Altamia Math 1 Midterm Module

COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Cagamutan Norte, Leganes, Iloilo - 5003

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COO – FORM 12
SUBJECT TITLE: MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WOLRD
INSTRUCTOR: KRISHIA MAY B. ALTAMIA, LPT
SUBJECT CODE: MATH 1
MIDTERM MODULE
TOPIC 1: RATIONAL ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
Objectives: At the end of the topic, the students are expected to:
1. differentiate similar from dissimilar algebraic fractions;
2. simplify algebraic fractions to its lowest term;
3. perform operations involving algebraic fractions;
4. simplify complex fractions; and
5. solve problems involving algebraic fractions.
NOTES:
1. 1: Algebraic Fractions
Fractions such as 2/3 and ½, that are quotient of two integers are called rational numbers or
numeric fractions, whereas rational expressions or algebraic fractions, such as-3x3,-x+2, 3a2-
3b2, a-b are those having polynomials in the numerator & 4x 2x2-8 a+b a2+2ab+b2
denominator. Hence, a rational expression is a quotient of two polynomials.
Types of Algebraic Fractions
𝑥 2 𝑎³
Proper fractions such as − 2𝑥 2 + −8, 4 𝑎2 are those fractions whose numerators are of
lower degree than the denominators.
3𝑥 3 3𝑎 3 3𝑏2
Improper fractions such as and − are those fractions whose numerators
−4𝑥 𝑎 𝑏
are of higher degree than the denominators.
−𝑥+2 3𝑋 2
Similar algebraic fractions such as 4x(𝑋 2−4) and 4x(𝑋 2−4) are those fractions having
same denominators.
Dissimilar algebraic fractions such as 3a-3b2 and a-b___

a+b a2+2ab+b2
are those fractions having different denominators.
1. 2: Simplifying Fractions
Thinking back to when you were dealing with whole-number fractions, one of the first
things you did was simplify them: You "cancelled off" factors which were in common between
the numerator and denominator. You could do this because dividing any number by itself
gives you just "1", and you can ignore factors of "1".
To simplify a numerical fraction, I would cancel off any common numerical factors. For this
rational expression (this polynomial fraction), I can similarly cancel off any common
numerical or variable factors.
Using the same reasoning and methods, let's simplify some rational expressions.
Simplify the following expression:
𝟐𝒙
𝒙𝟐
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The numerator factors as (2)(x); the denominator factors as (x)(x). Anything divided by itself
is just "1", so I can cross out any factors common to both the numerator and the
denominator. Considering the factors in this particular fraction, I get:
𝟐
Then the simplified form of the expression is: 𝒙
(𝑥+3)(𝑥+4)
Example 1: Simplify the following rational expression: (𝑥+3)(𝑥+2)
How nice! This one is already factored for me! However (warning!), you will usually need to
do the factorization yourself, so make sure you are comfortable with the process!
The only common factor here is "x + 3", so I'll cancel that off and get:
Then the simplified form is:
Warning: The common temptation at this point is to try to continue on by cancelling off
the 2 with the 4. But you cannot do this. Whenever you have terms added together, there
are understood parentheses around them, like this:
You can only cancel off factors (that is, entire expressions contained within parentheses),
not terms (that is, not just part of the contents of a pair of parentheses).
Example 2: Simplify the following rational expression:
Solution: the first thing to do is factor out the numerator and the denominator:
Since the numerator and denominator share a common factor, we can reduce the expression
as:
1. 3: Operations on Algebraic Fractions
a. Adding and Subtracting Rational Expressions
To add/subtract rational expressions with the same denominator
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1. Add/subtract the numerators. Write this sum/difference as the numerator over the
common denominator.
2. Reduce to lowest terms.
Example 1.
Simplify the following:

4𝑥 6𝑥
+
5𝑦 5𝑦
Solution
These fractions already have a common denominator
1: Write this sum as the numerator over the common denominator:
4𝑥 6𝑥 4𝑥 + 6𝑥
+ =
5𝑦 5𝑦 5𝑦
2: Reduce to lowest terms:
4𝑥 6𝑥 4𝑥 + 6𝑥 10𝑥 2𝑥
+ = = =
5𝑦 5𝑦 5𝑦 5𝑦 𝑦
Example 2: Simplify the following:

4𝑥 − 1 2𝑥 − 9
−
𝑥+4 𝑥+4
Solution:
1. Write this sum as the numerator over the common denominator:
4𝑥 − 1 2𝑥 − 9 (4𝑥 − 1) − (2𝑥 − 9)
− =
𝑥+4 𝑥+4 𝑥+4
2. Reduce to lowest terms:
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b. Multiplying and Dividing Rational Expressions
To multiply a rational expression:

1. Factor all numerators and denominators.
2. Cancel all common factors.
3. Either multiply the denominators and numerators together or leave the solution in
factored form.
Example 1. Multiply and then simplify the product
2x + 4 3
×
x 6x + 12
Solution:
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Example 2. Multiply the following rational expressions:
𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟗 𝟑𝐱 − 𝟗
𝟐
× 𝟐
𝒙 −𝟗 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑
Example 3: Divide the following rational expressions:

