ATHS

CDU UNIT
Chemistry Informal Diagnostics (ID)

Grade Level: 10
Stream: ASP
The year 2023/2024
 Topic 1: Thermochemistry

Topic 2: The Quantum-Mechanical Model of the Atom

Practice Questions–AK

Subtopic 1.1– The Nature of Energy: Key Definitions and Chemical Hand Warmers-KPIs 1.1.1-
1.1.13

1. Based on collision theory, list the features are characteristic of a successful

reaction?
A short-lived activated complex.
Correct orientation of colliding molecules
Optimum temperature to provide sufficient energy

2. A student is trying to develop a model of an instant heat pack. What is the

essential characteristic of the chemical reaction that the student should use to
develop the heat pack?
A. The standard enthalpy of reaction should be zero.

√ B. The standard enthalpy of reaction should be negative.

C. The enthalpy of formation of reactants should be positive.

D. The enthalpy of formation of products should be negative.

3. The bond enthalpy of the H-I bond is 295 kJ/mol. What is the ΔH value when the
bonds in 0.5 mole of HI are broken?

A. −590 kJ

B. −147.5 kJ

√ C. +147.5 kJ

D. +590 kJ

4. Which statements are true about the representation of enthalpy for a

thermochemical equation? Select all that apply.

√ A. On the product side, it is an exothermic reaction

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 B. On the product side, it is an endothermic reaction

C. On the reactant side, it is an exothermic reaction

√ D. On the reactant side, it is an endothermic reaction

5. The bond enthalpy of the N-N triple bond is 945 kJ/mol. Which statement about
the N2 molecule is correct?

A. 315 kJ of energy is released when 1 mole of N2 is formed

√ B. 1890 kJ of energy is released when 2 moles of N2 are formed

C. 945 kJ of energy is absorbed when 1 mole of N2 is formed

D. 1890 kJ of energy is absorbed when 2 moles of N2 are formed

6. The decomposition reaction of ammonia is shown.

2NH3 ⟶ N2 + 3H2
If the bond enthalpy of the N-H bond is 389 kJ/mol, what is the enthalpy of the
reactants for 2 moles of reactants during the decomposition reaction?
A. -2334 kJ

B. -778 kJ

C. +778 kJ

√ D. +2334 kJ

The chemical equation for the oxidation of ferrous oxide to ferric oxide is given.

4FeO + O2 ⟶ 2Fe2O3
This oxidation is an exothermic reaction with an enthalpy change of 560.66 kJ.
Use this information to answer questions 7 and 8.

7. Which chemical equations can be used to represent the enthalpy change for the
given reaction?

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 A. 4FeO + O2 + 560.66 kJ ⟶ 2Fe2O3

√ B. 4FeO + O2 ⟶ 2Fe2O3 + 560.66 kJ

C. FeO + O2 ⟶ Fe2O3; ΔH = +560.66 kJ

D. FeO + O2 ⟶ Fe2O3; ΔH = -560.66 kJ

8. What is the amount of heat released when 3.8 moles of Fe2O3 are formed during
the reaction?

A. 603.22 kJ

B. 380.55 kJ

√ C. 1065.25 kJ

D. Can not be determined

9. The reaction between H2 and O2 is represented by the equation:

2H2 (g) + O2 (g) → 2H2 O(g) ∆H o = −483.6 kJ
Which of the following is true for the above reaction?

A. It is an endothermic reaction

B. The product is less stable than reactants

C. The temperature of surrounding drops

√ D. It is an exothermic reaction

The diagram below shows the direction of heat flow for a reaction mixture in a
laboratory environment.
Use the diagram to answer questions 10 and 11.

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 10. What do the reaction mixture and the laboratory environment represent?
The reaction mixture represents the system and the laboratory environment represents
the surroundings.

11. Based on the heat flow, compare the bond enthalpy of the products formed
during the reaction and the bond enthalpy of the reactants present at the
beginning of the reaction.

