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uqøKh ( uqøKd,h
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
ta wkqj 6 isg 13 fY%aKs úIh ks¾foaY yd .=re ud¾f.damfoaY mka;s ldurh ;=<
id¾:l j ls%hd;aul lsÍu i|yd cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh úiska w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;a
iïmdokh lr we;'
w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;a uÕsska úIh ks¾foaYhg wod< WoaOD; .=re YsIH fomd¾Yajh
fj; iemhSfuka wod< úIh Odrdj myiqfjka wOHhkh lsÍug myiqlï ie,fikq we;s
nj wmf.a úYajdih hs'
fuu w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;a Tn w;g m;a lsÍu i|yd Ydia;%Sh odhl;ajh iemiQ
wdh;ksl ld¾h uKav,h iy ndysr úoaj;=ka fj; udf.a lD;{;dj ysñ fõ'
i
ksfhdacH wOHlaI ckrd,af.a mKsjqvh
bf.kqu ksr;=re j we.ehSu iu. iïnkaO l< yels h' by< we.ehSï idOkhla
i|yd w;a±lSu mq¿,a úh hq;= h' úyso .sh mq¿,a mrdihla iys; by< we.ehSul ysñlu
ieug u Wmßu i;=gla Wreu lrhs' ta i|yd fiajkhg wod< mqoa.," ia:dk" jia;=" isoaê
nyq, ùu wjYH h'
tfia bf.kqï w;a±lSï mq¿,a lsÍu i|yd w;sf¾l iïm;a fmd;a ilia lsÍug
yelsùu cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;khg i;=gls' ta i|yd lem ù ls%hd l< ieug wmf.a
ia;;
= sh msßkefï'
YsIH m%cdj fuu w;sf¾l iïm;a fmd; mßyrKh lrñka tuÕska bÈßm;a lrk
fjk;a ±kqï uQ,hka o ióm lr .;fyd;a by< idOkhla fj; <Õd ùug yels ùu
ksiel h' tneúka YsIH" .=re fo.=re" ieuf.a wjOdkh fhduq úh hq;= h' fuu w;sf¾l
iïm;a fmd;a ;jÿrg;a ixj¾Okh lsÍug Wla; ieuf.a wjOdkh fhduq ùu o wm úiska
wfmalaId flf¾' wod< hï lreKla fjf;d;a wm ±kqïj;a lrk f,i b,a,d isák w;r
±fha ¥ orejkaf.a bf.kqï mrdihka mq¿,a fjñka wNsudkj;a ±hla f.dv kefÕa jdz hs
m%d¾:kd lrñ'
1' .=r ejrhdg w;HjYH úIh lreKq tl f.dkq jla fldg imhd §fuka .=r e
ld¾hlaIu;dj by< kexùu'
2' .=re ud¾f.damfoaYfhys iúia;rd;aul j bÈßm;a fkd flfrk úIh wka;¾.;h
fuu fmd; weiqßka ,nd§u'
3' .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh m%udKfhka msgq úYd, .Kklg hdu je<elaùu yd Bg w;HjYH
u lreKq muKla we;=<;a lsÍu'
4' u;fNaohkag ;=vq fok úIh lreKq fjf;d;a ta ms<sn| cd;sl jYfhka talu;sl
Ndjhla we;s lsÍug wjYH ksYaÑ; lreKq$;¾l iïmdokh lsÍu'
5' úIh lreKqj, iu;=,s; nj yd iSud ks¾Khkays m%ñ;s .; nj we;s lsÍfuka we.ehSï
ld¾h myiq lrùu'
6' .=rejrhdf.a ±kqu ks¾foaYfhka u|la Tíng m%idrKh lrñka úIhdkqnoaO ±kqu
ms<sn| úYajikSh;ajh ;yjqre lsÍu'
7' .=re isiq fomsßig u bf.kqï$b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sh rij;a yd yrj;a w;a±lSula njg
m;a lsÍu'
ta id buy;a iïm;la f,i fuu fmd; wm foi ore le,f.a hy .=K keK
jvkakg fuka u rij;a bf.kqï mßirhla ks¾udKh lr .kakg .=re Tng msysg jkq
we;' .=re Tfí ls%hdYS,S nj yd ±kqïj;a nj ñka ;j ;j;a jefâ jd! tfuka u j;auka
ore le,g fi!kao¾h úIhh bf.kqu rij;a yd yrj;a Ôú; w;a±lSula fõ jd! hs uu
m;ñ'
iii
úIhud,d lñgqj
WmfoaYl;ajh yd
wkque;sh ( Ydia;S%h lghq;= uKav,h
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
f,aLl uKav,h
wNHka;r ( tia' j¾Kisxy - wOHlaI ^je' wd'&
nqoaê l,HdKs uq;=l=udrK - fcH' lÓldpd¾h
î' uÍkd Ysrdka;s o fidhsid - lÓldpd¾h
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fÊ'tï'ã' YHdud - .=re WmfoaYl
l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h - ñkqjkaf.dv
tï' fyajdú;drK
.=re fiajh - n'm' úoHdlr nd,sld úoHd,h - uyr.u
ta'tï' ìhxld tï' wfíisxy
.=re fiajh - n'm' O¾umd, úoHd,h - mkaksmsáh
tï'tï'tia'mS'fla' udrisxy
.=re fiajh - yxje,a, rdcisxy u'u' úoHd,h - yxje,a,
tÉ't,a' iuka l=udr
.=re fiajh - om$.d$YS% foajdkkao u' úoHd,h
wïn,kaf.dv
úIh ixialdrl
uKav,h ( fcHIaG uydpd¾h uqÈhkafia Èidkdhl
fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h úl%uisxy nKavdr
fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h wfidald Èidkdhl
wdpd¾h Ys%hdks rdcmlaI
fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h iqks,d rEmiair
fi!kao¾h l,d ú'ú' - fld<U 07
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1 mrsÉfþoh
1'0 mßirh weiqre lr.ksñka k¾;k ks¾udKh 1
2 mrsÉfþoh
2'0 k¾;k m%dfhda.sl l=i,;d m%o¾Ykh 16
3 mrsÉfþoh
3'0 idïm%odhsl jdoH NdKav yd úl,am jdoH WmlrK 44
4 mrsÉfþoh
4'0 YS% ,dxflah ixialD;sh yd ine¢ .dhkdj, miqìu 51
yd .dhkh
5 mrsÉfþoh
5'0 YS% ,dxflah k¾;k iïm%odh yd ine¢ ft;sydisl yd 53
ixialD;sl miqìu
6 mrsÉfþoh
6'0 l,dx.j, fi!kao¾hd;aul jákdlï 59
7 mrsÉfþoh
7'0 w;a±lSï weiqre lr.ksñka m%dix.sl l,dx. 73
ks¾udKh
vi
1 mßÉfþoh
mßirh ms<sn| wjfndaOh tys fi!kao¾h we.hSug Wmldrs fõ' wmg ióm
mßirh ksÍlaIKh lsÍfï § tys úúOdldr iajNdjhka ±l .; yels h' fufia iqkoa r;ajh
w.hk ksÍlaIKh" úúO ks¾udK lsÍug ukd msájy,la fõ' w;S;fha ñksid mßirfha
olakg ,efnk iajdNdúl jia;= foaj;ajfhka ie,l=fõ" tys w.h ms<n
s | ukd jegySulsks'
Tjqka úiska br y|" .ia je,a" ;drld" fmdf<dj hkdÈ jia;+ka i|yd úúO wdldrfhka
mQcd mj;ajkq ,enQ njg o úYajdihla mj;S' ta nj .eñ ck lúj, o i|yka h'
WodyrK f,i ud¾. ;ekSu" ckdjdi bÈ lsÍu" lDIsld¾ñl lghq;= i|yd jeõ
yd c, iïmdok l%u f.dvkeÕSu" l¾udka;Yd,d" Lksc iïm;a ,nd .ekSu wdosh oelaúh
yels h' fï fya;=fjka úúOdldr mdßißl .eg¨j,g uqyqK mdkakg;a" úúO mßir
ixrlaIK ls%hdud¾. f,i jk j.dj we;s lsrSu" rlaIs; wNhN+ñ msysgqùu iy mßirh