2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 6 2𝑥 2 − x − 3
÷
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 8 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 4
EXERCISES:
Perform the indicated operations.
3𝑦 2𝑦 8𝑥−1 4
1. 4𝑦−3 + 4𝑦−3 2. − 𝑥−5
𝑥 2 −2𝑥−15
6𝑥+5 2𝑥−4 3𝑥 2 +8𝑥+4 2𝑥 2 +5𝑥+3
3. + 4. ×
𝑥+4 𝑥+4 𝑥 2 +3𝑥+2 4𝑥 2 −9
10𝑥 4𝑥 35𝑥 2 𝑦 2 15𝑥 3 𝑦 3 𝑧 2
5. − 5𝑥+2 6. ×
5𝑥+2 75𝑦 4 𝑧 3 𝑥 4𝑦 2𝑧
𝑥 2 +𝑥+2 𝑥 2 +2𝑥+1 3𝑥 2 +2𝑥−1 3𝑥−1
7. ÷ 8. ÷ 𝑥 2−2𝑥−3
𝑥+2 𝑥 2𝑥 2 −5𝑥−3
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TOPIC 2: EXPONENTS
Objectives:
At the end of the topic, the students are expected to:
1. Define Exponents;
2. Explain the laws of exponents; and
3. Perform expressions with zero and negative exponents.
NOTES:
2. 1: Definition
Exponential Notation
Exponents are used to indicate repeated multiplication of the same number.
For example, we use exponential notation to write:
5•5•5•5 = 54
54 is read “five to the fourth power.”
In the expression 54
c. The base, 5, is the repeated factor.

d. The exponent, 4, indicates the number of times the base appears as a factor. An
exponent is also called a power.
Example 1:
Example 2: Rewrite using exponential notation: 10•10•10•10•10•10
Solution: There are six factors. Each is 10. Therefore, the base is 10 and the exponent is 6.
2. 2: Laws of Exponents
Exponents have several properties. We will use these properties to simplify expressions.
In the properties that follow, each variable represents a real number.
a. Multiplication Property of exponents

To multiply two exponential expressions with the same base, add their
exponents. The base stays the same.
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(Here, m and n are positive integers.)
Example 1:
a. Use the multiplication property of exponents to simplify 2 3•24

b. Use the definition of exponential notation to justify your answer.
Solution:
a. The operation is multiplication and the bases are the same. Therefore, add the
exponents and use 2 as the base
23•24 = 23+4 = 27 = 128
b. Rewrite the product to show the factors. Then simplify
b. Division Property of Exponents
To divide two exponential expressions with the same base: Compare the exponents.
 If the greater exponent is in the numerator, write the base in the numerator.
 If the greater base is in the denominator, write the base in the denominator.
Then subtract the smaller exponent from the greater. Use the result as the new exponent.
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Example:
Example 1:
c. Power of a Power Property

a. To raise a power to a power, multiply the exponents
Example:
d. Product to a power property

 To raise a product to a power, you can first raise each factor to the power. Then
multiply.
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Example:
e. Power of a Quotient property

 To raise quotient to a power, you can raise the numerator and denominator each to the
power. Then divide.
Example:
f. Zero Power property

 Any real number, except zero, raised to the power 0 is 1.
X0 = 1, x ≠ 0
Example: 1700 = 1
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Example 1:
Other Examples of Solving Exponential expression Using Different Properties
1.
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2.
2. 3: Zero and Negative Integral Exponents
The rule for zero as an exponent:

Any nonzero real number raised to the power of zero is one, this means anything that
looks like a0 will always equal 1 if a is not equal to zero.
90 = 1 99,1020 = 1 10 = 1
Example:
Simplify the expression (3xy+a)0
It’s still true that any nonzero real number raised to the power of zero is one and we know
that 3xy + a really is just a representation of a number. This means,
(3xy+a)0 = 1
Negative Exponents
Negative exponents tell us that the power of a number is negative and it applies to the
reciprocal of the number. We know that an exponent refers to the number of times a number
is multiplied by itself. For example, 32 = 3 × 3. In the case of positive exponents, we easily
multiply the number (base) by itself, but what happens when we have negative numbers as
exponents? A negative exponent is defined as the multiplicative inverse of the base, raised to
the power which is opposite to the given power. In simple words, we write the reciprocal of
the number and then solve it like positive exponents.
For example, (2/3)-2 can be written as (3/2)2.
 Negative Exponent Rules

