Module 3 – Leadership

Leaders and Managers

Public Safety Junior Leadership Course

 Module 3 – Leadership

Definition of a Leader:

A leader is "a person who influences a group of people

towards the achievement of a goal". A mnemonic for this
definition would be 3P's - Person, People and Purpose as
illustrated by the following diagram.

Public Safety Junior Leadership Course

 Module 3 – Leadership

Public Safety Junior Leadership Course

 Module 3 – Leadership

Person
Is leadership a position of office or authority? Or, is leadership
an ability in the sense that he is a leader because he leads?
We all may know or hear of people who are in positions of
leadership but who are not providing leadership.

Public Safety Junior Leadership Course

 Module 3 – Leadership

A position of office is no guarantee of leadership but it helps in the

sense that a leadership position usually commands a listening ear
from its people and that is a good starting point for anyone who
desires to be a leader.

Public Safety Junior Leadership Course

 Module 3 – Leadership

A leader by its meaning is one who goes first and leads by

example, so that others are motivated to follow him. This is a
basic requirement. To be a leader, a person must have a deep-
rooted commitment to the goal that he will strive to achieve it
even if nobody follows him!

Public Safety Junior Leadership Course

 Module 3 – Leadership

Purpose

A requirement for leadership is personal vision - the ability to

visualize your goal as an accomplished fact; a thing already
achieved.

"The very essence of leadership is that you have to have vision.

You can't blow an uncertain trumpet."

Theodore M. Hesburgh

Public Safety Junior Leadership Course

 Module 3 – Leadership

People

To be a leader, one must have followers. To have followers,

one must have their trust. How do you win their trust? Why
would others trust you? Most important, are you worthy of their
trust?

Public Safety Junior Leadership Course

 Module 3 – Leadership

Why are some individuals more effective than others at

influencing people?

Effectiveness in leadership has been attributed to (1)

persuasion skills, (2) leadership styles and (3) personal
attributes of the leader. We will explore these further in another
article or two. Now, we will consider one critical element of
leadership (influence) - love for people.

Public Safety Junior Leadership Course

 Module 3 – Leadership

Leadership: being a leader or the ability to be a leader in an

organization. Leadership is stated as the process of social
influence in which one person can enlist the aid and support
of others in the accomplishment of a common task.

Public Safety Junior Leadership Course

 Module 3 – Leadership

Ingredients to be an Effective Leader:

▪ Handwork
▪ Patience
▪ Aggressiveness
▪ Must Exercise Leadership to guide subordinates
▪ Must communicate managerial decisions from higher
levels to subordinates
▪ Motivate subordinates, measure their responses
▪ Communicate their feelings and needs to higher echelons.

Public Safety Junior Leadership Course

 Module 3 – Leadership

Qualities and Skills of a Leader:

▪ He wields influence in the formation of opinions, attitudes,

values and behavior among his subordinates.
▪ He properly motivates and exert great influence on their
behavior
▪ He organizes his followers into an effective team working
to achieve set goals.
▪ He has the ability to decide on execution and
implementation of plans prepared by his suspicious to
meet organizational objectives

Public Safety Junior Leadership Course

 Module 3 – Leadership

▪ He relates his experiences to cultural realities and achieves

his job well using the force of his influence, precociousness
and authority
▪ A leader understand human nature. Subordinates will
appreciate a leader who can provide them their basic human
requirements.
▪ A leader should provide time for his subordinates to learn
new behavior.

Public Safety Junior Leadership Course

 Module 3 – Leadership

Seven Characteristics of an Ideal Leader:

▪ They never separate the word accountability from the word
responsibility
▪ They always seek advice and criticism to gain new insights
into their performance and into the goals they set.
▪ They recognize situation where a little extra effort is
required.

Public Safety Junior Leadership Course

 Module 3 – Leadership

▪ They maintain their enthusiasm in any circumstances

▪ They have the foresight to plan continually and to think ahead
▪ They understand how to prioritize amid a wide variety of daily
choices
▪ They love to ruin but at the same time accept the risks
involved in losing.

Public Safety Junior Leadership Course

 Module 3 – Leadership

Hierarchical Levels of Manager

1. Top Manager – a manager was is at the top of the

organizational hierarchy and responsible for the entire
organization.

Public Safety Junior Leadership Course

 Module 3 – Leadership

Manager Roles

1. Interpersonal Role – pertains to relationship with others

and are related to the human skill. It encompasses
relationship with subordinates including motivation,
communication and influence.

Public Safety Junior Leadership Course

 Module 3 – Leadership

2. Informational Role – describe the activities used to maintain

and develop an information network. The manager acquires
information from other and scan other materials to stay well
informed.
3. Decisional Role - pertains to those events about which the
manager must made a choice.