As heat is being released during the reaction, the bond enthalpy of the products formed during
the reaction is greater than the bond enthalpy of the reactants present at the beginning of the
reaction. Therefore, there is a net release of energy during the reaction.

Use the chemical reaction to answer questions 12-13 CaO(s) + H2O(l) ⟶ Ca(OH)2(s)
ΔH = −65.2 kJ

12. Describe the enthalpy diagram for the given reaction.

The enthalpy diagram of the given reaction will show the reactants CaO and H 2O
having higher energy than the product, Ca(OH)2. The lowering of enthalpy during
the course of the reaction will give a negative value of change in enthalpy;
therefore, the ΔH value has a negative sign
13. Is the reaction exothermic or endothermic? Explain your answer.

The reaction is exothermic, as the enthalpy difference between the reactants and
products is released as heat energy.

Subtopic 1.2- Hess's Law- KPIs 1.2.1-1.1.12

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 1. Which statements about the standard enthalpy of formation of a compound are
true? Select all that apply.
A. It is calculated when all substances are in their gaseous states.

√ B. It is calculated when all substances are in their respective states at STP.

C. It is the enthalpy change accompanying the formation of 1 g of the compound.

√ D. It is the enthalpy change accompanying the formation of 1 mole of the compound.

2. State Hess’s law of constant heat summation.

The law makes it possible to determine the enthalpy of reaction indirectly by
using the known enthalpies of reaction of two or more thermochemical equations.

3. Describe the main use of Hess’s law.

Hess’s law of heat summation states that, if two or more thermochemical
equations can be added to give a final equation, the enthalpies of these reactions
may also be added to give the final enthalpy of reaction.

4. If the enthalpy of formation of water is −285.8 kJ/mol, what is the standard

enthalpy for the reaction 2H2O(l) ⟶ 2H2(g) + O2(g)?

A. -571.6 kJ

B. -285.8 kJ

C. +285.8 kJ

√ D. +571.6 kJ

5. What is the amount of heat, in kJ , produced during the combustion of 88 grams of 𝐂𝟑 𝐇𝟖 according to the
reaction C3 H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2 O ∆Hco = −2220 kJ/mol

[Molar mass of C3 H8 = 44g/mol]

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 A. 2130 kJ

B. 1110 kJ

√ C. −4440 kJ

D. −8880 kJ

6. The thermochemical equation for the combustion of ethanol is:

C2 H5 OH(l)+ 3O2 (g) → 2CO2 (g) + 3H2 O(g) o = −1235 kJ
∆Hrxn

What is the value of the enthalpy change for the reaction below?
2CO2 (g) + 3H2 O(g) → C2 H5 OH(l)+ 3O2 (g) 𝐨 = ? ? kJ
∆𝐇𝐫𝐱𝐧

A. −7410 kJ

B. −2470 kJ

√ C. +1235 kJ

D. +2470 kJ

7. The chemical equation for the formation of NO2 gas is shown.

2NO + O2 ⇌ 2NO2

The enthalpy of formation ΔHf° NO is 90.37 kJ/mol and ΔHf° NO2 is 33.85 kJ/mol. What is
the standard enthalpy for the reaction?

A. -11.0 kJ

B. -25.0 kJ

C. -34.0 kJ

√ D. -113.0 kJ

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The data below shows the thermochemical reaction of the combustion of ethene gas,
C2H4. C2H4 (g) + 3 O2 (g) → 2 CO2 (g) + 2 H2O(l) H = − 1411 kJ

Deduce the value of enthalpies, in kJ, for each of the following thermochemical
equations for questions 7 and 8.

8. 2CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) → C2H4(g) +3O2(g) +1411 kJ

9. CO2(g) + H2O(l) → 1/2C2H4(g) + 3/2O2(g) +7055 kJ

10. During the formation of a solution, heat is either released or absorbed. The table
shows the known value when a specific number of moles of NaOH were dissolved
in water.