iq/lSfï mk;a jeks foa ls%hd;aul lsrSug;a isÿ úh'
úfoaY ixpdrlhka mjd YS% ,xldfõ mßirh ri ú£u i|yd meñfKkafka mßirfha
we;s iqkaor;ajh fya;=fjks'
mßirh
fndfyda úg .iaj, m;%" fld< meyefhka hqla; h' o¿" <d meyefhka hqla; jk
w;r" fïrE m;% ;o fld< meyefhka o" bÿKq m;% ly fyda r;= meyefhka o hq;= fõ'
iq<Õ yuk úg bÿKq m;% ìug jefgk whqre ksÍlaIKh l<fyd;a lsishï ßoauhlg
wkqj p,kh jk wdldrh o ±l .; yels h' th iq<fÕa iajNdjh wkqj fjkia fõ'
fuu p,kh ksid we;s jk Yío úúOdldr fõ'
iajdNdúl mßirfha Ôj;a ùug wdYdjla we;s jkafka yev;," ßoau rgd" j¾K"
kdo yd Yío wdÈfhka th w,xldr ù we;s ksid h'
WodyrK (
.x.djla wdrïN jkafka l÷ uqÿkl isg h' l=vd c, myrla f,i wdrïN ù th
flfuka m%udKfhka úYd, fõ' my<g weo yef,k c,h .,a ;,d ueÈka .,d
nisoa§ fld;rï pu;aldr ckl o@
.,al=¿ w;r yefmk c,l| ishqï y~la kxjñka iqÿ fmK ms~q u;= lrñka
,;djlg fuka u ßoauhlg wkqj .,d nisk wdldrh fld;rï ukialdka; jkafka o@
l÷ uqÿfka isg úúO yev;, Tiafia .,d tk c,h ;eks;,d m%foaYfha § b;d u fifuka
.,dhkakg mgka .kS' fufia .,k c,h yuk iq<Õg uqiq fjoa§ /<s kxjk wdldrh
b;d u pu;aldrckl h' fuys § úúO ßoau rgd u;= lrkafka tys fi!kao¾hd;aul
jákdlu wmg fmkajd foñks'
k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
3
.x bjqr fomiska we;s .iaj,ska jßka jr jefgk ly" oï" iqÿ" ks,a" r;= mdg u,a
ysñysg .,k c,hg tl;= ù my<g we§ hkafka mdjdvhla fia h'
fufia .,d tk .x.d c,h" uqyqog jefgk ia:dkfha ^.x fudah& ksy~ j /£
mj;S' wjáka yuk isis,a iq<Õska isyska /<s kxjñka úúO Yío yd kdo u;= lrñka
ßoauhlg wkqj p,kh jk wdldrh iqkaor o¾Ykhla ujd mdhs'
fujka mßirhla ;=< wmg wefik úúO Yío yd kdo lsysmhlg WodyrK (
fhdað; lsh
% dldrlu i|yd Wmfoia
1' Tn ÿgq mßirfha wisßh ms<sn| lú" .S; ke;fyd;a is;=jula ks¾udKh lrkak'
2' mßirfha fi!kao¾hd;aul jákdlï ms<sn| j l;djla lrkak'
3' my; ±lafjk ls%hdldrlï p,k udOHfhka bÈßm;a lrkak'
• .iaje,a fi,ùu yd weUÍu
• we<fod< .x.d .,d neiSu
• weú§u" Èùu" mekSu
i;a;aj pß; muKla fkdj úúO ñksia pß; o mßirfha olakg we;' zmqyq,a
fydrd lfrka ±fkhsZ l:dfõ mqyq,a fydrdf.a pß;fhys my; i|yka ,laIK biau;=
fjhs'
fhdað; lsh
% dldrlu i|yd Wmfoia
1' iqúfYaI ,laIK y÷kd .ksñka ñksia yd i;a;aj pß; lSmhla ksrEmKh lrkak'
2' tla tla pß; i|yd fhdod .; yels w,xldr mo lSmhla f.dvkÕkak'
k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
5
• pß; ksrEmKfha § i;=g m%o¾Ykh lsÍu
mßirfha iqkaor;ajh w.h lrk ñksid ksrka;rfhka i;=gg m;a jkafka tys
we;s iqúfYaI ,laIK wkqj h' u,aj;=" tajdfhys ta fï w; mshdUk iuk<hka fuka
u" l=re¨ kdo ksid mßirfha iqkaor;ajh ;j;a jeä fõ' tajd wdiajdokfhka isf;a we;s
jk mS%;sh ksrEmKh jkafka uqyqfKa yd YÍrfha úúO bßhjq u.sks'
ì;= is;=jï" uQ¾;s yd Ñ;% wdÈfha o i;=g fmkajk wjia:d olakg we;' tys
iqúfYaI;d wOHhkh lsÍu b;d jeo.;a fõ'
1 rEmh 2 rEmh
±ka Tng 1 rEmfha yd 2 rEmfha fjki y÷kd .; yels h' ñksid Ôú;fha iEu
wjia:djl § u úúO Ndj ^uqqyqfKa iajNdjhka& ksrEmKh lrhs' i;=g ksrEmKh
lrk whqre yd tajd k¾;kfha § Ndú; lrk wdldrh by; f;dr;=re uÕska meyeÈ,s
lr.; yels h'
fhdað; lsh
% dldrlu i|yd Wmfoia
• ,S fl<s
• l<
• l=¨
• ijrka
• m;=re
• pdur
• fõje,a
• f.dhï
• fuda,a.ia
• rnka
• lvq
• ir, nj
• iduQysl nj
• WmlrK Ndú; lsÍu
• .dhkh iys; ùu
• tulu
• úfkdaoh
• ir, nj
.eñ kegqu i|yd ir, p,k Ndú; lrhs' k¾;kh ms<sn| úêu;a mqyqKqjla fkd
,enQ flfkl=g jqj o iyNd.s úh yels whqßka ir, p,k Ndú; lr k¾;k
ks¾udKh l< yels h' ir, rx. jia;%" ir, ;d, yd ne¢ kdoud,d yd ir,
NdIdj we;=<;a ù ;sîu iqúfYaI ,laIKhls'
.eñ kegqï bÈßm;a lsÍu i|yd fndfyda fofkl=f.a iyNd.s;ajh wjYH fõ'
lKavdhï jYfhka keàu fuys úfYaI;ajhls' tlsfkld w;r iïnkaO;d
mj;ajñka mo k¾;kh isÿ fõ'
• tulu
.eñ kegqul § WmlrK Ndú; lrk w;r tu WmlrK yd ne¢ ls%hdjka kegqu
uÕska bÈßm;a lsÍu .eñ kegqfï iajNdjh hs'
• úfkdaoh
• ,S fl<s kegqu
,S fl<s lú
$ $ $ $
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t l m ÷ frka - ,S -
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fkla - f;da - rd - f. k
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w ms;a - fl <s uq ,S -
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fyda
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is r i k uka - fka -
• l<f.ä kegqu (
• fmryerj, §
• wjqreÿ W;aijj, §
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• úúO m%ix.j, §
l<f.ä lú
$ $ $ $
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fma - <s ie § - w Õ - - - -
fkda - ie r iS - ,d - - - - -
kS - , j r , l= iq - - - -
uka - . j id - ,d - - - - -
flda - , fkd ù - i n - - - -
ue o g je § - ,d - - - - -
nd - , ,s fhda - l < - - - -
ms ô ;s ie § - ,d - - - - -
ld¾h m;%sldj
my; i|yka lshuka yß kï ^ & ,l=K o jerÈ kï ^ & ,l=K o bÈß fldgqfõ i|yka
lrkak'
1' .eñ ck;djf.a is;=ï me;=ï weoys,s yd úYajdi .eñ kegqï ks¾udKh
i|yd n,md ;sfí'
5' ,S fl<sh ms<sn| j i|yka jkafka fÊ'B' fiaoruka uy;df.a Wvrg kegqï
l,d lD;sfhys h'
6' ir, p,k jqj o ks¾udKd;aul j bÈßm;a lsÍu .eñ kegqul úÑ;%;ajhg
fya;= fõ'
ksis f,i ls%hdldrlï lsÍug wjYH kuH;dj i|yd YdÍßl wNHdi jeo.;a
fjhs' k¾;kfha § fuh b;d jeo.;a jkafka k¾;khg wjYH YdÍßl yev;,
ks¾udKhg isref¾ kuH;dj jeo.;a jk fyhsks' k¾;kfha § isref¾ fldgia
úúOdldrhg p,kh ùu isÿ fjhs'