We have a set of rules or laws for negative exponents which make the process of
simplification easy. Given below are the basic rules for solving negative exponents.
Rule 1: The negative exponent rule states that for every number 'a' with the negative
exponent -n, take the reciprocal of the base and multiply it according to the value of the
exponent.
Rule 2: The rule for a negative exponent in the denominator suggests that for every number
'a' in the denominator and its negative exponent –n.
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Here are a few examples which express negative exponents with variables
and numbers. Observe the table to see how the number is written in its reciprocal form and
how the sign of the powers changes.
Example:
1. Solve: 2-2 + 3-2
Solution:
 Use the negative exponent rule a-n=1/an
 2-2 + 3-2 = 1/22 + 1/32 = 1/4 + 1/9
 Take the Least Common Multiple (LCM): (9+4)/36 = 13/36
Therefore, 2-2 + 3-2 = 13/36
2. Solve: 1/4-2 + 1/2-3
Solution:
 Use the second rule with a negative exponent in the denominator: 1/a -n =an
 1/4-2 + 1/2-3 = 42 + 23 =16 + 8 = 24
Therefore, 1/4-2 + 1/2-3 = 24.
Exercises
Simplify the following:

1. 3 · 43
2. 80
65
3. 62
4.
5.
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TOPIC 3: RADICALS
Objectives:
At the end of the topic, the students are expected to:
1. define roots of an expression;
2. familiarize the rules in radicals;
3. perform operations in radicals; and
4. simplify radical expressions.
NOTES:
3. 1: Definition
"Roots" (or "radicals") are the "opposite" operation of applying exponents; we can "undo" a
power with a radical, and we can "undo" a radical with a power. For instance, if we square 2,
we get 4, and if we "take the square root of 4", we get 2; if we square 3, we get 9, and if we
"take the square root of 9", we get 3. In mathematical notation, the previous sentence means
the following:
 Radical - The √ symbol that is used to denote square root or nth roots.
 Radical Expression - A radical expression is an expression containing a square root.
 Radicand - A number or expression inside the radical symbol.
 Radical equation - An equation containing radical expressions with variables in the
radicands.
If n is a positive integer that is greater than 1 and a is a real number then,
Where n is called the index, a is called the radicand, and the symbol √ is called
the radical. The left side of this equation is often called the radical form and the right side is
often called the exponent form.
Note as well that the index is required in these to make sure that we correctly evaluate
the radical. There is one exception to this rule and that is square root. For square roots we
have,
3. 2: Radical Expressions
In mathematics, a radical expression is defined as any expression containing a radical (√)

symbol. Many people mistakenly call this a 'square root' symbol, and many times it is used
to determine the square root of a number. However, it can also be used to describe a cube
root, a fourth root, or higher. When the radical symbol is used to denote any root other than
a square root, there will be a superscript number in the 'V'-shaped part of the symbol. For
3
example,( √8) means to find the cube root of 8. If there is no superscript number, the radical
expression is calling for the square root.
The term underneath the radical symbol is called the radicand.
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3. 3: Rules in Finding the Roots of 𝒏√𝒙
These are derived from the Rules for Exponents.
Rule 1. Power Rule

n
bn= (nb)n = (b1/n)= bn/n = b
also (b) (b)=(b)2= b2=b
Rule 2. Index Rule

mn
b = b1/mn=b(1/m) (1/n)= m nb= n mb
Rule 3. Product Rule

(na) nb= a(1/n) * b(1/n) =(a*b) (1/n)
= n
 ab
Rule 4. Quotient Rule

n
 (a/b) = [a/b](1/n) = a (1/n) = n
a
b (1/n) n
b
Examples:
Apply the rules in converting the following fractional exponents into radical form:
1/3
1. (125) = 3 125 = 3 (5)3 = 5
2. (32)2/5 = 5 (32)2 = 5 1024 = 5 (4)5 = 4
3. (32)2/5 = 5 (32)2 = 5(25)2 = (2)2 = 4
4. (27)-1/3 = (1/27)1/3 = 3(1/3)3 = 1/3
5. 4(8)*4(2)=4(8)(2)=416=4(2)4 = 2
3. 4: Simplifying Radical Expressions
We will simplify radical expressions in a way similar to how we simplified fractions. A

fraction is simplified if there are no common factors in the numerator and denominator. To
simplify a fraction, we look for any common factors in the numerator and denominator.
A radical expression, √𝑎 a, is considered simplified if it has no factors of mn. So, to simplify

𝑛
a radical expression, we look for any factors in the radicand that are powers of the index.
For example, √5 is considered simplified because there are no perfect square factors
in 5. But √12 is not simplified because 12 has a perfect square factor of 4.
Similarly, 3√4 is simplified because there are no perfect cube factors in 4. But 3√24 is
not simplified because 24 has a perfect cube factor of 8.
To simplify radical expressions, we will also use some properties of roots. The properties
we will use to simplify radical expressions are similar to the properties of exponents. We know
that
The corresponding of Product Property of Roots says that
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 Simplify a Radical Expression Using the Product Property

Find the largest factor in the radicand that is a perfect power of the index. Rewrite
the radicand as a product of two factors, using that factor.
Use the product rule to rewrite the radical as the product of two radicals.
Simplify the root of the perfect power.
Example:
Simplify the following.
1. √500
Solution:
 Rewrite the radicand product using the largest perfect square factor.
√100(5)
 Rewrite the radical as the product of two radicals
√100 •√5
 Simplify
= 10√5
4
2. √243
 Rewrite the radicand product using the largest perfect square factor. 34 = 81
4
√81 • 3
 Rewrite the radical as the product of two radicals
4 4
√81•√3
 Simplify
4
= 3 √3
3. 5: Operations of Radical Expressions
Add and Subtract Radical Expressions