Known Value

ΔHsoln –44.5 kJ/mol

Heat released into water when a certain 145.07 kJ

number of moles of NaOH are dissolved in it

What statement best compares the energy change during the formation of solvation shells and
the energy change during the breaking of ionic bonds and intermolecular forces for the given
reaction?

energy released during formation of solvation shells < energy absorbed during
A.
breaking of bonds and intermolecular forces
energy released during formation of solvation shells > energy absorbed during
√ B.
breaking of bonds and intermolecular forces
energy absorbed during formation of solvation shells < energy released during
C.
breaking of bonds and intermolecular forces
energy absorbed during formation of solvation shells > energy released during
D.
breaking of bonds and intermolecular forces

11. How much energy is evolved during the formation of 98.7 g of Fe, according to the
reaction below?

Fe2O3(s) + 2 Al(s) → Al2O3(s) + 2 Fe(s) ΔH°rxn = -852 kJ

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 √ A. 753 kJ

B. 1.51 x 103 kJ

C. 4.20 x 103 kJ

D. 482 kJ

12. Consider the reaction C(s) + H2O(g) → CO(g) + H2(g). Use the three
thermochemical equations to calculate the enthalpy of the reaction.

Equation 1: CO2(g) → C(s) + O2(g) ΔH = 393.5 kJ

Equation 2: 2CO(g) + O2(g) → 2CO2(g) ΔH = −566.0 kJ

Equation 3: 2H2O(g) → 2H2(g) + O2(g) ΔH = 483.6 kJ

Show the steps you use to calculate the enthalpy for the reaction.

The thermochemical equations may be rearranged as shown to get the answer.

The enthalpy for the reaction C(s) + H2O(g) → CO(g) + H2(g) is 131.3 kJ

The chemical equation for the oxidation reaction of glucose is shown.

C6H12O6 + 6O2 ⟶ 6H2O + 6CO2

The table shows the standard enthalpies of the entities participating in the reaction. Answer
questions 12-14

Standard Enthalpies of Formation at STP

Substance ΔHf° (kJ/mol)

H2O(l) −285.8

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 CO2(g) −393.5

C6H12O6 −1271

12. Calculate the standard enthalpy for the reactants.

ΔHf°(reactants) = −1271 kJ/mol

13. Calculate the standard enthalpy for the products.

ΔHf°(products) =[−285.8 + (−393.5)] × 6 = −4075.8 kJ/mol

14.Calculate the standard enthalpy for the reaction.

The standard enthalpy of the reaction can be calculated based on the equation
ΔH° = ΔHf°(products) – ΔHf°(reactants)

ΔH° = −4075.8 kJ/mol − (−1271 kJ/mol) = 2804.8 kJ/mol

15. The data below shows the thermochemical reaction of the Haber process for
the production of ammonia.
N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g) → 2 NH3 (g) H = − 918 kJ

Deduce the value of enthalpies, in kJ, for each of the following thermochemical equations.

2 N2 (g) + 6 H2 (g) → 4 NH3 (g) __________________ − 184

1 3
NH3 (g) → 2 N2 (g) + 2 H2 (g) __________________ + 459

1 3
2
N2 (g) + 2
H2 (g) → NH3 (g) __________________ − 459

16. According to the standard enthalpy of formation values and the equation
below, the enthalpy of combustion in kJ/mol of ethane gas, C 2H6 , is
____________________.
C2H6 (g) + 7/2 O2 (g) → 2 CO2(g) + 3 H2O(l)

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 Answer: − 1561.7 kJ/mol

17. Calculate the enthalpy of the reaction below:

2 HNO3(aq)+ NO(g) → 3 NO2(g) + H2O(l)

Answer: 72.1 kJ

18. The illustration shows two different paths the reaction between carbon and
water vapor can take to form carbon dioxide and hydrogen gas.