k¾;kh i|yd wjYH iunr;dj" ieye,a¨j" ord .ekSu" bßhjq mEu wdÈh
ksjerÈ lr.ekSu i|yd wNHdi jeo.;a fõ' ta ta k¾;k iïm%odhg wjYH ksjerÈ
wx.ydrhka ilia lr .ekSug kuH;d wNHdi bjy,a fõ'
• isref¾ kuH;dj
• úúO yev;, ks¾udKh
• ßoauhlg wkqj wNHdi lsÍu jeo.;a fõ'
1' ksoyfia weú§u" ksoyfia mksñka hEu" Èùu" fmr<Su" nv.Eu" ßx.Su'''''''''
2' tl ;ek Wv mekSu" tl ;ek Èùu" bK lerleùu" YÍrh yels<Su''''''
fuys wxl ^1& hgf;a olajd we;s ls%hdldrlï ixpdß p,k kñka o wxl ^2& hgf;a
olajd we;s ls%hdldrlï iaÓ;sl p,k kñka o ye¢kafõ' fuu p,k j¾. folg
u .e<fmk f,i ls%hdldrlï ks¾udKh lr .; yels h' by; p,k j¾. fol
i|yd ir, ls%hdldrlï folla my; ±lafõ' fujeks ls%hdldrlï ks¾udKh lr
.ekSug yelshdjka o ;sìh hq;= h'
ls%hdldrlu 01
• idudkH .uka lsÍu" weÕs,s ;=vqj,ska weú§u" jus ll=, jug iy ol=Kq ll=,
ol=Kg yrjd weú§u wdÈ iEu weú§ul § u bÈßhg iy miaig weú§u l< yels h'
• idfjda rxpqjla ksoyfia mek mek hñka" jgmsg n,ñka" W÷msh,sh l;s' bka miq
wi, we;s Èh lä;a;lska j;=r î" .ila hgg ù ks|kakg fj;s' kßhl=f.a
Yíohla weiS ìh jqKq idfjda fõ.fhka ÿjkakg mgka .ks;s'
ls%hdldrlu 02
• fldaÉÑfha .uka iajNdjh wkqj meoa§u" YÍrh by< hdu" YÍrh yels<Su jeks
p,k i|yd o l=vd ls%hdldrlï ks¾udKh lr .; hq;= h'
k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
16
wxl ^1& hgf;a we;s ls%hdldrlï lS%vdjla f,i;a" jHdhduhla f,i;a ±laúh yels
jqj o" th ;d,hg ßoauhlg lsÍfuka Bg;a jvd pu;aldrhla ±kùug yels fõ'
fï ls%hdldrlï fnr mohg wkqj ls%hd;aul lruq' fuys È ud;%d 2 + 2" ud;%d
2 + 3 iy ud;%d 4 + 4 ;d,j,g wh;a fnr mo Ndú; lr .; yels h'
WodyrK ( weú§u lrk w;r fnr mofha fjki iuÕ Èùu" mekSu" fmr<Su"
ßx.Su wdÈ úúO ls%hd o isÿ jk w;r" ;d,fha úúO;ajh yd fnr mofha úúO;ajh
±kùfuka tu wNHdi i;=áka yd úfkdaofhka l< yels h' fï uÕska udkisl i;=gla
o ,efí' fujeks ls%hdldrlï ;d,hg" ßoauhg wkqj lsÍfuka i;=g" udkisl iqjh we;s
fõ' th udkisl fi!LHhg fnfyúka u n,mdkq we;'
kuialdrh lsÍfï § fnr jdokh isÿ fkd lrk w;r" by; moh y~
kÕd ksjerÈ j lsj hq;= h' fuu mohg wkqj YsIHhd fyda Ys,amshd fyda
ksrEmKh lrk m%ldYkd;aul p,khkays .eí jQ jákd woyila we;'
tkï"
• kuialdrfha woyi (
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msysg wdrlaIdj m;ñ'
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md irU ^Wvrg&
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;d,ïmgla Ndú; lrkak' fufia ;d, ;nñka moh lshoa§ kshñ; bßhõjl
isg ;d,ïmg ksjerÈ j w,a,d f.k ksje/È j y~ u;=jk mßÈ jdokh l<
hq;= h' iu.=K iy fo.=K hk ,h folg irUh wNHdi l< hq;= fõ'
ksjerÈ wx.ydr wkq.ukh lrñka irU wNHdi l< hq;= h' iu.=K iy
fo.=K hk ,hj,g md irU k¾;kh l< hq;= hs'
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fojk md irUh
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fo.=K f;hs lsg f;hs ;d f;hs lsg f;hs ;d f;hs lsg f;hs ;d f;hs lsg f;hs ;d
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
iu.=K f;hs - ls g f;hs - fodï - f;hs - ls g f;hs - fodï -
fo.=K f;hs lsg f;hs fodï f;hs lsg f;hs fodï f;hs lsg f;hs fodï f;hs lsg f;hs fodï
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
fuu yudr moh lSm j;djla u fyd¢ka ;d, ;nñka ksjerÈ j Yío kÕd
lsj hq;= hs' wk;=re j moh ksjerÈ wx.ydr iys; j wNHdi l< hq;= hs'
moh ( f;hs
;d,h ( ud;%d 4 ;d,h ^uy ;ks ;s;&
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
iu.=K
f;hs - - - f;hs - - - f;hs - - - f;hs - - -
fo.=K
f;hs - f;hs - f;hs - f;hs - f;hs - f;hs - f;hs - f;hs -
f;hs ;l
fuh fojk uKaä moh fõ' m<uq mofha § uq¿ mdoh u fmdf<djg m;s;
jk fia f;hs hkqfjka ;nkq ,efí' fojk irUfhka weÕs,sj,g yqrejla
,efnk wdldrhg mdo msysgqjk wdldrh;a ±lsh yels h'
moh ( f;hs ;l
;d,h ( ud;%d 4 ;ks ;s; ;d, ^uy ;ks ;s;&
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
uKaä mo yudrh (
f;hd" f;hd" f;hd" f;hd" f;hd
f;hs ;dï - f;hsh;a ;dï
ld¾h m;s%ldj
4' irU wNHdifha § k¾;k Ys,amshd isák uQ,sl bßhõj'''''''''''''''''''''''' kñka y÷kajhs'
^oKaäh$uKaäh&
fodñ lsg lsg fodñ fodñ lsg lsg fodñ fodñ lsg lsgfodñ fodñ lsg lsg fodñ
/ / /
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
/ / / /
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
fodñ lsg lsg fodñ fodñ lsg lsg fodñ fodñ lsg lsgfodñ fodñ lsg lsg fodñ
/ / / /
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
brÜáh - ls"g" ;d
/ /
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
ls - g - ;d - - -
-
brÜáhg kshñ; wlaIr ;=kg yia; p,k yd mdodx. úê ;=k m%o¾Ykh
úh hq;= h'
yia; p,k yd mdodx. iu. l|" ysi" fk; wdÈ Wmdx. p,kh lsÍug
yqre ùu fuu irUh keàfuka wfmalaId flf¾'
È;a ;d (
/ / / /
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
brÜáh ( È; .=| ;d
/ / / /
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
È - ; - .= - | - ;d - - - - - - -
f;hs
/ / / /
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
ksjerÈ wx.ydr iys; j uKaähg isg oE;a inr.uq iïm%odhg wkqj yeisrúh
hq;= fõ' tkï mmqj bÈßfha jl% wdldrhg .kakd w;a fofla jï w; w,a,
Ys,amh
s d foig;a ol=Kq w; w,a, bÈßhg;a isák f,i;a ;eìh hq;= h' ju" ol=Kq
fjka fjka jYfhka w; yerùu fuys § isÿ flf¾'
f;hs ;l
/ / / /
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
tla w;la ;ukaf.a me;a;g yd bÈßhg yerùu fuys § isÿ flf¾' mdodx.