There are two keys to combining radicals by addition or subtraction: look at the index, and
look at the radicand. If these are the same, then addition and subtraction are possible. If not,
then you cannot combine the two radicals. In the graphic below, the index of
the expression 123 √xy is 3 and the radicand is xy.
Making sense of a string of radicals may be difficult. One helpful tip is to think of radicals as
variables, and treat them the same way. When you add and subtract variables, you look for
like terms, which is the same thing you will do when you add and subtract radicals.
Example:
1. Add. 3√11+7√11
The two radicals are the same, this means you can combine them as you would
combine the terms 3a+7a
3√11 + 7√11
=3+7√11
The answer is =10√11
(In this first example, both radicals have the same radicand and index.)
2. Add. 5√2+√3+4√3+2√2
Rearrange terms so that like radicals are next to each other. Then add.
5√2+2√2+√3+4√3
=(5+2√2)+(1+4√3)
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=7√2 + 5√3
Subtraction of radicals follows the same set of rules and approaches as addition—the
radicands and the indices must be the same for two (or more) radicals to be subtracted. In
the three examples that follow, subtraction has been rewritten as addition of the opposite.
Example:
1. Subtract. 5√13−3√13
The radicands and indices are the same, so these two radicals can be combined.
5√13−3√13
=5-3√13
=2√13
2. Subtract. 43√5a−3√3a−23√5a
Two of the radicals have the same index and radicand, so they can be combined.
Rewrite the expression so that like radicals are next to each other.
Combine.
Although the indices of 23√5a and −3√3a are the same, the radicands are not—so they cannot
be combined.
23√5a+(−3√3a)
The answer is = 2 √5a+(−3√3a)
3
Multiply and Divide Radicals

Multiplying and dividing radicals makes use of the "Product Rule" and the "Quotient Rule" as
seen at the right. The "n" simply means that the index could be any value. Our examples will
be using the index to be 2 (square root).
 Multiplying Radicals
When multiplying radicals (with the same index), multiply under the radical, and the multiply
in front of the radical (any values multiplied times the radicals).
 Dividing Radicals
When dividing radicals (with the same index), divide under radical, and then divide in
front of the radical (divide any values multiplied times the radicals).
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Exercises:
Answer the following
√12
1. Simplify
√3
2. Simplify 3√45 − 5√80 + 4√20
3. Simplify √25𝑎2 𝑏9
3 3
4. Simplify √3 • √20
√5
5. Simplify
√6
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TOPIC 4: RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson the student should be able to:

1. define relation and function
2. differentiate ways in representing a relation
3. distinguish a relation whether it is a function or not a function
4. Understand the use of the Vertical Line Test
5. Solve problems involving functions
6. Evaluate the functions given the value of the variable;
7. Find the composite function of the given functions;
8. Define one-to-one functions; and
9. Solve the inverse of one-to-one functions.
NOTES:
4.1: Definition
The notation of relation is useful in describing many situations in life. For example,
there is a relation between the living expenses and the number of children in the family or
between the cost of the commodities and the demand for those commodities.
A relation is a rule that relates values from a set of values (called the domain) to a
second set of values (called the range). It is a set of ordered pairs (x, y).
Domain of a relation is the set of all possible values of x.
Range of a relation is the set of all values of y associated to the elements of the
domain.
Examples:
State the domain and rang of the following relation and tell whether the relation is a function.
1. {(x, y)│(1, 2), (2, 4), (3, 8), (4, 16), (5, 32)}
domain:{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
range: {2, 4, 8, 16, 32}
Note: it is a function since there is no ordered pair that has the same x-values.
2. {(x, y)│(2, -3), (4, 6), (3, -1), (6, 0), (2, 3)}
domain: {2, 3, 4, 6}
range: {-3, -1, 3, 0, 3, 6}
Note: it is customary to list these set of values in numerical order, but it is not required.
Sets are called “unordered lists”, so you can list the numbers in any order you like.
Since two ordered pairs have the same value of x=2, this relation is not a function.
Three Ways to Represent a Relation
1. Ordered pairs
2. Table
3. arrow/mapping diagram or graphs
* Since relations and ordered pairs are closely associated, we define a relation to be a set of
ordered pairs.
Examples:
Find the domain and range of each relation.
1. (1, -1), (2, -2), (3, -3), (4, -4)
Answer: Domain = {1, 2, 3, 4}
Range = {-1, -2, -3, -4}
2. (0, 0), (1, 1), (1, -1), (4, 2), (4, -4)
Answer: Domain = {0, 1, 4}
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Range = {0, 1, -1, 2, -4}
* Aside from using the set of ordered pairs to represent relation, second method of
representing relation is by means of a table. Consider the table below which gives the relation
between a number and its square.
N -2 -1 0 1 2
N2 4 1 0 1 4
Domain = {-2, -1, 0, 1, 2}
Range = {4, 1, 0, 1, 4}
*Relations can be represented pictorially either by arrow/mapping diagram or graphs. For