Based on the illustration, calculate the enthalpy for the reaction between the solid form
of carbon and water vapor. Based on the value obtained, predict if heat is absorbed or
released during the reaction.

The enthalpy for the reaction between the solid form of carbon and water vapor can be
calculated by adding the given steps of reaction. The mathematical equation will be ΔH° = ΔH1° +
ΔH2°. So, this translates to 483.6kJ + (−393.5 kJ) = 90.1 kJ. The value of enthalpy of the reaction
is positive, so it can be predicted that the reaction is endothermic. This means heat will be
absorbed during the reaction.

Using the thermochemical reactions and their respective enthalpy values given below
to answer questions 19 and 20.

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 19. Calculate the enthalpy of the reaction below.

2 CH4 (g) + 2 NH3 (g) + 3 O2 (g) → 2 HCN (g) + 6 H2O (l)

Answer: Enthalpy of the required reaction is: (+ 918 ) + (+ 149.8) + (+ 270.3) +( −

1737) = − 1225.1 kJ

20. Is the reaction above endothermic or exothermic? Explain your answer.

Exothermic since ∆𝐻 reaction is negative or less than zero

21. How many moles of CaCl2 must be dissolved in water to produce 100 kJ of
heat? The heat of the solution for CaCl2 is −82.8 kJ/mol.

100 / 82.8=1.21 mol

22. How much energy is required to decompose 765 g of PCl3, according to the
reaction below? The molar mass of PCl3 is 137.32 g/mol

4 PCl3(g) → P4(s) + 6 Cl2(g) ΔH°rxn = +1207 kJ

4 moles absorded 1207kJ

Mole= 765 g/ 137.32= 5.57 moles

5.57 x 1207/4= 1.68 × 10 3 kJ

23. Hess’s law states that change in enthalpy of a chemical reaction is

independent of the route by which chemical reactions take place.
Which statement summarizes the conditions necessary for Hess’s law?

The conditions in the intermediate steps are the same.

OR

√ The initial and final conditions of the reactions are the same.

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 24. Use the standard reaction enthalpies given below to determine ΔH° rxn for
the following reaction:

P4(g) + 10 Cl2(g) → 4PCl5(s) ΔH°rxn = ?

Given:
PCl5(s) → PCl3(g) + Cl2(g) ΔH°rxn = +157 kJ
P4(g) + 6 Cl2(g) → 4 PCl3(g) ΔH°rxn = -1207 kJ

√ A. -1835 kJ

B. -1364 kJ

C. -1050. kJ

D. -1786 kJ

25. Use the standard reaction enthalpies given below to determine ΔH° rxn for
the following reaction:

2 NO(g) + O2(g) → 2 NO2(g) ΔH°rxn = ?

Given:
N2(g) + O2(g) → 2 NO(g) ΔH°rxn = +183 kJ
1/2 N2(g) + O2(g) → NO2(g) ΔH°rxn = +33 kJ

A. -150. kJ

√ B. -117 kJ

C. -333 kJ

D. +115 kJ

26. Use the standard reaction enthalpies given below to determine ΔH° rxn for
the following reaction:

2 S(s) + 3 O2(g) → 2 SO3(g) ΔH°rxn = ?

Given:
SO2(g) → S(s) + O2(g) ΔH°rxn = +296.8 kJ
2 SO2(g) + O2(g) → 2 SO3(g) ΔH°rxn = -197.8 kJ

A. -494.6 kJ

B. -692.4 kJ

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√ C. -791.4 kJ

D. 1583 kJ

27. Use the standard reaction enthalpies given below to determine ΔH° rxn for
the following reaction:

4 SO3(g) → 4 S(s) + 6 O2(g) ΔH°rxn = ?

Given:
SO2(g) → S(s) + O2(g) ΔH°rxn = +296.8 kJ
2 SO2(g) + O2(g) → 2 SO3(g) ΔH°rxn = -197.8 kJ

A. -494.6 kJ

B. -692.4 kJ

C. -791.4 kJ

√ D. 1583 kJ

28. Use the graph below to identify letters below

X :Reactant. Z :products Y :activated complex the reactants heat content is less than that of
products.

