MIT - 16.

20 Fall, 2002

16.20 HANDOUT #4
Fall, 2002
General (Shell) Beam Theory

REVIEW OF SIMPLE BEAM THEORY

[Force/Area]

width = b

cut beam

h
Axial Force: F = ∫2
h σ xx b dz
−
2

h
Shear Force: 2
S = − ∫ σ xz b dz
h
−
2

h
Bending Moment: 2
M = − ∫ zσ xx b dz
h
−
2

d 2w ∂u
ε xx = −z 2 =
dx ∂x
σ d 2w
ε xx = xx M = EI 2
E dx
h
dS Mz
= p σ xx = − I = ∫ 2
h z 2 b dz
dx I −
2
h
dM SQ 2
= S σ xz = −
Ib
Q = ∫
z
z b dz
dx
Paul A. Lagace © 2002 Handout 4-1
MIT - 16.20 Fall, 2002

BEHAVIOR OF GENERAL (INCLUDING UNSYMMETRIC CROSS-

SECTION) BEAMS

• Resultants:
F = ∫∫ σ xx dA
My = − ∫∫ σ xx z dA
Sy = − ∫∫ σ xy dA
Mz = − ∫∫ σ xx y dA
Sz = − ∫∫ σ xz dA

• Displacement:
dv dw
u ( x , y, z ) = u0 − y − z
dx dx
bending bending
about about
z-axis y-axis
• Strain:
∂u d u0  d 2v   d 2w 
ε xx = = + y− 2  + z− 2 
∂x dx  dx   dx 
= f1 + f2 y + f3 z
• Strain:
σ xx = E ( f1 + f2 y + f3 z ) − E α ∆T
Paul A. Lagace © 2002 Handout 4-2
MIT - 16.20 Fall, 2002

MODULUS - WEIGHTED SECTION PROPERTIES

modulus of material

E
dA* = dA
E1

reference modulus

*
∫∫ y dA = y * A*
* * *
∫∫ z dA = z A
* *
∫∫ dA = A
2 * *
∫∫ y dA = I z

2 * *
∫∫ z dA = I y

* *
∫∫ y z dA = I yz

top location of beam

also:
*
zT E *
∫z z
E1
bzdz = Q

• Thermal Resultants:
FT = ∫∫ E α ∆T dA
MyT = − ∫∫ E α ∆Tz dA

MzT = − ∫∫ E α ∆Ty dA

Paul A. Lagace © 2002 Handout 4-3

MIT - 16.20 Fall, 2002

• Selective Reinforcement:

E1

E
b

Mechanical + Thermal Resultants

• General Equations:
F TOT d u0
f1 =
E1 A*
=
dx (F + F T ) = F TOT

− ( Mz + MzT ) = − MzTOT

(
− My + MyT = − MyTOT )
− I y* MzTOT + I yz* MyTOT d 2v
f2 = = − 2
(
E1 I y* Iz* − I yz*
2
) dx

− Iz* MyTOT + I yz* MzTOT d 2w

f3 = = − 2
(
E1 I y* Iz* − I yz*
2
) dx

σ xx =
E  F TOT
 −
[I *
y MzTOT − I yz* MyTOT y ]
2
E1  A* I y* Iz* − I yz*


−
[I *
z MyTOT − I yz* MzTOT z ] 
− E1 α ∆T 
2
I y* Iz* − I yz* 

Paul A. Lagace © 2002 Handout 4-4

MIT - 16.20 Fall, 2002

COMMON SECTIONS
(See Handout #4A)

SHEARING AND TORSION (AND BENDING) OF SHELL BEAMS

Loadings
• axial load: F
• bending moments: My, Mz
• shear forces: Sy, Sz
• torque (torsional moment): T

Single Cell “Box Beam” (symmetric)

• use modulus-weighted
centroid of flanges
• skin carries only shear loads
(no bending/axial loads)