instance, the relation {(-2, 4), (-1, 1), (0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 4)} is represented by:
Function is a relation whereby each input value is mapped/related to one and only one output
value. It is a set of ordered pairs (x, y) such that no two ordered pairs have the same x-value
but different y-values. A function is a special kind of relation in which member of the domain
is paired with exactly one element of the range. Using functional notation, we can write f(x)
= y, 0read as “f of x is equal to y”. In particular, if (1, 2) is an ordered pairs associated with
the function f, then we say that f(2) = 1.
4. 2: Differences
All functions are relations, but not all relations are functions. The difference between a relation
and a function is that a relationship can have many outputs for a single input, but a function
has a single input for a single output. This is the basic factor to differentiate between relation
and function. Relations are used, so those model concepts are formed. Relations give a sense
of meaning like “greater than,” “is equal to,” or even “divides.”
A Relation is a group of ordered pairs of elements. It can be a subset of the Cartesian product.
It is a dyadic relation or a two-place relation. Relations are used, so those model concepts
are formed.
Function pertains to an ordered triple set consisting of X, Y, F. X, where X is the domain, Y is

the co-domain, and F is the set of ordered pairs in both “a” and “b.” Each ordered pair contains
a primary element from the “A” set. The second element comes from the co-domain, and it
goes along with the necessary condition.
In a set B, it pertains to the image of the function. The domain and co-domain are both sets
of real numbers. It doesn’t have to be the entire co-domain. It can be known as the range.
Relations show the properties of items. In a way, some things can be linked in some way, so
that’s why it’s called “relation.” It doesn’t imply that there are no in-betweens that can
distinguish between relation and function.
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4. 3: Different Kinds of Relations
1. One-to-one
2. One-to-many
3. Many-to-one
4. Many-to-many
Consider the following arrow diagrams.
In Figure (1), each element of the first set is paired with one and only one element in
the second set. There is a one-to-one relation between the two sets.
In Figure (2), more than one element in the firsts set are associated with only one
element of the second set. There is a many-to-one relation between the two sets.
In Figure (3), each element in the first set is matched with more than one element in
the second set. The relation is one-to-many.
In Figure (4), more than one element of the first set are paired with more than one
element of the second set. There is a many-to-many relation.
Example 1: Which of the following relations are functions?

f = ｛(1,2), (2,3), (3,5), (4,7)｝
g = ｛(1,3), (1,4), (2,5), (2,6), (3,7)｝
f = ｛(1,3), (2,6), (3,9), (4,12)｝
Solution:
The relations f and h are functions because no two ordered pairs have the same value
but different y-values. Meanwhile, g is not a function because (1,3) and (1,4) are ordered
pairs with the same x-value but different y-values.
Example 2: Which of the following arrow diagrams represent functions?
a b c
Solution:
a. Each member of the first set is in one-to-one correspondence with each member of
the second set. This relation is a function.
b. The number 2 is being paired with two elements in the second set, thus, this relation
is not a function.
c. Three numbers are being paired with only one element in the second set. This relation
is a function.
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Example 3: Which of the following can be graphs of functions?
a b c
Solution:
Graphs a & b are graphs of functions c is not because it does not pass the vertical line
test.
Vertical line test

A graph represents a function if and only if each vertical line intersects the graph at most
once.
4. 4: KINDS OF FUNCTIONS
1. Constant Function, y=C where C is any constant (real numbers)

Examples:
a) y= 5y b) y= -7000
Note: The graph of a constant function is a horizontal line.
2. Identity Function, y=x

Note: The graph of an identity function is an oblique increasing line with slope 1.
3. Linear Function, y= mx+b

−𝑥+6
Examples: y= 2x+5; y= 4
Note: The graph of a linear function is an oblique line with slope m.
4. Polynomial Function, y= a0x0+a1x1+a2x2+a3x3+…+an-1+xn-1+anxn

Examples:
a) y=3x5-5x3+x2-x+4 b) y= x4-16
Note: The graphs are varied curvatures.
5. Quadratic Function (Second degree equations, including conic equations)

y=ax2+bx+c, and for conics in general form Ax2+Bxy+Cy2+Dx+Ey+F=0.
Examples:
a) y= 4x2-3x+8 b) 3x2-3y2+6x+8y-33=0
6. Cubic Function, y= ax3+bx2+cx+d

Examples:
a) y= 2x3+3x2-x-9 b) y= x3-8
7. Absolute Value Function, y= /ax+k/

Examples: a) y= /2x-5/ b) y= -2/x+7/
8. Composite Function is a combination of two or more functions with the following

symbols.
f o g = (f o g) (x) = f(g(x)) and g o f = (g o f)(x) = g(f(x))
Examples:
a) If f(x) = x2 and g(x) = 3x-5
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then f o g (x) = f(gx)) = (3x-5)2= 9x2-30x+25
and g o f (x)= g(f(x)) = 3 (x2) – 5 = 3x2- 5
b) If f(x) = (x-5)2 and g(x) = x2-3
Then f o g (x) = f (g(x)) = [x 2-3) . 5)]2= (x2-8)2= x4-16x2+64
And g o f (x) = g(f(x)) = [(x-5)2]2-3 = (x-5)4- 3
9. Exponential Function (base b is constant) y= bx
Examples:
a) y = 3x
b) y = 3(x+1)
c) y = 2x-3
d) y = ex
e) y = 5e0.02x Natural exponential functions with base e = 2.71828
10. Logarithmic Function of Base b, y = Logbx is equivalent to by = x