Subtopic 1.3- Enthalpy in change of state- 1.3.1-1.3.15

1. What is the amount of heat required to melt 2.50 moles of ice?

ΔHfus = 6.01 kJ/mol. 15.0 kJ

2. Which expression can be used to represent an equivalence of heat

of vaporization?

A. ΔHvap = ΔHfus
B. ΔHvap = ΔHcond
C. ΔHvap = −ΔHfus

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 √ D. ΔHvap = −ΔHcond

3. A student planned to conduct an investigation of the phase changes of water.

Based on the results obtained, the student drew a phase change diagram of
water as shown.

The student further investigated the effect that increasing the temperature would have on the
molecules of water. Which set of letters on the graph corresponds to a change in kinetic energy
of water molecules?

4. a. Use the graph in question 3 to complete the following:

As heat is applied to the ice, the letter B on the phase diagram represents the
molar enthalpy of ___________ of water while letter D represents the molar
enthalpy of ______________ of water.

B represents molar enthalpy of fusion; D represents molar enthalpy of

vaporization.

b. identify each letter in the graph

A solid

B solid and liquid C liquid D liquid and gas E gas

5. A 10. g cube of copper at a temperature T1 is placed in an insulated cup

containing 10. g of water at a temperature T2. If T1 > T2, which of the
following is true of the system when it has attained thermal equilibrium?
(The specific heat of copper is 0.385 J/ (g.°C) and the specific heat capacity of
water is 4.18 J/ (g.°C).)

√ A. The temperature of copper changed more than the temperature of water.

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 B. The temperature of the water changed more than the temperature of
copper.

C.The temperature of the water and the copper changed by the same amount.

D. The relative temperature changes of the copper and the water cannot be
determined without knowing T1 and T2.

6. Which of the following (with specific heat capacity provided) would show the
smallest

temperature change upon gaining 200.0 J of heat?

√ A. 50.0 g Al, CAl = 0.903 J/g°C

B. 50.0 g Cu, CCu = 0.385 J/g°C

C. 25.0 g granite, Cgranite = 0.79 J/g°C

D. 25.0 g Au, CAu = 0.128 J/g°C

7. A flask containing 8.00x10 2 g of water is heated, and the temperature of the

water increases from 21°C to 85°C

How much heat did the water absorb? (c=4.18 J/g. °C)

q= mc∆𝑇
q=210kJ

8. Which of the metals in the table would experience the largest temperature
increase for a given amount of heat input?

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 Gold

9. Explain how you could calculate the heat released in freezing 0.250 mol water.
The molar heat of fusion of water, 6.01 kJ/mol.

Multiply 0.250 mol times the molar heat of fusion of water, 6.01 kJ/mol.
0.250 x 6.01=1.50 kJ

10. Determine the specific heat capacity of an alloy that requires 59.3 kJ to raise the
temperature of 150.0 g alloy from 298 K to 398 K.

q= mc∆𝑇

c=3.95 J/g°C

11. A sample of copper absorbs 43.6 kJ of heat, resulting in a temperature rise of

75.0°C, determine the mass (in kg) of the copper sample if the specific heat
capacity of copper is 0.385 J/g°C.

q= mc∆𝑇

m=1.51 kg

12. Determine the final temperature of a gold nugget (mass = 376 g) that starts at
398 K and loses 4.85 kJ of heat to a snowbank when it is lost. The specific heat
capacity of gold is 0.128 J/g°C.