iu. l|" ysi wdÈ Wmdx. p,kh lsÍug yqre ùu fuhska isÿ flf¾'
YrSrfha m%Odk fldgia f,i ysi" oE;a" bÕáh ^Wl=<& mmqj" fomd" n| jYfhka
fldgia 6ls' fuu m%Odk wx. Tiafia woyia f.k yer ±laùula flfrk w;r fïjd
YÍrfha m%Odk wx. f,i ye¢kafõ' óg wu;r j isref¾ wfkl=;a fldgia o p,kh ùu
isÿ jk w;r tajd m%;Hx. yd Wmdx. f,i y÷kajhs' k¾;kh lrk flfkl= ;=< olakg
,efnk ,laIK ksÍlaIKh lsÍfuka fuh meyeÈ,s lr .; yels h' w;a yd mdo p,kh"
keóu" È. yeÍu" weÕs,sj,ska lrkq ,nk p,k" ysi keóu È. yeÍu" uqyqfKka bÈßh
n,k whqre ksÍlaIKh lsÍu fuys § jeo.;a fõ'
Bg wu;r j YÍrh úúO whqßka yiqrejk whqre ksÍlaIKh lsÍu o jeo.;a fõ'
b| .ekSu" mekSu" u|la my;a ùu" my;a ùu" Wv mekSu jeks ls%hdldrlï i|yd YÍrfha
úYd, fldgia fuka u l=vd fldgia o Ndú;hg .ekSu isÿfjhs' YÍrfha fldgia wx."
m%;Hx. yd Wmdx. f,i ye¢kafjhs'
wx. ( ysi" l| w;a" mdo
m%;Hx. ( je<ñg" weÕs,s" fn,a," oKysi''''
Wmdx. ( weys neu" lïuq,a" f;d,a" weiafnda,h
foaYSh k¾;k l,dj yeoEÍfï § wdOqksl Ys,amshl=g uQ,sl irU wNHdi lsÍug
fmr kuH;d wNHdi lsÍfuka wx." m%;Hx. yd Wmdx. k¾;khg wjYH mßÈ isrer
yiqrejd .ekSfï l=i,;dj j¾Okh lr.ekSug yels jkq we;' Wvrg" my;rg" inr.uq
k¾;k iïm%odhj, ta ta iïm%odhg wdfõKsl wx. ,laIK olakg we;' yia;" mdo
yeisrùfï úê l%u iïm%odhfhka iïm%odhhg fjkia fõ' tfuka u pß; ksrEmKhka
bÈßm;a lsÍu" .S;hlg wkqj k¾;k ks¾udK bÈßm;a lsÍu jeks wjia:d .ek wjOdkh
fhduq lruq' pß; ksrEmKhl § pß;fha yeisÍï rgdj" .ufka ßoauh" yevh .S;hkag
k¾;k bÈßm;a lsÍfï § .S;fha ßoauh" woyi ^Ndjd;aul yeÕSu& wx. m%;Hx. Wmdx.
ksjerÈ j yeisrùu uÕska id¾:l ks¾udKhla f.dvkÕd .; yels h'
k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
29
ls%hdldrlï (
Ôj;a jk mßirfha we;s .iaje,a w,xldr ù we;af;a tys we;s úúO jia;=j,
yevh yd j¾K wkqj h' tfuka u fkdfhl=;a yevfhka yd j¾Kj,ska hqla; we÷ï
me,÷ï yd wdNrKj,ska YÍrfha ndysr fmkqu w,xldr lr .; yels h' Ôú;hg b;d
jeo.;a jk YÍr fi!LHh b;d hym;a f,i mj;ajd .ekSug;a" YÍrfha yevh mj;ajd
.ekSug;a WmldÍ jk ;j;a tla idOlhla jkafka k¾;kh hs'
u,aj,g fm;s tl;= ùfuka uf,ys iqkaor;ajh jeä jkakd fia W.;a irUj,g
mekSu" lerlSu" jdä ùu jeks úúO p,k tl;= fldg mo ks¾udKh lr .; yels h'
thska k¾;kfha w,xldrh ;j ;j;a jeä lr .; yels fõ'
W.;a irU mo lSmhla weiqfrka fyda fjk;a idïm%odhsl p,k tl;= lsÍfukq;a
úúO w,xldr mo ks¾udKh lr .; yels h'
tla tla k¾;k iïm%odhhkag wdfõKsl p,k weiqßka lrkq ,nk w,xldr mo
ks¾udKfha § YsIH YlH;d ie,ls,a,g .; hq;= fõ' tfia fmdaIKh lr .;a yelshd
fjk;a k¾;k ks¾udK lsÍfï § Wmfhda. lr .; yels fõ'
mka;s ldurfha § fyda fjk;a wjia:dj, § Tn weiqre lr .;a idïm%odhsl p,k weiqßka
my; i|yka ls%hdldrlfuys fhfokak'
• W.;a f.dv irU$b,x.ï irU$fodôk mo weiqre lr .ksñka tal, fyda iuQy fyda
jYfhka w,xldr mo ks¾udKh lr bÈßm;a lrkak'
ykqud jkaku k¾;kh lsÍfï § ol=Kq mdoh bÈßfhka ;nd tkï .S uKaäfha
isg ;dkug wkqj yia; p,k lrkq ,efí'
;dkfï § w,xldr mo keàu isÿ flf¾' ms<sfj<ska m<uq w,xldr moh kgd .S
uKaäfha isg lú mohg wkqj yia; p,k muKla isÿ flf¾' fï wdldrhg lú mo 4la
iy w,xldr mo 5la kshñ; wx.ydr wkq.ukh lrñka k¾;kfha fhÈúh yels h'
wjidkfha lia;sru" iSreudrej" wvõj k¾;kh lsÍu isÿ fõ'
lia;sru keàug fmr by; olajd we;s lia;sru ;d, ;nd lSfuka miq
k¾;kfha fh§u jeo.;a h'
wks,d jkaku
ud;%d 2 ;ks;s;g ðñ$; l=$od -$fodï - ojq,a moh lshñka ;d, ;eîfï §
ojqf,ka th jdokh lsÍu jvd;a id¾:l h'
$ $ $ $
;d, rEmh ( 1 2$ 1 2$ 1 2$ 1 2
ld¾h m;s%ldj
3' ksjerÈ kdoud,djg wkqj jkaku$iskaÿ jkaku ;d, ;nd .dhkh lrkak'
4' wod< jkaku$iskÿa jkaku i|yd mo lsysmhla fhdod .ksñka k¾;kfha fhfokak'
6' iduQysl k¾;khla f,i jkaku$iskaÿ jkaku úúO m%ix.hg bÈßm;a lrkak'
;d,h
;d,ïmg mshka fol tlg jid kdo lrk úg ksl=;a jk Yíoh zz;s;aZZ
Yíoh nj;a" laIKfhka úys § hk fia ;d,ïmfÜ mshka fol tlsfklg
,siaid jdokh lsÍfuka WmÈkafka zzf;hsZZ hk y~ nj;a fmkS hhs'
ud;%d
• iqÿ r;= ly u,a
• wr f.k mka i,a
wd>d;h
tla ud;%d leáhla i|yd tla wd>d;hla fhdokq ,efí' ud;%d 2" ud;%d 3"
ud;%d 4 wdÈ ;d, i|yd tla wd>d;hla fhoSu isÿ fõ'
Wod ( $ $ $ $
1 2 $ 1 2 $ 1 2 $ 1 2
$ $ $ $
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
iq ÿ r ;= l y u ,a
ix{d i,l=Kq
;s;a - ^
f;hs - $
wefok wlaIrhka ±laùu - - -
ksYaYío;ajh - +
wlaIr leá lr ±laùu -
^ $ ^ $
1 2 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 3
W v f. o r iq ÿ md - g
lúh
/ / / /
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
+ .s ßka .s r g me k
,e .=ï - fid hd - mq nq
/ $ / $
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
inr.uq ojq,a mo ð ñ ; . ;d - l= |
ud;%d 2 + 2 ;d,hg ^iq¿ ;ks ;s;g& wod< ,S fl<s .dhkhla m%ia;dr lsÍu
/ $ / $
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
