HOLY FAITH abc OF CHEMISTRY-X (CRO

196 carbon 1 to 66 aton.

atoms
C.B.S.areEJ
The IUPAC names of six alkanes containing

given below
six alkanes.
Table 6. Names of first

Structural formula
IUPAC name
Molecular formula
Methane
CH Ethane
CH CH,CH Propane
CH CH CH,CH Butane
CHo CH,CH,CH,CH,
Pentane
CHa CH,CH,CH,CH,CH,
Hexane
CH,CH,CH,CH,CH,CH
CHu alkenes and alkynes are easily derived
The IUPAC names of unsaturated
-ene and -yne respectively.
For example
by changing the suffix -ane by
alkenes are named changing the suffix - a n e by-ene:
by
CH-CH= CH CH,CH,CH =CH2
CH= CH Word root : But
Word root: Eth Word root: Prop
Suffiar: -ene
Suffix: ene Suffir: -ene TUPAC name : Butene
IUPACname: Ethene IUPACname: Propene
Alkynes are named by changing the suffix -ane by yne:
HC=CH CH C C H CH,CH,C=CH
Word root Eth Word root: Prop Word root: But

Suffir:-yne Suffix-yne Suffit:-yne

TUPAC name : Ethyne IUPACname: Propyne TUPAC name : Butyne
However, the names of alkanes, alkenes and alkynes containing
branching become slightly difficult. This is explained below.
Alkyl Groups
The group formed by the removal of one hydrogen atom from alkane
molecule is called an alkyl group. For example, -CH, group is formed by
the removal of one hydrogen atom from methane (CH,) and it is called
methyl group. The name of alkyl group is written by replacing the sujir
-ane of alkane by -yl. For example,

CH CH,CH CH,CH,CH,-
Methyl Ethyl Propyl
(from methane) (from ethane) (from propane)

BRANCHED CHAIN HYDROCARBONS

Nomenclature of Alkanes
Common names. According to common system of nomenclature
unbranched alkanes are named acording to the number ef carbon atonms
present in the molecule.The prefix n- is used for these straight chan
hydrocarbons. For example,

CH,CH,CH,CH
n-Butane
CH,CH,CH,CH,CH,
n-Pentane
bon
When a carbon atom in an alkane is attached to more than two other
atoms, a branch in the carbon chain occurs at that place. It may be no
that the smallest branched alkane has four carbon atoms. Methane,
and propane cannot have branching. For
euf
example, there are two type
 COMPOUNDS 197
CARBON AND ITS
enescontainingfour carbon atoms;oneis n-butane (normal, no branching)
and the other is called iso-butane containing branching

CH-CH-CH,-CH CH-CH-CH
n-Butane
CH3
Iso-butane
Roth compounds are butanes because they have the same molecular
brmula C,Ho It may be remembered that the prefix is0- is used for those
olkanes in which one methyl group is attached to the next-to-end or second
of the continuous chain.
to-end carbon atom
For example,

CH-CHCH Isoi butane

CH
.----- **

CH-CHCH,-CH, or
CH-CHCH-CH; Isoi pentane
CH Methyl group at :CH3
second-to-end C atom

CH-CH-CH,-CH,-CH, Iso-hexane

CH
Ifthe alkane has two methyl groups attached to the second-to-end carbon
atom of the continuous chain then the prefix neo- is used.
For example,
CH
Two methyl groups at
second-to-end C atom CH-C-CH Neo-pentane
CH3
CH
CH-C-CH,-CH, Neohexane
CH
UPAC names. According to IUPAC system, the unbranched alkanes
are named according to the number ofcarbon atoms given in Table 4. However,
it may be noted that the prefix n-is not used in 1UPAC system as used in their
common names for unbranched chains.
Abranched chain hydrocarbon is named according to the following rules:
1.Longest continuous chain. Select the longest continuous chain of
carbon atoms in the molecule. This chain is regarded as the parent chairn
and it gives the name of the parent hydrocarbon. The carbon atoms which
are not included in the parent chain are regarded as substituents or
branched chains.
CH parent chain