Examples:
a) y = Log5x is equivalent to 5y= x
b) y = Log2 (x-3) is equivalent to 2y= x-3
4. 5: Operations on Functions
Definition: Let f and g be functions

1. Their sum, denoted by f + g, is the function denoted by
(f + g) (x) = f(x) + g(x)
2. Their difference, denoted by f - g, is the function denoted by
(f – g) (x) = f(x) - g(x)
3. Their product, denoted by f • g, is the function denoted by
(f • g) (x) = f(x) • g(x)
4. Their quotient, denoted by f / g, is the function denoted by
(f / g ) (x) = f(x) / g(x), excluding the values of x where g (x) = 0
1. Addition
Steps in Adding Functions

1. Substitute the value of the two functions.
2. Combine like terms
Examples:
Given: f(x) = x + 3
g(x) = 2x + 5
h(x) = 2x2 + 5x - 3
Solve:
1. (f + g)(x)
2. (g + h)(x)
3. (f + h)(x)
Solution:
1. (f+g)(x) = f(x) + g(x)
(f+g)(x) = x + 3 + 2x + 5
(f+g)(x) = 3x + 8
2. (g + h)(x) = g(x) + h(x)
(g + h)(x) = 2x + 5 + 2x2 + 5x - 3
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(g + h)(x) = 2x2 + 7x + 2
3. (f + h)(x) = f(x) + h(x)
(f + h)(x) = x + 3 + 2x2 + 5x - 3
(f + h)(x) = 2x2 + 6x
2. Subtraction
Steps in Subtracting Functions

1. Substitute the value of the two functions.
2. Change the sign of the subtrahend
3. Combine like terms
Example:
Given: f(x) = x + 3
g(x) = 2x + 5
m(x) = 4x3 + 3x - 7
Solve:
1. (f-g)(x)
2. (g – m)(x)
3. (m – f)(x)
Solution:
1. (f-g)(x) = f(x) - g(x)
(f-g)(x) = x + 3 -( 2x + 5)
(f-g)(x) = x + 3 - 2x - 5
(f-g)(x) = -x-2
2. (g – m)(x) = g(x) – m(x)
(g – m)(x) = 2x + 5 - 4x3 + 3x - 7
(g – m)(x) = -4x3 - x – 12
3. (m – f)(x) = m(x) – f(x)
(m – f)(x) = 4x3 + 3x – 7 - x + 3
(m – f)(x) = 4x3 + 2x – 4
3. Multiplication
Steps in Multiplying Functions

1. Rewrite the function notation as the multiplication of two functions and then substitute the
given expression in for each function.
2. Use the FOIL method or distribution, as appropriate, to multiply the two polynomials
3. Combine like terms (if you can)
Example:
Given: f(x) = x + 3
g(x) = 2x + 5
n(x) = 3x2 + 2x - 7
Solve:
1. (f. g)(x)
2. (g . n)(x)
3. (f . n)(x)
Solution:
1. (f. g)(x) = f(x) . g(x)
(f. g)(x) = (x + 3) ( 2x + 5)
(f. g)(x) = 2x2 + 5x + 6x + 15
(f. g)(x) = 2x2 +11x + 15
2. (g. n)(x) = g(x) . n(x)
(g. n)(x) = ( 2x + 5) (3x2 + 2x – 7)
(g. n)(x) = 6x3 + 4x2 – 14x + 15x2 + 10x -35
(g. n)(x) = 6x3 + 19x2 – 4x -35
3. (f. n)(x) = f(x) . n(x)
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(f. n)(x) = (x + 3) (3x2 + 2x – 7)

(f. n)(x) = 3x3 + 2x2 – 7x + 9x2 + 6x -21
(f. n)(x) = 3x3 + 11x2 – x -21
4. Division
Rules of division of Exponents

𝑥𝑚
1. 𝑥 𝑛 = xm-n ; when m>n
𝑥𝑚 1
2. = ; when m<n
𝑥𝑛 𝑥 𝑚−𝑛
𝑥𝑚
3. = x0 = 1; when m = 0
𝑥𝑛
Example 1:
x4 x3
Given: f(x) = g(x) =
x 5 x6
Solve: (f/g)(x)
Solution:
(f/g)(x) = f(x) / g(x)
x4 x3
(f/g)(x) = ÷
x 5 x  6
x4 x6
(f/g)(x) = .
x 5 x  3
( x  4)( x  6)
(f/g)(x) =
( x  5)( x  3)
(f/g)(x) = x2 - 2x - 24 / x2 - 2x – 15
Example 2:
Given:
f(x) = 15x15 g(x) = 3x9 m(x) = 2x -2 v(x) = x2 - 2x – 15
Solve:
1. f/g(x)
2. m/v(x)
Solution:
1. f/g(x) = f(x) / g(x)
f/g(x) = 15x15 / 3x9
f/g(x) = 5x6
2. m/v(x) = m(x) / v(x)