t l m ÷ frka - ,S -
i hla - l md - f. k
t l W i we ;s i fo
fkla - f;da - rd - f. k
.= reka - w ; g § -
,S - fn o jd - f. k
w ms;a - fl <s uq ,S -
fo ms , ie § - f. k
ud;%d 3 + 3 ;d,hg ^ueÿï ;ks ;s;& wod< ,S fl<s .dhkhla m%ia;dr lsÍu
/ / / /
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
+ br g T ì h b r uq ÿ fka -
+ is á hd - - - - - - - -
ud;%d 4 + 4 ;d,hg ^uy ;ks ;s;& wod< ,S fl<s .dhkhla m%ia;dr lsÍu
/ / / /
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
+ rg ,ska - we r ,d - m á f.ka - kd - ,d -
+ oÕ fr g o u ,d - f.d ; k r f.a - - -
/ $ / $
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
l= | . ; . ; fodï -
;dku + ; kï o k;a - ;ï -
o k;a - ; kï - o k
+ ; kï o k;a - ; fk
kd - - - - - f;hs -
+ ; kï o k;a - ;ï -
o k;a - ; kï - o k
+ ; kï o k;a - ; fk
kd - - - - - - -
lúh + .s ßka .s r g me k
,e .=ï - fid hd - mq nq
+ o ñka w re K l <
ud - - - - - f.d r
+ fo ñka ke j ; j g
ms áka - n , ;s fk l
+ Wiq ¿ ú iq ¿ mq ÿ
ud - - - - - - -
;d -
/ $ / $
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
.= ¢ ls g . ; fodï -
;dku f; fk kï - f; k f; fk
kd - - f; kï - f; k
f; fk kï - f; k f; fk
kd - - - - - - -
w ;= fid ¢ fka - È ,s
rka - ; ,s fka - k j
m ¨ ú , fia - - -
brÜáh . ys ;s - . ; fodx -
.= .= | ; ß - - -
fodï - ; l È l= | l
±ysï -
/ $ / $
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
ojq,a moh ð ñ ; . ;d - l= |
;dku ; fk kd - - - ; k
;d - k ; kï - o k
; fk kd - - - ; k
;ï - o k ;d - kd -
lúh t l ,d - - - u y
rd - c k rd - È m
je v ,d - - - b |
isx - yd - i k ms g
w ks ,d - - - y ~
fo k fuka - .= j k ;
ls h ,d - - - h k
kd - o w id - is g
. ;s ; l= È;a - ;;a -
ld¾h m;s%ldj
A B
4' ;s;a $
6' f;hs ^
ojq, ;ïueÜgu
k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
44
Wvelalsh rndk
;d,ïmg fydrKEj
mßirfhka ,nd.;a øjH yd ks¾ñ; øjH Ndú; lrñka úl,am jdoH WmlrK
ks¾udKh lr .; yels h' WodyrK ( tlaiaf¾ rndk" áka fnrh" o~q fnrh ^WK ,S
fnrh& fgdksla mshka j<,a," .ia,nq ng k<dj" f.dma fld< k<dj" mkd k<dj" ,S
len,s wdÈh fõ' tu úl,am jdoH WmlrK ieliSfï § úúO Ys,am l%u Ndú; l< yels
h' ta i|yd wjYH jkafka ks¾udKd;aul Ñka;kh uÕska fufyhjk m%dfhda.l
s lrKfha
fh§u h' ta wkqj úl,am jdoH WmlrKj,ska y~ Wmojd .ekSug we;s,a,Su" fi,ùu"
;Ügq lsÍu$;e<Su yd msöu wdÈ úúO l%u Ys,am Ndú; l< yels fõ'
we;s,,
a Sfuka - • áka mshka m;a folla tlg we;s,a,Su
• .,a folla tlg we;s,a,Su
• áka tlla ìu we;s,a,Su
• ßðf*daï len,s folla tlg we;s,a,Su
fnrh (
áka fnrh (
áka fnr Yíoh ;shqKq h' th fldagqjlska fyda weÕs,sj,ska fyda jdokh l<
yels h' óg wu;r j úúO Yío we;s jk mßÈ jqj o ilia lr .; yels h'
áka tlla fyda fjk;a ljdldr l=yr iys; n÷kla fyda f.k tys fome;a;g
lmd .;a ne¨khlska fnr weia ilia lr .; yels h' my; i|yka mska;+rh
n,kak'
idok l%uh (
áka tflys fyda fjk;a l=yr iys; n÷fkys fyda fome;a; ysia j ;sìh hq;=
h' ne¨ka folla f.k tys uq,a fldgi lmd ljdldr fldgi" ilia lr .;a
n÷fkys fome;a;g fhdod uQK; rn¾ máhlska fyda kQ,lska ;o lr n¢kak'
fuh fldagqjlska fyda w;ska fyda jdokh l< yels h' jdoH WmlrKfha rn¾
ojgkh ueÈka weo" w;yeß úg Yíohla ksl=;a fõ' ^x i,l=K n,kak'&
k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
47
tlaif
a ¾ fnrh (
tlaiaf¾ fld<j,ska ilia l< yels rndkls' fï i|yd rjqï ke;fyd;a y;/
ia wjldYhla wjYH fõ'
idok l%uh (
wÕ,a 2-3 olajd jQ ljdldr fyda y;/ia fyda wjldYhla ilid .; hq;= h' ,S
lene,s lSmhla ta i|yd wjYH fõ' mska;+rfha mßÈ ilid .kak'
fid,jkh (
áka tllg fyda ma,diaála n÷klg fyda l=vd .,a lSmhla oud .ekSfuka fuh
ilid .; yels h' Bg wu;r j me;,s Ndckhlg ^áka$ma,diaála& .,aleg
oud o ilia lr .; yels h' thg ;Ügq lsÍfuka Yío ksl=;a fõ'
1' l=vd .ï fnda;,a lsysmhla f.k thg úúO uÜgïj,g j;=r mqrjd msöfuka
Yío bmoúh yels h' fuh isiqka lSm fofkl=g § úêu;a úúO Yío bmoúh
yels h' Bg wu;r j msôk .uka fnda;,h ;o lsÍfuka yd nqre,a lsÍfuka
Yíoh Wia my;a fõ
f;audjla wkqj iuQy jdokhla ks¾udKh lrkafka kï" tys úúO wjia:d ms<sn|
wjfndaOh wjYH fõ' WodyrK f,i fldaÉÑh f;aud lr .ksñka jdok NdKavj,ska
jdokh lsÍfï § fldaÉÑfha k<d y~" fifuka .uka lsÍu" fõ.fhka .uka lsÍu" ;sßx.
;o lsÍu wdÈ Yío ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ;sìh hq;= h' tfuka u ta ta wjia:dj, Yío yd
kdo ud¾.fhka y~ ksmoùu i|yd iqÿiq jdoH NdKav f;dard .; hq;= h'
m%dix.sl wx.hla f,i bÈßm;a lsÍfï § ÿïßhfmd<ska uÕSkag ,nd fok mKsúv
jqj o jpkfhka lSfuka miq jdokh wdrïN l< yels h' ^Wod ( ;=ka jeks fõÈldfõ
kj;d we;s ÿïßh y,dj; n,d msg;a fõ' ÿïßh kj;ajkafka urodk" rd.u" cd we<"
lgqkdhl" ó.uqj hk ÿïßh ia:dkj, muKs'&
iuQy jdokh NdKavj, Yío yd kdo wkqj j¾. l< yels h' WodyrK ( fnr j¾."