CH-CH-CH,-CH-CH
CH
Tt may be noted that the longest chain may or may not be straight but
 HOLY FAITH abe OF CHEMISTRY-X (C.B.S.E
it should be continuous. For example, in the following example, the parent
chain is of five carbon atoms and not of four.
3
CH-H-H-H, CH-CH-H f CH,
CH, CH2
CH 5CH
It is not longest continuous It is longest continuous chain
chain because it contains because it contains 5 carbon-
only 4 C-atoms atoms
2. Naming side chains. Number the carbon atoms in the parent chain
as 1, 2, 3...etc. startingfrom the end which gives lower number to the carbon
atoms carrying the substituents (alkyl groups).
For example, in the following example, -CH, group (calledmethyl) is
the substituent. The carbon carrying the -CH, group gets number 3 if the
numbering is done from left hand side. However, if the numbering is done
from right hand side, the carbon carrying-CH,group gets number 2. Thus,
the correct number is from right hand side giving lower number to the
carbon carrying the substituent.
Incorrect Correct
numbering CH,-H,-H-H, CH,-CH,-¢H-H, numbering
CHa CH
However, if there are two or more substituents attached to the parent
chain, then the end ofthe parent chain which gives lowest sum ofthe numbers
is selected for numbering. For example, the compound given below should
be numbered as indicated in structure (A) and not according to structure (B)
because structure A gives lowest sum of the numbers.
CH CHg
2 4 4 3 2
CH-- CH-CH CH--ÇH-CH,
CH CH CH CH
A (Correct numbering) B (Incorrect numbering)
Sum of numbers = 2 +2+3 = 7Sum of numbers 2 +3+3 =8
8. The position of each substituent is designated by the number of the
carbon atom to which it is attached. The position number is written before
the name ofthe alkylgroup which is separated by usinghyphen. For
example,
CH Methyl is attached
at position-2
CH-CH-CH-CH, 2-Methylbutane
Parent chain is butane

Correct numbering is from right hand side giving the substituent at C-2.
1 2

CH-CH-CH-CH-CH,-CH ; 3-Methylhexane
Parent chain CH
is hexane Methyl group attached to C-3
It may be noted that the carbon atom joined to -CH, group will get
number 4 if numbering is done from right hand side. Therefore, it is 1
preferred.
 AND ITS
COMPOUNDS
DS
CARBON 199
Af the compound contains more than one alkyl group (substituents),
indicated separately and a prefi:x di-
are indicated
then their positions
t e t r a - (for four) etc. is used
(for two), tri-
three), before the name of the substituent. The
for for the substitu ituents are separated by commas.
number
For example,
CH -Two methyl groups
2 3
CH-C-CH,-CH 2-Dimethylbutane
CH Both methyl groups at Carbon-2
CH
2 3

CH-C--CH-CH, 2,2, 3-Trimethylbutane

CH CH,
Three methyl groups at positions 2, 2 and 3.
5.Jfthe compound contains dijferent
alkyl groups, they are named in the
nhabetical order (ethyl before methyl etc.). However, it may be noted that
the prefixes di-, tri-, ete. are not considered for the
order.
alphabetical V

For example,
2 3 4 5

CH-CH-CH-CH,-CH 3-Ethyl-2-methylpentane
(ethyl is written before methyl
CH CH even though it has higher number)
Nomenclature of Alkenes and Alkynes
The IUPAC names of the alkenes and alkynes are derived
by modifying
the nomenclature of alkanes. The parent chain is named by replacing the
suffix -ane in the hame of the corresponding alkane by -ene (for alkenes)
and -yne (for alkynes).