m/v(x) = 2x -2 / x2 - 2x – 15
m/v(x) = 2(x – 1)/ (x -1) (x + 3)
m/v(x) = 2/x+3
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EXERCISES:
Test I: Given the following:
a. Specify the domain
b. Specify the range
c. Write F if the set is a function and N if otherwise
1. (1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6), (4, 7)
a. _____
b. _____
c. _____
2. (1, 2), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6)
a. _____
b. _____
c. _____
3. (2, 3), (3, 5), (4, 5), (5, 6)
a. _____
b. _____
c. _____
4. (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5)
a. _____
b. _____
c. _____
Test II: Answer the following.

Given:
f(x) = 3x + 2
a(x) = 3x2 – 6x + 9
g(x) = 5x – 6
h(x) = 4x – 9
p(x) = x2 + 2x - 7
a. f+g
b. a–h
c. p●a
d. h÷f
4.6: Evaluating Functions
Evaluating a function means replacing the variable in the function, in this case x, with a value
from the function's domain and computing for the result. To denote that we are evaluating f
at a for some in the domain of f, we write f (a).
Example:
Evaluate the following functions at x = 3.
1. f(x) = 2x + 1
2. g(x) = x2 - 2x + 2
3. h(x) = 3x - 7
4. n(x) = 2x4 + 3x2 - 5x + 7
5. m(x) = 3x2 + 2x -10
Solution:
1. f(x) = 2x + 1
f(3) = 2(3) + 1
f(3) = 6 + 1
f(3) = 7
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2. g(x) = x2 - 2x + 2
g(3) = 32 - 2(3) + 2
g(3) = 9 - 6 + 2
g(3) = 5
3. h(x) = 3x - 7
h(x) = 3(3) - 7
h(x) = 9 - 7
h(x) = 2
4. n(x) = 2x4 + 3x2 - 5x + 7

n(3) = 2(3)4 + 3(3)2 - 5(3) + 7
n(3) = 2(81) + 3(9) - 5(3) + 7
n(3) = 162 + 27 - 15 + 7
n(3) = 181
5. m(x) = 3x2 + 2x - 10
m(3) = 3(3)2 + 2(3) -10
m(3) = 3(9) + 2(3) - 10
m(3) = 27 + 6 -10
m(3) = 23
Solving Problem Involving Functions
Example:
The velocity V (in m/s) of a ball thrown upward t seconds after the ball was thrown is
given by V(t) = 20 - 9.8t. Calculate V(0) and V(1), and explain what these results mean.
Solution:
V(0) = 20 - 9.8 (0) = 20 and V(1) = 20 - 9.8 (1) = 10.2. These results indicate that
the initial velocity of the ball is 20 m/s. after 1 second, the ball is traveling more slowly, at
10.2 m/s.
4.7 Function Compositions
Definition: let f and g be functions. The composite function denoted by (f ° g) is defined by (f

° g) (x) = f(g)(x)). The process of obtaining a composite function is called function
composition.
Example:
Given: f(x) = 2x + 1
g(x) = x + 3
h(x) = 2x3 + 3x - 7
Find:
1. (f ° g) (x)
2. (g ° h) (x)
3. (f ° h) (x)
Solution:
1. (f ° g) (x) = f(g)(x))
(f ° g) (x) = 2( x + 3) + 1
(f ° g) (x) = 2x + 6 + 1
(f ° g) (x) = 2x + 7
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2. (g ° h) (x) = g(h)(x))
(g ° h) (x) = 2x3 + 3x – 7 + 3
(g ° h) (x) = 2x3 + 3x – 4
(g ° h) (x) = 2x + 7
3. (f ° h) (x) = f(h)(x))
(f ° h) (x) = 2 (2x3 + 3x – 7) + 1
(f ° h) (x) = 4x3 + 6x – 14 + 1
(f ° h) (x) = 4x3 + 6x – 13
One – To – One Function
The function f is one to one if for any x 1, x2 in the domain of f, then f(x1) ≠ f(x2). That
is, the same y-values is never paired with two different x-values.
A function is called one-to-one if each y corresponds to just one x.
A function is called one-to-one if different values of x correspond to different
values of y.
Horizontal line test

A function is one to one if each horizontal line does not intersect the graph at more
than one point.
The Vertical and Horizontal Line Tests

