16.1 nanoparticle volume fraction
Monaledi and Cu–H20 RHF 0.0 # Ec # 1.5  Skin friction is constant throughout
Makinde (2021) 0.2 # Le # 1 the flow and is solely affected by
0.0 # Nb # 1 the axial pressure gradient Table 3.
0.0 # Nt # 0.5  Increase in the thermophoresis Summary of effects
0.1 # l # 0.6 parameter slows the rate of entropy
of skin friction on
production
mass and heat
Notes: RKF = Runge Kutta Fehlberg; FVM = Finite Volume Method; bvp4c = Matlab boundary value transfer rate and the
problem; QLM = Quasi-linearization method; HPM = Homotopy Perturbation Method entropy generation
HFF 5. Effects of various parameters on entropy generation
Many researchers have investigated the effects of various parameters on entropy generation
in different channels filled with different nanofluids in different geometries.
The investigation of nanofluid, heat transport and entropy formation in a cavity was
conducted by Mehrez et al. (2013), Al-Zamily (2017), Siavashi et al. (2018) and Hussain et al.
(2017). They discovered that when the Reynolds number and nanoparticle volume
percentage increase, the average Nusselt number and entropy significantly improve. In
addition, Alnajem et al. (2019) and Ishak et al. (2021) investigated the effect of the position of
a solid cylinder on the entropy generation and mixed convection inside a lid-driven
trapezoidal cavity. The authors considered numerous factors, including the Richardson
number, Reynolds number growth and the nanoparticle volume percentages of the
nanofluid. They found that when the Richardson number, Reynolds number and
nanoparticle volume increase, entropy is generated. Alipanah et al. (2015) evaluated the
influence of nanofluids on entropy generation in a square hollow structure subjected to
variable temperatures by applying the second law of thermodynamics. The results show
that when the volume percentage of nanoparticles and Rayleigh number increase, the
entropy production increases. However, when the temperature gradient increased, entropy
production decreased. Ahmed et al. (2019) inspected the entropy production of a nanofluid
above a vertically stretched cylinder owing to the transfer of heat and the boundary layer
stream. Siddabasappa et al. (2021) studied the influence of local thermal nonequilibrium on
the characteristics of heat transfer and entropy production in the MHD stream of a couple-
stress fluid over a vertical porous material. Abdelhameed (2021) investigated the creation of
entropy within the MHD flow of a Newtonian fluid in the absence of an induced magnetic.
For all of them, they observed that increasing the strength of the elements described by
Grashof and Hartman increased the entropy generation.
Baghsaz et al. (2019) studied the effect of the sedimentation of nanoparticles on natural
convection heat transfer inside a porous hollow occupied with Al2O3/H2O nanofluid, and the
generation of entropy was analyzed by considering the effects of the Rayleigh number and
Darcy number. It showed that any increase in the Rayleigh number or the Darcy number
substantially enhances the production of entropy.
Kashyap and Dass (2018) investigated the properties of other thermal preconditions on
natural convection in a fluid-saturated square permeable hollow to form an informed
decision on the only condition that supported entropy generation, heat transfer and
temperature uniformity. The effects of Darcy’s number and Rayleigh number were studied.
They found that the development relies on the optimal volume percent of nanoparticles in
which the nanofluid improves the energy efficiency by lowering the total entropy generation
and improving the heat transfer.
Mumraiz et al. (2021) discussed the inspiration for the generation of entropy in MHD
hybrid nanofluid flow by a porous expansive layer in the presence of an electric field.
According to researchers, increased Hartmann numbers and Reynolds numbers indicate
increased entropy formation. Related studies of ferrofluid in a curved hollow investigated
the entropy production and natural convection of non-Newtonian fluids to the effects of
Rayleigh number, Hartmann number, volume fraction and power-law index (Afsana et al.,
2021). Also Saeid (2013) studied the formation of entropy in a permeable cavity exposed to a
magnetic field by combining natural convection mass and heat transfer. The heat transfer
rate increased primarily with the increasing Rayleigh number for shear-thinning fluid. A
numerical investigation of a hybrid Al2O3–CuO/water nanofluid in a square porous cavity
investigated magneto-hydrodynamic natural convection and heat transfer with entropy
generation analysis (Mansour et al., 2018). Similar studies of copper–water nanofluid in an
inclined square porous cavity investigated entropy generation and MHD natural convection Flow of
in relation to the effect of heat sink and source size and location (Rashad et al., 2018). Many nanofluid in a
studies have been carried out to examine the influence of buoyancy force on MHD entropy
generation on porous medium by Fersadou et al. (2015), Sheikholeslami et al. (2017), Tayebi
porous
and Chamkha (2019) and Vijaybabu (2021). Hassan et al. (2020) examined the influence of medium
buoyancy force on MHD heat generation coupled with stress fluid passing through a
permeable material through isothermal borders on entropy production. Their results show
that near the flow stream’s centerline, where the buoyancy force and magnetic flux intensity
are substantially reduced, entropy generation is higher. Freidoonimehr et al. (2016)
investigated the entropy generation in an MHD flow past a permeable spinning plate with
effects. They reported that entropy generation increased with an increase in the suction
parameter, magnetic parameter, Schmidt number and Prandtl number. The maximum
entropy production occurred when both the Dufour and Soret numbers were augmented by
30%. Djebali et al. (2021) investigated buoyancy effects on nanofluid past a vertical plate. It
was discovered that when either buoyancy forces or Lorentz forces become more robust,
velocity profiles improve and thermal distribution decreases. Mliki and Abbassi (2021)
examined the influence of buoyancy force on MHD entropy generation on a porous cylinder.
Mburu et al. (2021) investigated the effects of chemical reactions, thermal radiation and
magnetic fields on entropy formation in a nonsteady nanofluid stream via an inclined
cylinder. They concluded that decreasing the heat radiation and chemical reaction
parameters reduces entropy creation, whereas increasing the Brinkman number, magnetic
number, Reynolds number and angle of the cylinder improves entropy formation (Table 4).