CH-CH=CH-CH,Corresponding alkane : Butane (4 carbon atoms)

Name of alkene Butene
CH-CH-C=CH Corresponding alkane: Butane(4 carbon atoms)
Name of alkyne : Butyne
Therules for writing IUPAC names are:
.Select thelongestcontinuouschain containing the carbon atomsforming
ne double or triple bond. This gives the parent name of the alkene or
aikyne. Por example, in the following structure, the longest chain has four
carbon atoms. It may be noted that we give
the lowest number to the|
carbon atom having|
CH-CH-CH=
*** ****
H,; Parent chain contains 4 C-atoms
| double or triple bond and
Parent name is butene
not to any side chain (as|
CH3 in alkanes).
While writing the name of the alkene or alkyne, the suffix -ane of the
sponding alkane is replaced by -ene (for alkenes) and -yne for (alkynes).
h e carbon atoms in the chain are numbered in sucha way that the
n atom carrying double or triple bond gets the lowest number. The
f
OT
n of the double or triple bondis then indicated by using the number
the first C-atom of the double or triple bond.
 a b c OF
O CHEMST

For example, (C.B.S.E.)

CH-CHH=H,
Correct numbering CH-CHH-CH,
Wrong numbering
double bond gets number 1) (double bond gets number 3)
Correct name is
1-Butene

Position of double bond

3. The position
of each
substituent is designated by the number
atom to which it is attached. The of carbon
of alkyl group which is
position number is written before the name
separated by using hyphens.
4. If the compound contains more
than alkyl group, their positions
one
are specified separately and a prefix di- (for two),tri- (for three), etc. is
before the
name of the substituent. The numbers for the substituentsused
separated by commas. For example, are

4
CH CH CHCH 2 3 4

1-Butene CH,CH=HCH,
2-Butene
Position of double bond
Position of double bond

4 3
2 1
1 2 3
CH-CH,-C=
1-Butyne
CH CHC C-CH,
4

2-Butyne
Position of triple bond
Position of triple bond
CH
2
CH-CH- H
3-Methyl-1-butyne
T
Position of \Position of triple The substituent is written
methyl group bond before the name.

CH3
4 3 2 1

CH-CH-CH-CH==CH, 3,4-Dimethyl 1-pentene

CH3 Two methyl groups
at carbon 3
and
Position of double bond
Nomenclature of compounds containing the functional group
The compounds containing the functional groups are named as
1.Identify the number of carbon atoms. This gives the parent name. For
example, a compound containing three carbon atoms would have the name
propane.
2. The functional group is indicated in the name of the compound either
as a prefix or a sufjfix as given in Tuble 7.
For example, for functional group halogen, the functional group is
indicated by prefix. On the other hand, for other groups the functional
group is indicated by sufix. For example, for halogen deriatives, the halogen
 CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDSs
written halo (chloro, bromo, iodo) 201
e as as prefix. For example,
H HH
H H H
H- -CI H---CI
H
H-C---CI
H
Chloromethane Chloroethane
It may be noted that the last compound should be Chloropropane
written as 1-chloro-
nropane because Cl can be at different
positions. These positions must be
indicated because these correspond
to different compounds
H HH
as shown below:
H H H
H-C-C- -CI
H
H--d-H
1-Chloropropane
Similarly, we have 2-Chloropropane
H H H H HH
H-C-C-C- Br
H----H
H
1-Bromopropane 2-Iodopropane
The names of other
compounds
by putting suffix as given below: containing functional groups are named
Table 7. Nomenclature of
compounds containing functional groups.
Punetional group Family
Prefix/suffix
-OH Example
Alcohols Suffix-ol H
(alcoholic group) Replace 'e' of
alkane by - ol
H-C-OH Methane - e + ol
H Methanol
H H

H-C-C-OH Ethane-e + ol
Ethanol
HH
H H H

H-C-C-C-OH Propane -

e + 0l
Propanol
-CHO O
Aldehydes Sufix-al
(aldehydic group) Replace'e of H--H
alkane by al H O
Methane-e+ al
Methanal
H--C-H Ethane e + al
Ethanal
H
HH O
H--- Propane-e +al
Propanal