Final temperature of a gold nugget =297 K

13. What is the amount of heat absorbed by 5.00 g of water when heated from 2.00℃
to 22.0℃?
(Specific heat capacity of water = 4.18 J/g. oC)

418

14. How much heat is required to raise the temperature of 45.00 g of water from
40.0℃ to 70.0℃?
(Specific heat capacity of water is 4.18 J/g℃)

5643

15. A sample of glass that has a mass of 6.0 g gives off 12 J of heat. If the temperature
of the sample changes by 4.0C during this change, what is the specific heat of the

16
 glass?

0.50 J/g.℃

16. Match each item with the correct statement below.

a. calorimeter d. enthalpy
b. calorie e. specific heat
c. joule f. heat capacity

1. quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 10C

2. SI unit of energy
3. quantity of heat needed to change the temperature of 1 g of a substance by 10C

4. quantity of heat needed to change the temperature of an object by 10C

5. device used to measure the heat absorbed or released during a chemical or physical
process

6. heat content of a system

Match each item with the correct statement below.

a. heat of reaction d. heat of fusion

b. heat of formation e. heat of solution
c. Hess's law of heat summation

7. the enthalpy change for a chemical reaction

8. the enthalpy change caused by dissolving a substance

9. the energy required to melt a solid at its melting point

10. the change in enthalpy that accompanies making a compound from its elements

11. if you add two or more thermochemical equations to give a final equation, you can
also add the heats ofreaction to give the final heat of reaction
1. ANS: B
2. ANS: C
3. ANS: E
4. ANS: F
5. ANS: A
6. ANS: D
7. ANS: A
8. ANS: E
9. ANS: D
10. ANS: B
11. ANS: C

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Topic 2- The Quantum-Mechanical Model of the Atom

2.1 –2.2 Atomic Emission Spectra and the Bohr Model- The Wave Nature of Matter,
Quantum Mechanics, and The Shapes of Atomic Orbitals -KPIs 2.1.1-2.2.14

1. What is the lowest possible energy level that an electron can occupy?

A. Excited state

B. Fundamental state

√C. Ground state

D. Outermost state

2.How many electrons are located in the outermost orbit in the Bohr model of a boron
atom?

A. 1

B. 2

√C. 3

D. 4

3. The wavelength of light that has a frequency of 1.20 × 10 13 s-1 is ________ m.

A. 25.0

√ B. 2.50 × 10-5

C. 0.0400

D. 12.0

4. Visible light with a wavelength of 550 nm has a frequency of ________ Hz.

A. 5.5 × 105

B. 1.7 × 1011

√ C. 5.5 × 1014

D. 1.7 × 102

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5. What is the energy of a photon (J) that has a frequency of 4.39 × 10 19 Hz?
√ A. 2.91 × 10-14

B. 2.91 × 1020

C. 6.83 × 10-12

D. 2.91 × 10-52

6. The frequency of a photon that has an energy of 3.7 × 10 -18 J is ________ s-1.

√A. 5.6 × 1015

B. 1.8 × 10-16

C. 2.5 × 10-15

D. 5.4 × 10-8

7. The energy of a photon that has a wavelength of 9.0 m is ________ J.

√ A. 2.2 × 10-26

B. 4.5 × 1025

C.6.0 × 10-23

D. 2.7 × 109

8. What is the wavelength of light (nm) that has a frequency of 3.22 × 10 14 s-1?
A. 649 nm

√ B. 932 nm

C. 9.66 × 1022 nm

D. 9.32 × 10-7 nm

9. The photoelectric effect is ________.

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 A. the total reflection of light by metals giving them their typical luster

B. the production of current by silicon solar cells when exposed to sunlight

√ C. the ejection of electrons by a metal when struck with light of sufficient energy

D. the darkening of photographic film when exposed to an electric field

10. Of the following transitions in the Bohr hydrogen atom, the ________ transition
results in the emission of the lowest-energy photon.

A. n = 1 → n = 6

B. n = 6 → n = 1

√C. n = 6 → n = 3

D. n = 3 → n = 6

11.In the Bohr model of the atom, ________.