áka fid,jk" k<d j¾.& jdokfha § ;d,h" ßoauh" fõ.h yd Yío kdo md,kh ms<sn|
wjfndaOh jeo.;a fõ'
• ,S fl<s lú .dhkd
l<f.ä
•k¾;kh 6 fYa%Klú .dhkd
sh - w;s f¾l lshùï fmd;
51
úfkdaodiajdoh Wfoid ks¾udKh ù we;s lú úfYaIhla f,i l<f.ä lú
ye¢kafõ' fuu lúj,ska ldka;djka l<h /f.k Èhg hEu " ldka;d yevrej yd rEm
iajNdjh" Tjqka iakdkh lrñka Wiq¿ úiq¿ lsÍu' l<h ks¾udKh lr .kakd wdldrh
tys we;s jákdlu" iduQysl;ajh yd wfkHdakH iqyo;ajh wdÈh ms<sn| j lshefõ'
fuu lú l<f.ä kegqu i|yd fhdod .kakd w;r" tajd b;d ir, kdoud,dj,ska"
;d,rgdj,ska yd ir, nia jyrlska hqla; fõ'
• jkakï .dhkh
zzjkakïZZ hkq ( Wvrg" my;rg" inr.uq k¾;k iïm%odhhka ;=kg u fmdÿ jQjls'
fïjd rpkd ù we;af;a .dhkh i|yd jqj o" miqld,Sk j k¾;kh i|yd o fhdod f.k
we;' Wvrg yd inr.uq k¾;k iïm%odhj, § jkakï hk kñka o" my;rg k¾;k
iïm%odfha § ziskaÿ jkakïZ hk kñka o fïjd y÷kajkq ,efí'
Wvrg jkakï uykqjr lúldr uvqj o" my;rg iskaÿ jkakï fojqkaor Wmq,ajka
foajd,h o" inr.uq jkakï iuka foajd,h o wdYs%; j ks¾udKh ù we;'
ta wkqj" tla tla k¾;k iïm%odhh wkqj jkakïj, kdoud,d ieliS we;' iEu
jkakul u kdoud,dj zz;dkuZZ uÕska ms<sìUq fõ' tla tla jkakï i|yd idïm%odhsl
fnr mo we;'
^msgq wxl 32 isg 35 olajd we;=<;a lr we;s jkakï .dhkd Ndú;hg .kak'&
w;S;fha .=re f.or" .%dóh wOHdmkfha flakaøia:dkh úh' tod .=rejrhd <Õg f.dia
bf.k .;a ld,h mßj¾;kh ù we;af;a fudk ;rï fjkia wdldrhg o@
.=rekakdkafia iuÕ fnrh lf¾ ,d f.k miqmiska .uka .kakd f.da,hdg fnrfha
,lnqre, wkqj jdokh yqre lr.kakd wdldrh ms<sn| yi< ±kqula ,nd .ekSug ms<sjk'
tfia u" Ydka;sl¾u ieris,sj, § f.dmafld< we,a,Su" ishqï leghï lemSug fm,Uùu
wdÈ w;a±lSï uÕska wdOqksl Ys,amshd fyd| mkakrhla ,nd .kS' fufia l,la .;ùfuka
miq wdOqkslhd ish¨ Ydia;% m%.=K lr.;a Ys,amshl= njg m;a fõ'
mka;s ldurfha § f;rejka keu£u" fkd tfia kï wd.ug uq,a ;ek § lghq;=
lsÍu fuka u fjk;a ´kE u ld¾hhl § úfYaIfhka k¾;k$Ydka;sl¾u wdrïNfha §
tu idrO¾u tla lr .ekSu uÕska wd.u oyug <eÈhdjla we;s mqoa.,hl= f,i lghq;=
lsÍu ixialD;sl w.hla f,i ±laúh yels h'
mdjyka .,jd mka;s ldurhg m%fõY ùu" rÕuv,g m%fõY ùu wdÈ jYfhka ta
W;=ï ia:dk mdo iam¾Y lsÍu uÕska ta ta mú;% ia:dkj,g .re lsÍug mqreÿ mqyqKq ùu
jeo.;a fõ' .=re f.or § .=rejrhd keu| Tyqf.ka wdYs¾jdo ,nd f.k Ys,am wdrïN
lsÍfuka ´kE u hym;a ls%hdjl § jeäysáhka f.ka wdYS¾jdo ,nd f.k lghq;= lsÍug
fm,fUkq we;' .=re f.or § tfuka u mka;s ldurfha § fyda iudcfha § fyda jeäysáhkag
.re lrñka ta whf.a wdYS¾jdoh u; ;u lghq;= i|yd Ñ;a; ffO¾h we;s lr .kS'
ksr;=re k¾;kfha fhfok Ys,amshd mdif,a §" mka;s ldurfha §" iudcfha § m%cdj iuÕ
lghq;= lsÍfï § iduQysl yeÕSfuka hq;= j kdhl;ajhg .re lrñka lghq;= lrhs' tfia
u" YS% ,dxflah wkkH;dj wdrlaId jk mßÈ ixialD;sldx. wdrlaId lsÍug o fya fm,fò'
1' .=re f.or wOHdmkh uÕska Tn W.;a pdß;% 2la yd idrO¾u 2la kï lrkak'
2' .=re jkaokd .dhkhla ksjerÈ kdoud,djg wkqj .dhkh lrkak'
• foaYh
S k¾;k iïm%odh yd ine¢ f;dr;=re
foaYh
S k¾;k iïm%odhhka jYfhka y÷kajkafka Wvrg k¾;kh" my;rg
k¾;kh yd inr.uq k¾;kh hs' fuu k¾;k iïm%odhhka m%p,s; m%foaY"
Ndú; lrk rx. jia;%dNrK" jdokh lrk NdKav wdÈh tlsfklg fjkia
iajrEmhla .kS' th fufia j.= .; lr ±laúh yels h'
ks ;;
a fj, .=Khd
k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
56
1906 § Wm; ,o ks;a;fj, .=Khd .=re;=ud" Wvrg kegqu m%N+ iudcfha
wjOdkhg ,la fkdù ;snQ hq.hl th iudcfha wjOdkhg ,la l<d fia u"
idïm%odhsl Wvrg k¾;kh m%dix.sl fõÈldjg iqÿiq f,i ilia lsÍfï
mqfrda.dñhd o úh' tfia u" cd;Hka;r ;,hg Wvrg k¾;kh f.k hEug
lghq;= lf<a h' ks¾udKlrKhg Wr foñka jkakï 18g wu;r j iuk<
jkaku ks¾udKh lf<a h' fï wdldrhg bgq l< udyeÕs fiajh w.hñka
1950 jif¾ § t;=udf.a rej we;=<;a ;eme,a uqoaorhla ksl=;a lr we;'
iqj| yekakeÈf.a iõßia is,ajd uy;df.a Wmka .u ;x.,a, hs' 1896 j¾Ifha
Wm; ,o fu;=ud isxy," md,s" ixialD; NdId ms<sn| j o yi< ±kqula we;af;ls'
my;rg kegqï ms<sn| olaI k¾;k Ys,amsfhls' m%ùK .=rejrfhls' my;rg
k¾;k l,dj m%p,s; lsÍug;a" m%dix.sl l,djla f,i kQ;k fõÈldjg
f.k taug;a lghq;= l< fu;=ud" rcfha l,dh;kfhys ndysr lÓldpd¾hjrhl=
f,i o lghq;= lf<a h'
1948 § chka;s l,dh;kh ìys lrñka isiqkag ismai;r ,nd ÿkafka h' 1958
jd¾Isl mQcd
1' w¨;a iy,a ux.,Hh
2' w¨;a wjqreÿ W;aijh
3' b,auy ld¾;sl W;aijh
4' wei< fmryer W;aijh
msß;a iÊ®dhkd lsÍfuka fmryer pdß;% wdrïN lrkq ,efí' bka miq j
fmryerg iïnkaO jk ish¨ fokd u k¾;k Ys,amSka yd fm<.eiS fmryerg iQodkï
fj;s' fmryer msg;a ùu i|yd wKfok fjä,a, m;a;= lrhs'
fmruqfKa rd, yd fyaúis jdolfhda" k¾;k Ys,amSyq" w,s we;=ka iys; o<od lr~qj
/.;a yia;s rdchd Bg msgqmiska .uka lr;s'
bka miq m;a;sks fmryef¾ ldka;dfjda iqÿ jia;% we| foda,dj wi,ska .uka lr;s'
iuka foú fmryef¾ iuka foaj wdNrK" foda,dj yd l=udr r:h wdÈh /f.k hkq