• Location of modulus-weighted centroid

* *
*
y =
∑A y i i
; z *
=
∑A z i i
* *
∑A i ∑A i

• Section moments of Inertia

2 2
I y* = ∑ Ai* zi* ; Iz* = ∑ Ai* yi* ; I yz* = ∑A *
i yi* zi*
sum over number of flanges (i = 1,…n)
• Stresses in flanges
E  F TOT 
σ xx =  * − E1 f 2 y − E1 f 3 z − E1α∆T 
E1  A 

Paul A. Lagace © 2002 Handout 4-5

MIT - 16.20 Fall, 2002
• Shear flow:
q = σ xs t (assume shear stress is
uniform through thickness)

shear thickness
flow shear stress
dP
— At any flange (node): qout − qin = −
dx
for symmetric section (Iyz = 0) with Mz = 0:
Qy Sz
qout − qin =
Iy
where: Qy = Aizi* (moment of area about y)
• Divide into 2 problems:

General Pure Shear Pure Torque

T ′ − Sz d = T
1. “Pure Shear” Problem
d = distance from Sz original line of action to shear center
use:
Qy Sz
Æ Joint equilibrium: qout − qin =
Iy

Æ Torque equivalence: ∑T internal = Tapplied

q
Æ No-Twist condition: ∫ ds = 0
t
2. “Pure Torsion” Problem
use:
Æ Joint Equilibrium: qout − qin = 0

Æ Torque equivalence: ∑T internal = Tapplied

3. Sum q’s from two problems
Paul A. Lagace © 2002 Handout 4-6
MIT - 16.20 Fall, 2002

UNSYMMETRICAL SHELL BEAMS (UNHEATED)

• σ xx =
(− I M
y z + I yz M y ) y + ( − I z M y + I yz Mz )z
I y I z − I yz2

• q − q =
(I S
y y − I yz Sz )Qz + ( I z Sz − I yz Sy )Qy
out in I y I z − I yz2

• Same procedure as previous case

THICK SKIN SHELLS

• Idealize by breaking up thick skin into a finite number of bending areas

Thick skin Idealization

Bending Skin here carries

area only shear stress
• Use previous techniques

DEFLECTIONS

v = vB + vs
deflection of shear center
w = wB + ws
due to due to
bending shearing
α = twist/rotation (due to torsion)
about shear center

d 2 vB I y Mz I yz My
= −
dx 2 (
E I y Iz − I y2z ) (
E I y Iz − I y2z )

Paul A. Lagace © 2002 Handout 4-7

MIT - 16.20 Fall, 2002

d 2 wB Iz M y I yz Mz
= −
dx 2 (
E I y Iz − I y2z ) (
E I y Iz − I y2z )
d vs Sy Sz
= − −
dx G Ayy G Ayz

d ws Sz Sy
= − −
dx G Azz G Ayz

dα T
=
dz GJ

SECTION PROPERTIES

• Iy, Iz, Iyz as previously defined:

* 2
Iz = ∑A y
* 2
Iy = ∑A z
*
I yz = ∑ A yz
1
• Ayy = 2 (
where: qy = shear flow due to unit Sy
(q ) y
∫ t
ds

1
• Azz =
(qz )2 ds
where: ( qz = shear flow due to unit Sz
∫ t
1
• Ayz =
q y qz
∫ t
ds

2A
• J = where: q = shear flow due to unit T
q
∫ t
ds
Paul A. Lagace © 2002 Handout 4-8
MIT - 16.20 Fall, 2002

MULTI-CELL SHELL BEAMS

• σxx equation the same

• qout - qin problem the same
• Additional “No-Twist” Condition -- must be there for each cell as well
as overall beam (for “Pure Shear” case)
• “Equal Twist” Condition (for “Pure Torsion” case) -- each cell must
twist the same amount.  dα the same
 dx 

OPEN SECTION SHELL BEAMS

• All qi determined from joint equilibrium

dP
qout − qin = −
dx
• σxx equation the same
• Use Membrane Analogy for “Pure Torsion” problem
2T
τ = x
J

Paul A. Lagace © 2002 Handout 4-9