A. electron paths are controlled by probability

√ B. electron energies are quantized

C. electrons can have any energy

D. both A and C

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12. All the orbitals in each electron shell have the same value as the ________ quantum
number.

√ A. principal

B. angular momentum

C. magnetic

D. spin

13. Which quantum number determines the energy of an electron in a hydrogen atom?

√ A. n

B. E

C.ml

D. l

14. Which of the quantum number(s) below represent the principal quantum number?

A. n, l, and ml

√ B. n only

C.n, l, ml, and ms

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 D. ms only

15.Which atomic model uses atomic orbitals to describe the probable location of any electron in
a three-dimensional space?

A. the cubic model

B. the plum-pudding model

C. the planetary model

√D. the quantum mechanical model

16.The electron shell model of an atom has three main components: the energy shell, the
subshell, and the orbital. Which of the following represent the correct arrangement from the
lowest to highest maximum capacity to hold electrons?

A. orbitals < energy shell < subshell

B. energy shell < orbitals < subshell

C. subshell < orbitals < energy shell

√D. orbitals < subshell < energy shell

17. The figure shows a 3D model of the shapes of a particular element’s atomic orbitals.

a. If all the orbitals shown in the 3D model are completely filled, how many electrons does this
element have?

A.4

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B.6

√C.10

D.18

b. how many electrons in each subshell?

S 2 p6 d 10 f14

Shapes of orbitals

18. What is the relationship between the speed of light, wavelength, and frequency of
electromagnetic radiation?
c=λν, where c is the speed of light, λ is the wavelength, and ν is the frequency.
The speed of light in a vacuum, c, is 3.00×108m/s

19. What is the frequency of the wavelength of light of 650nm?

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(1 nm = 1×10−9 m)
Convert wavelength to meters.
650.0nm×1×10−9m1nm=6.50×10−7m
Rearrange the equation to isolate ν.
ν=cλ
3.00×108ms6.50×10−7m =
4.62×1014s=4.62×1014 Hz

20. Compare and contrast wavelengths of the light emitted from two different colors of
fireworks, based on the elements they contain as strontium, red, and sodium,yellow.
Red light has higher wavelength than yellow light.
Explain why these elements have different atomic emission spectra.

Strontium and sodium have different atomic emission spectra because their atoms have
electron energy levels corresponding to different energies.
The red lines in the strontium spectrum are the result of electron transitions with less
energy than the transitions that resulted in the yellow lines in the sodium spectrum.

21.Evaluate the limitations of the Bohr model in explaining the emission spectra of
elements other than hydrogen.

Bohr developed his atomic model to explain the hydrogen emission spectrum.

His model could not explain the emission spectra of other elements because electrons do not
move in circular paths, as he thought.
22.A photon has a frequency (v) of 2.68 x 10⁶ Hz. Calculate its energy.

E = hv

E = (6.63 x 10⁻³⁴ Js)(2.68 x 10⁶ Hz)

E = 1.78 x 10⁻²⁷ J

23. Calculate the frequency and the energy of blue light that has a wavelength of 400
nm.

v = c/λ

v = 3.0 x 10⁸/4.0 x 10⁻⁷ ( 400 nm = 4.0 x 10⁻⁷)

v = 7.5 x 10¹⁴ Hz

E = hv

E = (6.63 x 10⁻³⁴)(7.5 x 10¹⁴)

E = 4.97 x 10⁻¹⁹ J

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24. Calculate the energy (E) and wavelength (λ) of a photon of light with a frequency (v)
of 6.165 x 10¹⁴ Hz.

E = hv

E = (6.63 x 10⁻³⁴ Js)(6.165 x 10¹⁴ Hz)

E = 4.1 x 10⁻¹⁹ J

λ = c/v

λ = 3.0 x 10⁸/6.165 x 10¹⁴

λ = 0.487 x 10 ⁻⁶

λ = 4.87 x 10⁻⁷ m

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