,efí' th ìfida fmryer" l=udr fmryer" iuka foõ rc fmryer hkqfjka y÷kajkq
,efí' fuys § o fyaúis jdolfhda iy inr.uq k¾;k Ys,amSyq iyNd.s fj;s' fufia
fyaúis jdok lKavdhï fmrgq j inr.uq k¾;k we÷ï lÜg,fhka ieriqKq k¾;k
lKavdhï o iuka foajd, fmryerg iyNd.s jk w;r" Wvrg fjia kegqï" mkaf;are yd
Wvelals k¾;k lKavdhï fuka u úúO ck kegqï wdÈh o ±l .; yels h' tfia u"
my;rg f;,afu" fofjd,a" jä.mgqk wdÈ k¾;k yd úfYaIfhka fmryer wjidkfha
ks, we÷ñka ieriqKq ks,Odß uKav,h .uka lsÍu mqrdKfha isg mej; tk isß;ls'
rkafoda,s fmryer wjidk Èkhg miq Èk" oyj, Èh lemSfï pdß;%h isÿ lrkq
,efí' fmryer W;aijh iïmQ¾Kfhka u ksud jkafka .rdhl=u keàfuks'
fufia n,k l," YS% ,xldfõ meje;afjk fmryer w;r iuka foajd, fmryerg
iqúfYaI ;ekla ysñ fõ'
ld¾h m;s%ldj
.eñ kegqï f,dalfha iEu rgl u ±lsh yels h' .eñ ck;djf.a úúO Ôjk
jD;a;Ska yd w;a±lSï wkqj .eñ kegqï ks¾udKh ù we;' ta ta rgj,g wdfõKsl ,laIK
miqìï lr .ksñka .eñ kegqï ks¾udKh ù ;sfí'
ir, nj" iduQysl iyNd.s;ajh" tulu wdos iqúfYaI ,laIK fuu l,dx.hg fmdÿ
h' úúO cd;Ska w;r úúO .eñ kegqï ±lsh yels jqj;a" øúv ck;djf.a .eñ kegqï yd
isxy, ck;djf.a .eñ kegqï ta w;ßka úfYaI fõ' ljr fyhska o h;a isxy, .eñ
kegqïj,g iudk;d we;s øúv .eñ kegqï we;s neúks' ta w;ßka fiïnq yd flda,dÜgï
m%Odk fõ'
fiïnq" isxy, .eñ kegqïj, l< kegqug o" flda,dÜgï ,S fl<s kegqug o
iudk;d olajhs' fuu .eñ kegqï i|yd øúv .dhkd Ndú; lrhs'
fiïnq kegqï
flda,dÜgï
• fï yd iïnkaO j
flda,dÜgï
• mskak,a flda,dÜgï
hkqfjka o ;j;a k¾;k
wx.hla olakg ,efí'
• lKqjlg n¢k ,o
,Kq má ,Shlg
iïnkaO lrñka
lKqj jfÜ rgd
fudaia;rhla úhñka
rÕ ±laùu fuys
úfYaI;ajhhs'
• úfYaIfhka
ff;fmdx.,a jeks
wd.ñl W;aijhkays mskak,a flda,dÜgï
fuh olakg we;s w;r" wo úfkdaoh wruqKq lr .;a
iudc W;aijhkays § o Ndú; flf¾'
• isiqka ixLHdj wkqj tla lKavdhula fyda lKavdhï lsyms hla fyda iEfokak'
• .=re;=ud$.=re;=ñh yd tla j .S;fha ;d, rEmh yd kdoud,dj y÷kd .kak'
• lsysm jdrhla .S;h fyd¢ka .dhkh lrñka mqyqKq jkak'
• m<uq j .S;fha kdoud,djg wkqj ,S w;g .;a oE; bk u; ;nd f.k rjqulg
.uka lrkak' ^m<uq j ú¿U fmdf<djg ;eîu;a" Wrysi bÈßhg" ol=Kg"
jug jYfhka yeÍu;a iys; j&
• l%ufhka ,S .iñka rjqfï hkak' fuys § my<g yd by<g jYfhka ,S .iñka
hEfuka rx.kh jvd;a w,xldr jkq we;'
• rjqu ;=< u ;j;a rgdjla ks¾udKh lr .; yels h' fuh o b;d u ir, h'
fuys § rjqï folla f,i ilia ù tla lKavdhula p,kh lrñka rjqfï tla
me;a;lg .uka lsÍu;a" wfkla lKavdhu rjqfï wfkla me;a;g;a ;d,hg
mdo ;nñka m<uq wdldrfhka u ,S .iñka ;d,hg .uka lsÍu'
• fuys § o tlsfkld w;r ÿr m%udKh iu j ;nd .ekSu ;=<ska ks¾udKh
jvd;a w,xldr jkq we;'
• .e<fmk ;j;a p,k lsysmhla u fï whqßka b;d ir, j ks¾udKh lr
.ekSug Tng yels jkq we;'
• fï i|yd .=re;=udf.a$.=re;=ñhf.a iydh jeo.;a jk w;r" ta ;=<ska jvd;a
w,xldrj;a k¾;k ks¾udKhlg iyNd.s ùug yels jkq we;'
k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
63
Tng Ndú;hg .; yels ir, rgd lsysmhla
bm§u
msßksjka mEu
ieu jirl u uehs udifha § fjila fmdfyda Èkh fhfohs' fuu ld,fha § .ia je,a
u,ska m,ska nr ù mßirh o buy;a isßhdjlska Èia fjhs'
yß jerÈ
úfYaIfhka fjila Èkfha § fkdfhla yevhg ilia l< w,xldr myka l+vq ieu
ksjil u o,ajkq ,efí' tÈkg úydr ìu msßisÿ fldg fn!oaO fldäj,ska irikq ,nk
w;r k.rfha ùÈj, o fn!oaO fldä t,a,kq ,efí' ieu ksjila u" ùÈhla u yd
k.rhla u rd;s% ld,fha § úÿ,s myka yd úÿ,s nqnq¿je,a wdÈfhka wdf,dalj;a lrkq
,efí'
;j o" myka l+vq ;r. meje;aùu isÿ lrk w;r" cd;l l;d iy nqÿ isß; miqìï
lr .ksñka o¾YkSh f;drK ks¾udKh lrkq o ±l .; yels h' fuu f;drK m%o¾Ykh
lrk ia:dkj, § úßÿ yd lú .dhkh o iqúfYaI wx.hls'
k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
66
• fjila W;aijh yd ine¢ k¾;k" .dhk" jdok wjia:d
fuu fmdfydh ksñ;s fldg mj;ajk ;j;a úÑ;%j;a wx.hka f,i Nla;s .S;
ikao¾Yk" fjila kdgH" mdi,a" oyï mdi,a iy úúO wdh;k uÕska ixúOdkh flf¾'
iuia; Ôùkag ;u Ôú;h wdrïN lsÍug;a Ôjh mj;ajd f.k hEug;a ysre
foúfhda Wmldr fj;s' ysre ^Èks÷& iajNdj O¾uhdf.a wmQ¾j ueùuls' iajNdj O¾uhdf.a
wmQ¾j ueùula jQ ßú u~,g ^ysre u~,g& mQfcdamydr olajk yskaÿkaf.a úfYaI Èkhla
f,i ff;fmdx.,a Èkh ye¢kaúh yels h'
lDIs l¾udka;fhka Ôj;a jk f.dùka ;u f.dú;ek ireidr lr .ekSug;a
jvd;a M,odhS wiajekakla ,nd §ug;a
ufyda m ldr jQ ys r e foúhka g fuu
W;aijfha § m%:ufhka mQfcdamydr olajkq
,efí' fuys § ;uka fk<d .;a
wiajekafka w.%Nd.h ^uq,a fldgi& iQ¾h
foúhka wìhi lsß W;=rejd lsßn;la iod
mqokq ,efí'
• ff;fmdx.,a hkq (
bka miq lsßn;a flfi,af.ä wdÈh ljd tu i;=ka i;=gq lrjk w;r" wi,ajdiSka
o fuu wjia:dj i|yd tla lr .ks;s'
we;eï .ïj, fuu .jhka lr;a;j, ne| zzfmdx.,a fmdx.,aZZ lshñka .fï
ixpdrh lrkq ,efí' mÜá fmdx.,a hkqfjka y÷kajkafka tu ixpdrh hs'
zzudÜgq fmdx.,aZZ Èkhg miq Èkh zz;kaks fmdx.,aZZ Èkh fõ' fuh YS% ,xldfõ