All functions satisfy the vertical line test. All one to one functions satisfy both the
vertical and horizontal line tests.
Example no. 1:
The following figures contains the graphs of three functions. The horizontal line test
shows that each of them is one-to-one.
Example no. 2:
Which of the following are one to one functions?
(a) books to authors
(b) SIM cards to cellphone numbers
(c) True or false questions to answers
Solution:
Only b is a one to one function. Books can have multiple authors that wrote the book.
A true or false question has only one answer so it is a function but a true answer can
correspond to multiple questions.
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4.8 Inverse of One To One Functions
Let f be a one to one function with domain A and range B. then the inverse of f denoted
by f , is a function with a domain B and range A defined by f -1(y) = x if and only if f(x) = y
-1
for any y in B.
Steps in finding the inverse of a one to one function:
1. Write the function in the form y = f(x)

2. Interchange the x and y variables
3. Solve for y in terms of x
Property of an Inverse of a One To One Function
Given a one to one function f(x) and its inverse f -1(x), then the following are true:
 The inverse of f-1(x) is f(x)

 f(f-1(x)) = x for all x in the domain of f -1
 f-1((x)) = x for all x in the domain of f.
Example:
Direction: Find the inverse of the following functions.
1. f(x) = 2x + 7
2. g(x) = 3x – 5
3. h(x) = 2x3 - 1
Solution:
1. f(x) = 2x + 7
y = 2x + 7
x = 2y + 7
x - 7 = 2y
2 2
x-7=y
2
Therefore, f-1 (x) = x - 7
2
2. g(x) = 3x – 5
y = 3x – 5
x = 3y – 5
x – 5 = 3y
3 3
x–5=y
3
Therefore, f-1 (x) = x – 5
3
2. h(x) = 2x3 – 1
y = 2x3 – 1
x = 2y3 – 1
x – 1 = 2y3
2 2
x – 1 = y3
2 f-
1 3 𝑥+1
(x) =√
2
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Exercises:
Test 1: Evaluate:
1. If f(x) = x2 + 5x – 3, find:
a. f(0)
b. f(1)
c. f(-2)
2. If g(y) = y2 – 3y + 2, find:
a. g(1)
b. g(5)
c. g(-3)
3. If f(x) = x2 – 2x + 5, find:
a. f(-4)
b. f(11)
c. f(0)
Test 2: Find the inverse of the given function.

1. f(x) = 5x + 9
2. g(x) = 9x – 2
3. h(x) = 2x2 + 1
***END OF THE MIDTERM MODULE**
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COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Cagamutan Norte, Leganes, Iloilo - 5003

TOPIC 1: RATIONAL ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS

Types of Algebraic Fractions

Dissimilar algebraic fractions such as 3a-3b2 and a-b___

Then the simplified form is:

Example 2: Simplify the following rational expression:

1. 3: Operations on Algebraic Fractions

a. Adding and Subtracting Rational Expressions

To add/subtract rational expressions with the same denominator

Simplify the following:

Example 2: Simplify the following:

2. Reduce to lowest terms:

b. Multiplying and Dividing Rational Expressions

To multiply a rational expression:

Example 2. Multiply the following rational expressions:

Example 3: Divide the following rational expressions:

54 is read “five to the fourth power.”

c. The base, 5, is the repeated factor.

Example 2: Rewrite using exponential notation: 10•10•10•10•10•10

a. Multiplication Property of exponents

(Here, m and n are positive integers.)

a. Use the multiplication property of exponents to simplify 2 3•24

b. Division Property of Exponents

c. Power of a Power Property

d. Product to a power property

e. Power of a Quotient property

f. Zero Power property

Other Examples of Solving Exponential expression Using Different Properties

2. 3: Zero and Negative Integral Exponents

The rule for zero as an exponent:

 Negative Exponent Rules

2. Solve: 1/4-2 + 1/2-3

Simplify the following:

If n is a positive integer that is greater than 1 and a is a real number then,

In mathematics, a radical expression is defined as any expression containing a radical (√)

3. 3: Rules in Finding the Roots of 𝒏√𝒙

These are derived from the Rules for Exponents.

Rule 1. Power Rule

Rule 2. Index Rule

Rule 3. Product Rule

Rule 4. Quotient Rule

2. (32)2/5 = 5 (32)2 = 5 1024 = 5 (4)5 = 4

3. (32)2/5 = 5 (32)2 = 5(25)2 = (2)2 = 4

4. (27)-1/3 = (1/27)1/3 = 3(1/3)3 = 1/3

3. 4: Simplifying Radical Expressions

We will simplify radical expressions in a way similar to how we simplified fractions. A

A radical expression, √𝑎 a, is considered simplified if it has no factors of mn. So, to simplify

The corresponding of Product Property of Roots says that

 Simplify a Radical Expression Using the Product Property

Simplify the following.

3. 5: Operations of Radical Expressions

Add and Subtract Radical Expressions

The answer is =10√11

Multiply and Divide Radicals

2. Simplify 3√45 − 5√80 + 4√20

TOPIC 4: RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

At the end of the lesson the student should be able to:

Three Ways to Represent a Relation

Range = {0, 1, -1, 2, -4}

*Relations can be represented pictorially either by arrow/mapping diagram or graphs. For

Function pertains to an ordered triple set consisting of X, Y, F. X, where X is the domain, Y is

4. 3: Different Kinds of Relations

Consider the following arrow diagrams.

*END OF THE MIDTERM MODULE