6. Conclusions
In this article, various mathematical models, the effects of various parameters on velocity
and temperature profiles and entropy generation on the enhancement of heat and flow
behavior have been described. Some gaps that can be filled are as follows:
 Most authors have considered the influence of heat transfer, viscous dissipation,
fluid friction, magnetic flux and mass transfer when formulating their models.
However, they overlooked the effects of porosity and radiative heat transmission on
the entropy generation. This can often be a gap because radiation and porosity
affect heating systems.
 Depending on the nanoparticle volume fraction, channel size and flow regime, using
nanofluids can be extremely beneficial in reducing entropy generation and thus
system optimization. However, most authors have studied the effect of popular
nanoparticles such as (Cu, Al2 O3, TiO2 and Fe3O4) on heat transfer and entropy
generation. They claimed that as the volume fraction increases, so does the
enhancement of entropy. However, some other nanoparticles [silver, carbon
nanotubes, graphene, liposomes, carbides (SiC and TiC) and so on] have not been
extensively studied in the articles and thus it is worthwhile to test these
nanoparticles.
 Thermal and hydrodynamic boundary conditions and geometries of various types
were considered. For instance, almost no research has been conducted on nanofluid
flow in spherical geometries, so there is a need to investigate heat transfer and, as a
result, entropy generation in spherical containers.
 Most studies have focused on systems that operate in steady state environments.
However, most energy systems operate under unsteady state conditions.
HFF Governing
References Nanofluid type Method parameters Remarks

Ishak et al. (2021) Al2O3–H2O FEM 0.01 # Ri # 10 When a solid cylinder is placed in the cavity’s
5 # Re # 500 center, entropy generation is significant
0.00 # w # 0.04 Entropy creation increases when the
0.05 # S # 0.25 Richardson number, Reynolds number grow
and nanoparticles volume fraction
Abdelhameed Casson fluid FDM 1 # Ha # 5 Entropy generation decreases with increasing
(2021) 1 # Gr # 5 Grashof and Hartman number
The magnitude of entropy generation is
greater than the Bejan number for larger
Hartman numbers, but the change in Bejan
number is more effective
Bhardwaj et al. FDM 103 # Ra # 106 At low Darcy and Rayleigh numbers,
(2015) 10–4 # Da # 10–2 irreversible heat transfer is the major cause of
entropy generation
The entropy creation owing to fluid friction is
much larger in the case of wall undulations
than in the case of no-undulation
Siavashi et al. Jacobi 104 # Ra # 106 Increased Rayleigh number improves channel
(2018) conjugate 10–4 # Da # 10–1 circulation, resulting in increased in flow
gradient 0.00 # w # 0.04 entropy production
method By reducing the Darcy number, flow
(JCGM) resistance increases and speed lowers,
resulting in a decrease in flow entropy
formation
Shafee et al. Fe3O4–H2O CVFEM 103 # Ra # 104 Magnetic entropy generation increases as the
(2019) 10–2 # Da # 102 magnetic parameter, Darcy number and
1 # Ha # 40 Rayleigh number are increased
Al-Zamily (2017) TiO2–H2O 0 # w # 0.1 Entropy generation decreases as the Rayleigh
10–5 # Da # 10–1 number increases
106 # Ra # 107 As the thickness of the porous layer increases,
0 # l # 20 so does average entropy generation increases
Increasing the volume fraction of
nanoparticles does increase entropy creation
Afsana et al. Fe3O4–H2O FVM 103 # Ra 105 Due to the increase of magnetic parameters,
(2021) 0 # Ha # 20 the total entropy diminishes by 60% for
0 # w # 0.1 shear-thinning fluid and by 9% for the shear-
thickening case
The enhancing of nanoparticles volume
fraction results in the decline of the entropy
values
Al2O3–H2O FVM 104 # Ra 107 Increase in Rayleigh number or Darcy number
Baghsaz et al. 10–5 # Da # 10–2 substantially enhances the production of
(2019) entropy
Table 4. Dogonchi et al. Hybrid FEM 103 # Ra # 105 Entropy generation is observed to increase
(2021) nanofluid 0 # Ha # 40 with the Rayleigh and Darcy numbers, but it
Summary of the
0 # Da # 100 decreases with the Hartman number
effects of various
parameters on Notes: FEM = Finite Difference Method; FVM = Finite Volume Method; CVFEM = Control Volume Finite
entropy generation Element Method
  The authors examined the effects of various parameters on entropy generation, such as Flow of
the magnetic parameters, Rayleigh number and nanoparticle volume fraction, for various nanofluid in a
nanofluids. However, the quantities of interest, such as the skin friction, Nusselt number
and convective heating/cooling parameters, have not been extensively discussed.
porous
medium
 The authors assumed that the electrical field in the MHD flow was minimal and
neglected it, although the Hall current parameter considerably affected the MHD
flow system.

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Corresponding author
Feda Abdalla Zahor can be contacted at: fedaz@nm-aist.ac.tz

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