olakg ke;;a ol=Kq bkaÈhdfõ olakg ,efnk W;aijhls' tu Èkfha § Wia my;a
fNaohlska f;dr j tlsfkld uqK .eiS ÿl iem úuiñka i;=g fnod .ks;s' tfuka u
wm ÈkQ iïm; Èfka jd hk oñ< ixialD;sh wdrlaId lr .ekSug ljqre;a fï Èkfha §
tlsfkldg wdYS¾jdo lr .ks;s' ;u ksfjiaj,g lsß b;sf¾ jd hkak o m%d¾:kh lr;s'
;uka fj;g hula b,a,d f.k tk ish¨ fokdg u hula §u;a" kEoE ys;ñ;=rka w;r
lEu îu wdÈh § i;=gq lsÍu;a fuÈk isÿ fõ'
• k;a;,a W;aijh
fuÈk tlsfkldg iqn m;ñka ;E.s fnda. ,nd § pdß;% bgq lsÍfuka o" lf;da,sl
ne;su;=kaf.a Ydia;DjrhdKka jk fÊiq ;=ukaf.a o¾Ykh w.h lsÍu;a w¾:j;a lsÍu;a
isÿ lrkq ,efí' ;j o iduh" iu.sh" tluq;=lu yd l<.=K ie,lSu hkdÈh ;yjqre
flfrk iqúfYaI wjia:djla f,i k;a;,a W;aijh i|yka l< yels h'
.j f,k k;a;,a .i
tfuka u k;a;,a .S .dhkh k;a;,a W;aijfha § iqúfYaI jQjls' lefrd,a .S
f,i y÷kajk fuu .S; ,xldfõ wdrïN ù we;af;a mD;=.Sis hq.fha § nj i|yka jk
w;r" fuu .S; idys;Hh wdrïN lsÍug lghq;= lr we;af;a bkaÈhdkq cd;sl zzcdfldafï
f.dkaid,afõiaZZ msh;=ud h'
k;a;f,a ;j;a iqúfYaI pß;hla jkafka k;a;,a iShd h' iqúfYaI we÷ulska
ieriS isák fudyq l=vd orejkag yd <ud <mákag ;E.s fnda. § i;=gq lsÍu isÿ lrhs'
fuh ;=¾lsfha úiQ Ydka; ksl,ia msh;=ud úiska wdrïN l< nj i|yka fõ'
ld¾h m;s%ldj
mdkaoßka biafldaf,g
mdkaoßka'''''''
.=re;=ñh ( ´kak mqf;a" tod rx.shs" wußhs ,iaiK .S; folla fydhd f.k weú,a,d
;snK
q fka' ta .S; fol u fyd|hs wmg k¾;k ks¾udK mdvug' uq,ska
u wms ta .S; fol .dhkd lruq' miq j má.; lrk ,o .S;h wyuq'
.=re;=ñh ( .S;h .dhkh lr,d ú;rla uÈ' wms n,uq ta .S;j, .dhkh" mo rpkh"
ix.S;h ks¾udKh lr,d ;sfhkafka ljqo lsh,d'
uhqr ( mdkaoßka biafldaf,a .S;h kï .dhkh lr,d ;sfhkafka y¾IK
Èidkdhl whshd'
mshqñ ( ksuka; fyaIdka whshd ;ud uf. fmdä hd¿ .S;h .dhkh lr,d
;sfhkafka'
.=re;=ñh ( tfykï fï úia;r ál;a wy.kak' uf.a fmdä hd¿ .S;fha mo rpkh
k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
lr,d ;sfhkafka uydpd¾h
74 iqk,
s a wdßhr;ak uy;d' ix.S;h ks¾udKh
ir;a úl%u uy;d zmdkaoßka biafldaf,aZ .S;h mo rpkh lr,d
;sfhkafka fidau;s,l Èidkdhl uy;d" ix.S;h ks¾udKh lr,d
;sfhkafka iqks,a ohdkkao fldakdr' t;fldg n,kak ta .S;j,g
fhdod f.k ;sfhk NdIdj" wmsg f;afrk ir, NdIdjla fka o@
lshkakfld n,kak ta .S;j, ;sfhk jvd;a leu;s jpk álla'
<uhs ( u,a fk<uq" Tre mÈuq" f.dvg huq' wehs àp¾ y¾IK whshf. iskaÿfj
;sfhk yKs yKslg kqU hk fldg" lsß ìõj ¨" yskeyqKd ¨" taj;a
.kak mq¿jka fka o@
u,a fk<uq" Tre mÈuq" f.ä lvuq$gekagq lr;af;a" yKs yKslg" kqUg fydfrka
w~kj ux" Wcdrejg hk wjia:d ksrEmKh lrñka rx.khl fhfokak' ±ka
ta .S;hg wjYH p,k fhdod .ksñka k¾;khka bÈßm;a lrkak'
Wmfoia
w;S;fha .=ref.or uq,a lr f.k meje;s wOHdmk l%uh wkqj .=rejrhd iuÕ
YsIHfhda ^f.da,fhda& Ydka;sl¾u mj;ajk ia:dkhg iyNd.s fj;s' tys § m%ùK Ys,amSka
úiska bÈ lrkq ,nk ieris,s yd leghï ks¾udK i|yd iydh §fuka ,nk w;a±lSï yd
wkqlrKh uÕska ;udf.a lemùu yd l=i,;dj u; Tjqyq fuu leghï l,dfjys ksr;
fj;s' fï i|yd f.dma fld< fhdod .kq ,nkafka leghï lsÍfï myiq j i|yd h'
fuhg fya;=j jkafka wjYH wdldrhg f.dma fld<h yiqrejd .ekSug we;s yelshdj hs'
l=vd ;,hla iys; ishqï j lefmk msyshla leghï lemSug Ndú; lrk w;r" fuys §
m<mqreoao b;d u jeo.;a fõ'
leghï l,dfõ fh§fuka ñksidf.a udkisl iqjh" ixhuh" bjiSu hkdÈ .=Kdx.
ks;e;ska u j¾Okh jk nj i|yka l< yels h' mdi,a isikq a f,i fujeks lsh
% dldrlïj,
fh§u uÕska by; .=Kdx. wm ;=< o j¾Okh lr .; yels w;r" tjeks ks¾udKj, ksr;
ùfï yelshd o j¾Okh lr .; yels h' tfuka u fï uÕska krUkakkaf.a is;a i;ka
m%fndaOj;a jk w;r" YS% ,dxflah leghï Ys,amSkaf.a wkkH;dj o m%o¾Ykh l< yels
h'
f.dma w;a; ieris,s i|yd Ndú; lsÍu úúOdldr fõ' tkï f.dma /yeka we§fï
isg f;drK" msß;a uKavm" ux., fmdare" wjux.,H wjia:d" Ydka;sl¾uj, ieris,s
olajd jQ úúO ks¾udK yd leghï l%u hkdÈh isxy, ieris,sj,g iy fudaia;rj,g
wh;a úfYaIdx. fõ' WodyrK (
wjYH øjH (
• f.dmafld< fkdue;s kï iqÿiq wdfoaYlhla
• msyshla$lvodis lmk msyshla$l;=r
• msysh Ndú; lsÍfï § .=re Wmfoia wkqj lghq;= l< hq;= h'
fuys § rEx fm;a;la" f.dma fld< k<djla u,la" wdÈh myiqfjka idod .; yels
ks¾udK jk w;r" my; i|yka mska;+r wdOdrlhla f,i Ndú; lrñka tjeks
ls%hdldrlula isÿ lsÍug W;aidy lruq'
• f.dma fld< i;r ne.ska lmd tys w.g idudkH .eghla ou;s' tfia lrkqfha
f.dmafld< w;a; ;snQ mßÈ tlsfklg fjkia fkdù ;nd .ekSu i|yd h'
k¾;kh 6 fYa%Ksh - w;sf¾l lshùï fmd;
77
tfuka u wjYH fld< m%udKh .Kka lr .ekSug;a blaukska lmd .ekSug;a
fuu l%uh wkq.ukh lrkq ,efí' m<uq j lmd .;a fld<h .eg.id .kakd
,o wfkla fld< u; ;nd lmd .ekSu isÿ lrkq ,nkafka tl yd iudk
yevfhka ish,a, lmd .ekSu i|yd h' fuys § leghug wh;a úfYaI ia:dk
ksh.ska fyda msys;=äka fyda i,l=Kq lr lemSu isÿ lrkq ,efí'
Wod (
1' by; ks¾udKh l< leghï weiqre lr f.k W;aij wjia:djlg iqÿiq f.dma fld<
ks¾udKhla ie,iqï lrkak'