Public Safety Junior Leadership Course

 Module 3 – Leadership

Qualities of Leadership

Public Safety Junior Leadership Course

 Module 3 – Leadership

Types of Leadership Style:

Autocratic Leadership Style

▪ A leadership style where the leader makes all decisions

independently or without consulting with others.

▪ Advantages: good in certain circumstances, such as urgent

tasks or military actions.

▪ Disadvantages: poor decisions, poor level of employee

motivation.

Public Safety Junior Leadership Course

 Module 3 – Leadership

Democratic Leadership Style: (persuasive or consultative)

A leadership style where a leader encourages employee

participation in decision-making

Advantages: better decisions, employee motivation

Disadvantages: delayed decision, long consultation

Public Safety Junior Leadership Course

 Module 3 – Leadership

Laissez-faire leadership style

A leadership style where employees are encouraged to make

their own decisions within limits.

Advantages: more freedom for employees

Disadvantages; few guidelines, little incentive, poor motivation,

maybe a mess

Public Safety Junior Leadership Course

 Module 3 – Leadership

Question for Discussion

Leadership styles are also described by some researchers as

the following: telling leadership, selling leadership,
participating leadership, and delegating leadership. Could you
try to explain them?

Public Safety Junior Leadership Course

 Module 3 – Leadership

Which Leadership Style is best?

▪ Depend on function of the leader, subordinates and

situation.
▪ Some leaders can’t work well with high participation of
subordinates.
▪ Some employees lack the ability or desire to assume
responsibility.
▪ Participative decision making may be better when time
pressure is not acute.

Public Safety Junior Leadership Course

 Module 3 – Leadership

What Is A Manager?

▪ A manager is a person who is responsible for – he or she

manages – a part of a company which usually contains a
number of people, i.e. he or she is in charge of the
department and the people who work in it. In some cases, the
manager is in charge of the whole business, as in a
‘restaurant manager’.

Public Safety Junior Leadership Course

 Module 3 – Leadership

▪ A manager is a person who exercises managerial functions

primarily. He or she should have the power to hire, fire,
discipline, do performance appraisals, monitor attendance,
approve overtime, and authorize vacations. He or she is the
boss.
▪ The Manager’s duties also include managing employees or a
section of the company on a day-to-day basis.

Public Safety Junior Leadership Course

 Module 3 – Leadership

Public Safety Junior Leadership Course

 Module 3 – Leadership

Management: managers responsible for getting things done,

usually through other people or the process of realizing
organizational objectives through people and other resources.

Public Safety Junior Leadership Course

 Module 3 – Leadership

▪ Management in all business areas and organizational

activities refers to the acts of getting people together to
accomplish desired goals and objectives. Management
comprises planning, organizing, staffing, leading, planning,
organizing, or directing and controlling an organization or
effort for the purpose of accomplishing a goal.

Public Safety Junior Leadership Course

 Module 3 – Leadership

Functions of Management

▪ Planning
▪ Organizing
▪ Commanding
▪ Coordinating
▪ Motivating
▪ Controlling

Public Safety Junior Leadership Course

 Module 3 – Leadership

Managers as Leaders

Leadership Styles
Autocratic Leadership – boss makes decisions on their own
without consulting employees
Democratic Leadership – involves subordinates in making
decisions.

Public Safety Junior Leadership Course

 Module 3 – Leadership

Leadership Styles
Free-reign Leadership – leader believes in minimal
supervision, leaving most decisions to subordinates

Empowerment – practice in which managers lead employees

by sharing power, responsibility and decision making with
them.

Public Safety Junior Leadership Course

 Module 3 – Leadership

1. Autocratic or Authoritarian Leadership

An autocratic leader centralizes power and decision-making

himself. He gives orders, assigns tasks and duties without
consulting the employees. The leader takes full authority and
assumes full responsibility.

Public Safety Junior Leadership Course

 Module 3 – Leadership

Autocratic leadership is negative, based on threats and

punishment. Subordinates act as he directs. He neither cares
for their opinions nor permits them to influence the decision.
He believes that because of his authority he alone can decide
what is best in a given situation.

Public Safety Junior Leadership Course

 Module 3 – Leadership

▪ Autocratic leadership is based upon close supervision,

clear-cut direction and commanding order of the superior.
It facilitates quick decisions, prompt action and unity of
direction. It depends on a lesser degree of delegation. But
too much use of authority might result in strikes and
industrial disputes.

Public Safety Junior Leadership Course

 Module 3 – Leadership

▪ It is likely to produce frustration and retard the growth of the

capacity of employees. The employees work as hard as is
necessary to avoid punishment. They will thus produce the
minimum which will escape punishment.

Public Safety Junior Leadership Course

 Module 3 – Leadership

This leadership style is less likely to be effective because:

▪ the new direction is more independent and less submissive

and not amenable to rigid control;
▪ people look for ego satisfactions from their jobs; and
▪ revolution of rising expectations changed the attitude of the
people.

Public Safety Junior Leadership Course

 Module 3 – Leadership

Autocratic leadership may be divided into three (3) classes:

a. The hard-boiled autocrat who relies mainly on negative

influences uses the force of fear and punishment in directing
his subordinates towards the organizational goals. This is
likely to result in employees becoming resentful.

Public Safety Junior Leadership Course

 Module 3 – Leadership

b. The benevolent autocrat who relies mainly on positive

influences uses the reward and incentives in directing his
subordinates towards the organizational goals. By using praise
and pats on the back he secures the loyalty of subordinates who
accept his decisions.

Public Safety Junior Leadership Course

 Module 3 – Leadership

c. The manipulative autocrat who makes the employees feels

that they are participating in decision-making though the
manager himself has taken the decision. McGregor labels this
style as Theory X.

Public Safety Junior Leadership Course

 Module 3 – Leadership

d. Democratic or Participative Leadership – participative or

democratic leaders decentralize authority. It is characterized by
consultation with the subordinates and their participation in the
formulation of plans and policies. He encourages participation
in decision-making.

Public Safety Junior Leadership Course

 Module 3 – Leadership

He leads the subordinates mainly through persuasion and

example rather than fear and force. Sometimes the leader serves
as a moderator of the ideas and suggestions from his group.
McGregor labels this style as Theory Y.

Public Safety Junior Leadership Course

 Module 3 – Leadership

Taylor’s scientific management was based on the inability of the

ordinary employees to make effective decisions about their
work. Hence, the decision-making power was vested with the
management. But recent studies indicate the need for
participation by subordinates. The modern trend favors sharing
the responsibility with the employees.

Public Safety Junior Leadership Course

 Module 3 – Leadership

This will foster enthusiasm in them. The employees feel that

management is interested in them as well as in their ideas and
suggestions. They will, therefore, place their suggestions for
improvement.

Public Safety Junior Leadership Course

 Module 3 – Leadership

▪ Advantages for democratic leadership are:

▪ higher motivation and improved morale;
▪ increased co-operation with the management;
▪ improved job performance;
▪ reduction of grievance; and
▪ reduction of absenteeism and employee turnover.

Public Safety Junior Leadership Course

 Module 3 – Leadership

2. The Laissez-faire or Free-rein Leadership. Free-rein leaders

avoid power and responsibility. The laissez-faire or non-interfering
type of leader passes on the responsibility for decision-making to
his subordinates and takes a minimum of initiative in
administration. He gives no direction and allows the group to
establish its own goals and work out its own problems.

Public Safety Junior Leadership Course

 Module 3 – Leadership

The leader plays only a minor role. His idea is that each member
of the group when left to himself will put forth his best effort and
the maximum results can be achieved in this way. The leader
acts as an umpire. But as no direction or control is exercised
over the people, the organization is likely to flounder.

Public Safety Junior Leadership Course

 Module 3 – Leadership

There is a difference between leadership and management.

Leadership represents one of the oldest, most natural and
most effective of all human relationships. Management is a
later product, with neither so romantic nor so inspiring a
history.

Public Safety Junior Leadership Course

 Module 3 – Leadership

Leadership is of the spirit, compounded of personality and

vision; its practice is an art. Management is of the mind, more
a matter of accurate calculation of statistics, of methods, time
tables, and routine; its practice is a science.

Public Safety Junior Leadership Course

 Module 3 – Leadership

Managers are necessary; Leaders are essential.

Contrasts: Management and Leadership
By Amin Rajan
Management is about path Leadership is path finding.
following;
Management is about doing Leadership is about doing
things right; the right things.
Management is about planning Leadership is about
and budgeting; establishing direction.
Management is about Leadership is about
controlling and problem- motivating and
solving; inspiring.

Public Safety Junior Leadership Course

 Module 3 – Leadership

Differences between Managers and Leaders

The Manager The Leader

Administers Innovates
Is a ‘copy’ Is an ‘original’
Maintains Develops
Focuses on systems and Focuses on people
structure
Focuses on control Inspires trust
Takes a short-range view Has a long-range
perspective

Public Safety Junior Leadership Course

 Module 3 – Leadership

Differences between Managers and Leaders

The Manager The Leader

Asks how and when Asks what and why
Imitates Originates
Accepts the status quo Challenges the status quo
Is a classic ‘good soldier’ Is his or her own person
Does thing right Does the right thing

Public Safety Junior Leadership Course

 Module 3 – Leadership

▪ Characteristics of Principle-centered Leadership

(By Stephen Covey, 1990)

▪ Leaders are continually learning

▪ They are service-oriented
▪ They radiate positive energy
▪ They believe in the other people
▪ They live balanced lives
▪ They see life as an advancement
▪ There are synergic
▪ They exercise for self-renewal

Public Safety Junior Leadership Course